Life Sciences Commons^™

Liquid Agglomeration Of Ink Particles In Deinking, Timothy J. Bowen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Liquid agglomeration is defined by references as a separation process (3). For the purpose of this thesis project, it is the process of using a hydrocarbon oil, dispersed in water, to a pulp slurry, to agglomerate the ink particles and then float them to the top. The idea behind this research is that the sludge produced will have a higher BTU value due to the hydrocarbon oil, which will make incineration a more feasible means of disposal. The preliminary work consisted of determining whether or not the ink particles would agglomerate with hexadecane. It was found that the ink particles …

Repulping Bottle Carriers, Mahsa Khosravani

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Wet strength resins are used to enhance the strength of the paper in the presence of water and high humidity. Paper makers have a difficult time breaking down the wet strength resins which are used to aid in this process. The ideal situation would be to have high wet strength and still be able to brake it down easily. Unfortunately wet strength paper keeps its integrity because of the chemistry involved in its preparation. The chemistry that protects the structure of the high wet strength paper will also defend it in the pulper. The problem that causes the main concern …

Repulping Bottle Carriers, Jennifer A. Giver

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The primary object of this thesis project was to repulp post consumer bottle carriers with the addition of chemical reagents and mechanical shear. Recycling bottle carriers is difficult to achieve due to the chemical additives that are added to the pulp. Chemical additives introduced to the virgin pulp are wet strength resins.

Post consumer bottle carriers used in this experiment contained Kymene 557, which is a wet strength product produced by Hercules incorporated and is difficult to repulp due to the cross-linking employed by this chemical additive. This experiment utilized both oxidizing and reducing chemical reagents such as hypochlorite and …

Electrokinetic Dewatering Of Softwood Furnishes, Aaron R. Redman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Enormous quantities of water are required in the preparation and formation of paper products. One of the most costly operations in paper manufacture is removal of excess water from the sheet and disposal of by-products from paper production. Currently, high steam energy is necessary in the drying process of paper manufacture. Disposal of a paper by-product, sludge, is also a rising concern due to environmental risks, shrinking landfill space, and rising disposal costs. Both production costs and disposal costs could be reduced with a more effective and efficient process to enhance water removal in paper production and sludge disposal.

One …

A Study Of The Effect Of Recycling On The Bonding Ability And Characteristics Of Fines, Lon E. Pschigoda Ii

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The recycled paper industry has seemingly grown faster than the technology to go along with it. It has become accepted that along with paper recycles comes a certain amount of strength loss, limiting the uses of secondary fiber. If the recycling industry is continued to grow an effective counter to this strength loss needs to be found. In order to counteract this strength loss the mechanism must first be better understood. The three mechanisms that will be focused on for this paper will be 1) The loss of fiber length, 2) Hornification, and 3) The decrease in surface bonding activity. …

Treating Recycled Papers With Naoh For Strength Improvement, Satoshi Suga

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Loss of strength is one of the worst aspects of recycled papers. Even though several factors are responsible for this phenomenon, loss of fiber swelling and inter fiber bonding are believed to be the main contributors. Therefore, prevention of loss in swelling and inter fiber bonding of recycled pup should result in the minimum strength loss of recycled papers.

Chemicals with hydroxyl group such as NaOH are known to provide superior swelling power to.pulp, and their swelling power might be utilized to minimize the strength loss of recycled paper.

In this study, batches of bleached kraft paper were repulped at …

The Effects Of Recycling On A Never-Dried Softwood Kraft Pulp Beaten To Different Initial Freeness Levels, Heath A. Smith

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study is to compare two different pulps, a softwood kraft pulp with a groundwood pulp, to see if there is any difference in the behavior of their sheet properties as they are recycled. Neither pulp was dried before the experiment began. The pulps were each refined to three different freeness levels to determine the effect of initial freeness on recycled sheet properties. Tests for tear, tensile, zero-span tensile, opacity, brightness, scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, and porosity were performed on the sheets in order to determine the effects of recycling on those sheet properties. A Kajaani fiber …

Improving Print Quality In Wallpaper By Pigment And Latex Substitution, Christopher L. Stratton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The coated paper industry is rapidly changing and improving. Because of increasing demands by consumers, high quality paper at the lowest possible price is at a premium. Because of this paper makers and coaters are continually looking for ways to improve their sheet without increasing cost.

This experiment was designed to test the role which pigment and latex has in influencing the final sheet quality. This was tested in two stages. The first stage examined pigment variations and the second latex variations. In the pigment variation trial, a number 1 high brightness clay was replaced by a structured clay pigment. …

Deinking In A Closed Loop And The Effects Of Solids On Paper Properties, Chad H. Warmbier

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Deinking is of critical importance to the reuse of secondary fiber in the paper industry. As with all papermaking processes there is a definite concern on the final quality of the product and the waste that is generated. Waste problems are a growing concern and with tighter discharge limits there is a growing concern of how to deal with these problems. One solution to this problem is the idea of a closed cycle deinking process which reutilizes the wastewater stream for pulping and recovering of usable fiber which is otherwise lost to the system. As with everything there are problems …

The Effect Of High Consistency Kneading On Fiber Degradation And Ink Particle Size, Lance Teunissen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis evaluated the effectiveness of the Shinhama high consistency kneader while being used to de-ink a mixed office waste furnish. The experimentation procedure was a 2² full factorial experiment utilizing power loadings of 15 and 18 amps and pH levels of 7.55 and 9.96 as the control variables. The response variables that were analyzed to critique the kneader's performance were fiber degradation and ink particle size.

Fiber degradation was measured through the use of tensile, zero span tensile, tear, and Kajaani fiber analysis. Ink particle size was measured using a computerized image analysis program.

It was determined that …

Investigating The Effect Of Multiple Recycling On The Enzymatic Improvement Of Recycled Fiber, Kraig Anthony Weber

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Through the application of enzymes, the freeness of recycled pulps can be improved; however, with the improvements in freeness, there may also be a loss of strength. As enzyme effectiveness depends on the fiber degradation and fines content of the pulp, it also. depends on the amount of recycling that the pulp has undergone.

To evaluate the relationships that exist between enzyme treatments and the number of recycles the fiber has undergone, a virgin CTMP was recycled three times. At each recycle enzymes were applied to the pulp. One leg of the experiment involved a repetitive enzyme treatment of the …

Coating Insolubilization: A Comparison Of Azc And Kzc, Scott Brigham

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The prime function of a paper coating insolubiliser is to reduce the water solubility or sensitivity of the pigment binders used in the coating composition. The degree and amount of water solubility will depend on the type and amount of binder used (1). This is important in many applications of coated paper or paper board. Tags, instruction manuals, poster board and wall paper all require varying degrees of resistance to water.

Coating insolubilities can be broken into two main categories: waterproof and water resistance. Waterproof refers to products that have been rendered impervious to water by hydrophobic materials such …

Repulping Of Wet Strength Papers Using Chlorine Dioxide And Sodium Borohydride, David S. Barr

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Wet strength papers are papers that retain 15% of their dry strength. Wet strength agents form non-hydrogen bonds with the cellulose so that the bonds are not broken when saturated with water. When these agents are used repulping of the product becomes very difficult. Therefore, a chemical treatment is necessary to break the bonds and disperse the fibers. Generally speaking a high pH and high temperature are desired to assist in breaking the bonds.

Chlorine dioxide and sodium borohydride were analyzed to determine the best repulping chemical. Success will be measured by several factors. These factors are: least amount of …

The Effect Of Fines On The Surface Characteristics Of Recycled Paper, Lawrence E. Fleck

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

With the steady increase in recycling comes an increasing need to understand the mechanisms involved with reused wood fibers. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effects of fines on the surface characteristics of recycled paper, and to predict how an increase or decrease in fines loading might affect printing.

To meet these objectives, fines were removed from both virgin pulp and mill broke of similar composition. Each fines fraction was then reapplied to each long fraction at 0, 5, 10, and 15 percent loading by weight. British handsheets were made and evaluated for surface strength, absorbency, smoothness, …

The Effects Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose And Polyacrylate On Coating Rheological Properties, Tom Eugate Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to analyze and report rheological behaviors of a base coating formulation that will be altered by Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and polyacrylate and subjected to defects in the blade on a coating system.

The coating formulations consisted of Hydrasperse clay, Dow 620-A SBR binder, and water. The control formulations will be at 58% and 63% solids. CMC and polyacrylate will be added to the coating formulations at 0.5 and 1.5pph, and 0.1 and 0.4pph based on parts dry pigment. A total of formulations were ran on the Cylindrical Laboratory Coater (CLC). A defect was placed …

Thermo-Chemical Conversion Of Starches Using Ammonium Persulfate, Ronald M. Englehart

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of thermal-chemical conversion of corn starch for use in pigmented paper coatings.

Thermal-chemical conversion of starch is capable of creating a wide range of starch solids and characteristics at one location with on-site conversion. It involves the use of high temperatures and pressures, along with a conversion agent (i.e. ammonium persulfate [A.P.], or a peroxide), to hydrolyze and oxidize the unmodified starches.

In this study corn starch was converted using a National Starch Company C-1 Laboratory Jet Cooker. The study was done in three phases. Preliminary work was done to …

The Effect Of Various Pigments And Binders On Coated Gloss, Print Gloss, And Delta Gloss, Bob Demay

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis is to determine the effects that various pigments and binders have on the coated gloss, print gloss, and delta gloss values. The effects of coat weight and calendering on the glossing response of the sheet will also be determined. Supplemental tests such as Parker Print Surf Roughness, brightness, and opacity will be measured to further evaluate the coating formulations.

A total eight different coating formulations were made using four very common pigments and two latex binders. The four pigments used were #2 clay (100%), calcined clay (15% substitution), delaminated clay (25% substitution), and calcium carbonate …

Press Dewatering Of Sludge With Applications Of An Electric Field, David Knudsen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In the paper industry today, there is a rising concern over the question of what to do with the paper mill sludge. Although in the past most of the sludge was sent to a landfill, this disposal method is becoming less and less acceptable due to increasing environmental concerns, decreasing landfill space and increasing costs.

Since sludge contains a large fraction of water, one of the alternatives is to increase the dewaterability of the sludge through the use of electrokinetic forces. Increased dewatering of the sludge would allow for more economical alternatives to sludge disposal, such as incineration, as well …

The Effects Of Washing Between Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching Stages On Brightness Reversion Of A Spruce High-Yield Pulp, David Kaminski, Greg Semashko

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The final brightness of a bleached high-yield pulp paper product is a very important factor in determining the quality of the pulp and the product. If the brightness of this product tends to revert in time, then the quality of the product could be viewed lesser than before. Brightness reversion of high-yield pulps is the one flaw which is keeping the high-yield pulp market from really expanding in the paper industry.

High-yield pulps show economical and environmental advantages with their use in the high quality printing and copy papers market. Much research has been done to find ways to reduce …

Correlation Of Bod5 And Cod For Specific Mill Operations, Jeff Jacobson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The study conducted here was done to test the validity of a study conducted twenty years ago, which found that the ratio between COD and BODs was 1.6 for different pulp and paper mill wastewater effluents. This study was conducted by first treating three different pulping operation wastewaters. BOD and COD tests were then conducted on the treated wastewater samples. The results from these BOD and COD tests were found to be invalid due to problems encounter during the experiment. Due to the results being invalid, ii was impossible to compare results found by this study and those found by …

The Use Of Dimethyldioxirane In Refiner Bleaching Of High-Yield Pulps, Michael J. Harmes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In the attempt to find improved bleaching chemicals for the bleaching of high-yield pulps, dioxiranes may prove to be the solution. Unlike hydrogen peroxide, which has been introduced to a refiner environment in the past, dimethyldioxirane (DMD) does not require the use of sodium silicates. This is very beneficial due to the fact that silicates have a highly undesirable side effect of causing excessive refiner plate wear.

The experimentation was constructed to determine the exact feasibility of the use of dimethyldioxirane as a refiner bleaching agent. This was completed through the comparison of the pulp strength and brightness values of …

Thermomechanical Pulp Bleaching Optimization Via Dimethyldioxirane, Roger Allen Rouleau

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In recent years, the paper industry has received increased pressure from environmental groups to reduce both air-borne & water-borne discharges. During element-chlorine bleaching processes, absorbable organic halides are formed , some of which are considered harmful to aquatic life. To reduce absorbable organic halides, many mills are moving towards chlorine-free bleaching stages. A potential chlorine-free bleaching agent is dimethyldioxirane. Dimethyldioxirane is an intermediate produced in-situ from acetone and peroxymonosulfate. Due to the bond strain of the oxygen-oxygen bond in this cyclic peroxide, it behaves as a strong oxidizing agent.

The goal of this thesis was to determine the optimum levels …

The Effect Of Washing Between Stages On Brightness Reversion For Sodium Hydrosulfite On Unbleached High Yield Pulps, Greg Semashko

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of the project is to determine the effect of bleaching with washing between stages on high yield unbleached pulp. The bleaching chemical used for this experiment is sodium hydrosulfite. Sodium hydrosulfite is a lignin preserving bleaching agent, which is necessary due to the high yield pulp. The lignin concentration in high yield pulp is extremely high compared to the normal amount found in other papers. The experiment will be done using a two stage bleaching sequence. The control sequence will consist of a direct charge of sodium hydrosulfite and the other two sequences will be done with washing …

Bod And Cod Loading Effects Of Repeatedly Recycled Paper Fibers, Ken Stager

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

BOD and COD are two very important and highly regulated aspects of the paper industry. The first is the biochemical oxygen demand, BOD, and it is simply the amount of oxygen that bacteria need to digest the nutrients in a wastestream. The second is the chemical oxygen demand, COD, and is the amount of oxygen required to fully oxidize all the material present in an effluent sample using hot concentrated chemicals.

One aspect of recycling that has not been discerned is the effect of repeatedly recycling paper fibers on the BOD and COD of the effluent. This is important because …

Feasibility Of Anionic Waxy Maze Starch As A Coating Cobinder, Peter D. Yake

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This project will demonstrate the potential of incorporating a 100% waxy maze, anionic starch into a paper coating. This has been done in the past using oxidized starches as a primary binder, and has been met with a great deal of success with respect to rheological improvements as well as improved runnability in coating operations. The primary drawback to the use of oxidized starches in coatings was the negative impact that they had when introduced to the wet end of the paper machine as broke. The anionic properties of the starch decreased retention of fines and fillers on the fourdrinier …

Magnesium Oxide Use As A Pigment In Coating Formulations, Stephen O'Driscoll

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this project was to evaluate the performance of magnesium oxide as a possible pigment for use in paper coatings. The use of magnesium oxide as a pigment in coatings is not currently nor has it ever been practiced in a mill situation. The principle goal of using magnesium oxide was to increase brightness and opacity in coatings at the level of performance found with titanium dioxide at a far lower cost. The evaluation was done of the basis of rheological performance as well as optical testing. Coatings of various levels of magnesium oxide and titanium dioxide were …

Environmental Comparison Of Soy To Petroleum Ink With Respect To Degradation Of Effluent Aerobically And Anaerobically, Monique Musgrave

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This project compares a soy ink formulation to a petroleum ink formulation for their advantages and disadvantages. This was accomplished by evaluating the rejected samples from the flotation cell deinker. These samples were degraded aerobically and anaerobically to determine the rate at which degradation takes place and the ultimate degradation over a specific time interval. This was done by finding the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The data from these tests was put into a spreadsheet and data processing program to find the rate of degradation and ultimate degradation. From this, the two methods of degradation were compared along with the …

The Use Of Demolition Wood In Papermaking, Todd W. Anderson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The reason for this study came from three factors affecting the paper industry as well as society as a whole. These factors are decreasing landfill space, increasing tipping fees, and increasing demands for alternative fiber sources. In the United States, approximately 9.8 million tons of demolition wood waste is landfilled per year. Increasing governmental regulations which require greater amounts of secondary fiber to be used in papermaking are forcing the industry to consider alternative fiber options. The seven steps in the procedure include: rough wood, wood chips, kraft pulping, fiber refining, screening, handsheets, and testing. The four types of wood …

The Use Of Speciality K-Flute As A Substitute For Common Grades Of Single Wall And Double Wall, Ron Pristash

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study examines a new corrugated flute profile known as "K" flute. The purpose of the study was to show that K flute can maintain the same structural integrity and use significantly less paper. The main tests performed were tests for compression strength. Studying the results of compression testing, allows the designer to engineer the corrugated container to meet the performance level required. The study consists of two parts. The first part of the study examines the effect of an increase in caliper has on Edgwise Compression Testing (ECT). It was found that K flute tested 5% stronger than A …