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Ua12/2/1 All Creatures Great & Small, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Archives Records

Special magazine edition of the College Heights Herald:

• Hadley, Kim. Each Day is Something Extra – Reg Laswell, AIDS, HIV
• Baldwin, Paul. You Have to Love Animals to Work Here – Bowling Green/Warren County Animal Shelter

Enhanced Attraction To Blood By Pigs With Inadequate Dietary Protein Supplementation, David Fraser, D. E. Bernon, R. O. Ball

Nutrition Collection

In two experiments, 60 individually penned growing pigs were exposed daily to two sections of cotton cord, one of which had been soaked with pigs' blood and subsequently dried, while the other was plain. The animals' preference for chewing-on the blood-impregnated cord was quantified by direct observation. When fed a standard "control" diet of corn, barley, and soybean meal with mineral and vitamin supplements, the pigs had a clear but modest preference for chewing the blood-impregnated cord. Omission of the protein supplement (soybean meal) from the diet for 4 wk led to a major increase in attraction to blood and …

Kin Recognition In Vertebrates: What Do We Really Know About Adaptive Value?, Andrew R. Blaustein, Marc Bekoff, John A. Byers, Thomas J. Daniels

Sentience Collection

The ability of an animal to discriminate between kin and non-kin (kin recognition) has been the subject of numerous recent investigations. Grafen (Anim. Behav., 1990, 39, 42-54) recently reported that the evidence in support of kin recognition is weak and the data illustrating a preference for kin to associate in the laboratory may be more consistently explained as species recognition. It is suggested here, however, that in many cases it may be impossible to distinguish between species recognition and kin recognition, but in some cases, kin recognition seems apparent. It is also emphasized that very little is known about the …

Habitat Use By Female Black Bears In A Southern Appalachian Bear Sanctuary, Steven Richard Reagan

Masters Theses

The objectives of the study were to 1) determine patterns of habitat utilization of female black bears, 2) identify timber management disturbances that affect habitat use of female black bears, and 3) integrate and summarize the research conducted on Harmon Den Bear Sanctuary since 1982. Harmon Den Bear Sanctuary is a 5971-ha area along the Tennessee-North Carolina state line. This sanctuary was established in 1971 with the purpose of protecting a core breeding group of female black bears.

From 7 June 1988 to 30 June 1989 16 bears were captured 21 times. The captures of these 16 individuals brought the …

Trees And Livestock : A Productive Co-Existence, Richard Moore

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Trees, as part of farming can help to combat land degradation problems and produce a good economic return from timber at the same time. For example, there is now clear evidence that planting trees can help combat salinity by lowering water-table levels. Trees can also substantially improve overall farm productivity by providing shelter for pastures and livestock. The challenge is to find practical and economical methods of integrating trees and farming. A combination of widely-spaced trees and livestock is one promising method. This article describes the benefits of this type of agroforestry to farmers, suitable locations and how to practice …

Ecology Of The Green Salamander : Aneides Aeneus (Cope And Packard), In West Virginia, Ronald A. Canterbury

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Much has been written about the ecology of the green salamander, Aneides aeneus (Cope and Packard). The life history and ecology of southern populations of this species have been studied intensively by Gordon (1952), Woods (1968), and Snyder (1971). Gordon collected data in Highlands, North Carolina on distribution, habitat selection, population dynamics, and the ability of aeneus to withstand water loss as compared to Plethodon jordani melaventris. Woods conducted a similar study in Mississippi, and Snyder examined the adaptive brooding behavior of aeneus. In addition to these studies, further research has been conducted by Dr. Paul V. Cupp, Jr. of …

Life History, Ecology, And Morphology Of The Ravine Salamander, Plethodon Richmondi, Ronnie D. Jewell

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

The distribution of P. richmondi and P. cinereus has been of interest to herpetologist for many years. Plethodon cinereus is found throughout the state except for part of the Allegheny Plateau Province where P. richmondi occurs. There is a somewhat abrupt end to their ranges where they overlap which does not appear to be influenced by elevational differences, vegetation patterns, or general climatic changes. The propose of this study was to determine if temperature and/or moisture are limiting the distribution of P. richmondi and P. cinereus in West Virginia. The natural history of P. richmondi has not in West Virginia …

Causes Of Diarrhea, Pneumonia, And Septicemia In Swine For 1991 Submissions To The Ksu Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (1991), R K. Frank, M W. Vorhies

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Causes of pre- and postweaning diarrhea, pneumonia, and bacterial septicemia in pigs were summarized for fiscal year 1991 (July, 1990 to June, 1991) for submissions to the Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Escherichia coli was the most common cause of both pre- and postweaning diarrhea in pigs (33.5% and 25.0%, respectively, of submissions for diarrhea). Other commonly diagnosed causes included transmissible gastroenteritis (24.4%) and coccidiosis (16.5%) for preweaning diarrhea, and proliferative enteritis (19.2 %) and salmonellosis (13.2 %) for postweaning diarrhea. The most commonly diagnosed causes of pneumonia in nursing, growing, and finishing pigs were Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma, and …

Effects Of Porcine Somatotropin And Dietary Phosphorus On Growth And Bone Criteria In Gilts (1991), T L. Weeden, G E. Fitzner, J A. Hansen, K G. Friesen, M E. Johnston, B R. Schricker, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert D. Goodband

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

One hundred-eight gilts with an average initial wt of 129 lb were utilized to determine the effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) and dietary phosphorus on growth performance and bone mineralization and mechanical properties during the finishing phase (129 to 230 lb) and a 35 d post-finishing phase. Gilts were injected daily with placebo (control) or 4 mg pST and fed diets containing .4, .8, or 1.2% P during the finishing phase. Administration of pST improved F/G 18%, increased ADG 8%, and decreased daily feed intake 9%. There was a quadratic response to P, because gilts receiving the .8% P diet …

Use Of Recombinant Bovine Cytokines In Pigs Vaccinated And Challenged With Streptococcus Suis (1991), Frank Blecha, D N. Reddy, C G. Chitko-Mckown, M M. Chengappa, D S. Mcvey, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

An experiment was conducted to determine the adjuvanticity of recombinant bovine interleukin-1β (rBoIL-1β) and recombinant bovine interleukin-2 (rBoIL-2) administered in conjunction with a single S. suis vaccination in pigs. Sixty, 4-wk-old pigs were allotted to 8 groups: 1) nonvaccinated controls; 2) vaccinated controls; 3) rBoIL-Iβ, 100 ng/kg; 4)rBoIL-lβ, 1000 ng/kg; 5) rBoIL-1β, 10,000 ng/kg; 6) rBoIL-2, 2.5 µg/kg; 7) rBoIL-2, 25 µg/kg; and 8) rBoIL-2, 250 µg/kg. All pigs (except group 1) were vaccinated on d 0 with a commercial S. suis vaccine (serotypes 1 and 2). At vaccination, pigs were injected intramuscularly with their respective cytokine treatments. Pigs received …

Space Requirements Of Finishing Pigs Fed To A Heavier Weight (Removed Individually) (1991), G E. Fitzner, David A. Nichols, Joe D. Hancock, Robert H. Hines

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Space allowances of 6, 8, 10, and 12 ft2 were evaluated for pigs fed from 120 to 250 lb. The management system used was to remove pigs individually as they reached 250 lb, which provided increasing space per pig. Using this management system, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency improved linearly with increasing space allowance. Pigs allowed 6ft2 gained slower, ate less, and required more feed per lb of gain compared to pigs allowed 8, 10, and 12 ft2. Pigs permitted 8, 10, and 12 ft2 were similar in rate of gain, feed consumption, and feed …

Comparison Of Conventional And Low-Inhibitor Soybeans With Different Heat Treatments And Lysine Concentrations In Diets For Finishing Pigs (1991), M A. Giesemann, B J. Healy, A J. Lewis, Joe D. Hancock

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, heat treatment, and concentration of lysine in the diet on nutritional value of soybeans for finishing pigs. In Experiment 1, 108 pigs (113 lb avg initial wt) were fed diets with two soybean cultivars (Williams 82 and Amsoy 71), with (+K) and without (-K) gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, subjected to three heat treatments (112-, 3/4-, and full-roasting). Nutritional value of the Williams 82 and Amsoy 71 cultivars was not different, but -K soybeans were superior to +K soybeans at all levels …

The Effect Of Supplemental Fat And Lysine On Finishing Pig Performance And Carcass Characteristics (1991), K G. Friesen, R C. Thaler, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

One hundred and sixty pigs averaging 127.4 lb were used to determine the benefit of 5% supplemental fat and (or) .20% lysine on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The trial consisted of four treatments: 1) a .61 %, lysine milo-soybean meal control diet; 2) control + 5% fat; 3) control + .20% lysine; 4) control + 5% fat and .20% lysine. Lysine:metabolizable energy ratios were held constant at 1.91: 1 for treatments 1 and 2 and at 2.52: 1 for treatments 3 and 4. Pig weights and feed consumption were recorded every third wk to calculate average daily gain (ADG), …

Effect Of Fat Source And Level On Finishing Pig Performance (1991), David A. Nichols, Joe D. Hancock, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert H. Hines, Donald H. Kropf

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two hundred and forty finishing pigs were utilized to evaluate the effect of fat source and level on growing pig performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were fed a milo-soybean meal diet balanced on a constant energy:lysine and energy:protein ratio. Dietary treatments were: 1) control; 2,3,4) 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5% added soybean oil; 5 and 6) 5.0 or 7.5% added tallow. In comparing pigs fed soybean oil to tallow, there were no significant effects on feed intake, average daily gain, or feed to gain ratio. Soybean oil additions compared to tallow resulted in carcasses with significantly more average backfat as well …

Effect Of Replacing Milk Proteins With Wheat Gluten And Soybean Products On Digestibility Of Nutrients And Growth Performance In Nursery Pigs (1991), B T. Richert, J L. Morrill, Joe D. Hancock

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of processed wheat gluten for early-weaned pigs. The first experiment involved 72 weanling pigs with an avg age of 20 d and avg wt of 9.2 lb. Six diets were fed to the pigs in individual metabolism cages. Protein sources were casein, flash-dried wheat gluten, spray-dried wheat gluten, two solubilized wheat glutens, and soybean meal. Response criteria were N digestibility, biological value, and N retention. Casein had greater N digestibility, biological value, and N retention than the other protein sources. The wheat gluten products had greater N digestibility than soybean meal. …

Causes Of Diarrhea, Pneumonia, And Septicemia In Swine For 1991 Submissions To The Ksu Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (1991), R K. Frank, M W. Vorhies

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Causes of pre- and postweaning diarrhea, pneumonia, and bacterial septicemia in pigs were summarized for fiscal year 1991 (July, 1990 to June, 1991) for submissions to the Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Escherichia coli was the most common cause of both pre- and postweaning diarrhea in pigs (33.5% and 25.0%, respectively, of submissions for diarrhea). Other commonly diagnosed causes included transmissible gastroenteritis (24.4%) and coccidiosis (16.5%) for preweaning diarrhea, and proliferative enteritis (19.2 %) and salmonellosis (13.2 %) for postweaning diarrhea. The most commonly diagnosed causes of pneumonia in nursing, growing, and finishing pigs were Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma, and …

Effects Of Porcine Somatotropin Administration And Its Duration On Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Finishing Swine Fed To 280 Lb (1991), M E. Johnston, B R. Schricker, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert D. Goodband, Robert H. Hines, Donald H. Kropf

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

One hundred eight barrows with an initial weight of 120 lb were utilized to determine the effects of porcine somatotropin (PST) administration period and duration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing swine fed to 280 lb. Pigs were injected daily in the extensor muscle of the neck with either a placebo or 4 mg pST. Treatments included: (A) placebo injection from 120 to 280 lb; (B) pST injection from 120 to 280 lb; (C) pST injection from 120 to 230 lb and then placebo injection from 230 to 280 lb; (D) placebo injection from 120 to 230 lb …

The Influence Of Dietary Threonine On Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Pst-Treated Finishing Pigs (1991), J L. Laurin, J A. Hansen, B R. Schricker, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Eighty crossbred barrows (initial wt = 131 lb) were utilized to determine the dietary threonine requirement of finishing pigs injected with porcine somatotropin (PST). Barrows were injected daily in the extensor muscle of the neck with either 4 mg pST or a placebo and fed diets containing either .45, .55, .65, or .75% threonine. All other amino acids, vitamins, and minerals were calculated to be at least double current requirements for finishing pigs so as not to limit performance. Pigs were housed in an open-sided building with two pigs per pen and five replications of the eight treatments. Feed and …

Does Extra Feed After Breeding Affect Litter Size? (1991), Duane L. Davis

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Fertility was evaluated in sows fed 4 vs 10 lb/d and gilts fed 4 vs 7.4 Ibid during the first 10 days after breeding. No effects on farrowing rate or litter traits were detected. This confirms results of a previous KSU experiment. Therefore, high feed intake after breeding may not affect fertility traits.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 21. 1991

The Effect Of Supplemental Fat And Lysine On Finishing Pig Performance And Carcass Characteristics (1991), K G. Friesen, R C. Thaler, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

One hundred and sixty pigs averaging 127.4 lb were used to determine the benefit of 5% supplemental fat and (or) .20% lysine on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The trial consisted of four treatments: 1) a .61 %, lysine milo-soybean meal control diet; 2) control + 5% fat; 3) control + .20% lysine; 4) control + 5% fat and .20% lysine. Lysine:metabolizable energy ratios were held constant at 1.91: 1 for treatments 1 and 2 and at 2.52: 1 for treatments 3 and 4. Pig weights and feed consumption were recorded every third wk to calculate average daily gain (ADG), …

Selection For Increased In Vitro Digestibility Improves Feeding Value Of Sorghum Grain (1991), B J. Healy, P J. Bramel-Cox, B T. Richert, C F. Klopfenstein, Merle D. Witt, Joe D. Hancock

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Six cannulated barrows and two hundred eighty-eight chicks were used in an experiment to determine the value of an in vitro protein digestibility assay (pepsin digest) for identification of sorghum parent Iines with improved nutritional value. The barrows were used to determine digestibility of the experimental sorghums at the terminal ileum and for the total digestive tract. Due to a limited supply of the sorghums, broiler chicks were used as a model to predict the value of the experimental sorghums for growth performance. Four sorghum parent lines were selected from 100 SI families grown at several locations in Kansas. Two …

Effect Of Fat Source And Level On Finishing Pig Performance (1991), David A. Nichols, Joe D. Hancock, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert H. Hines, Donald H. Kropf

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two hundred and forty finishing pigs were utilized to evaluate the effect of fat source and level on growing pig performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were fed a milo-soybean meal diet balanced on a constant energy:lysine and energy:protein ratio. Dietary treatments were: 1) control; 2,3,4) 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5% added soybean oil; 5 and 6) 5.0 or 7.5% added tallow. In comparing pigs fed soybean oil to tallow, there were no significant effects on feed intake, average daily gain, or feed to gain ratio. Soybean oil additions compared to tallow resulted in carcasses with significantly more average backfat as well …

Effect Of Replacing Milk Proteins With Wheat Gluten And Soybean Products On Digestibility Of Nutrients And Growth Performance In Nursery Pigs (1991), B T. Richert, J L. Morrill, Joe D. Hancock

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of processed wheat gluten for early-weaned pigs. The first experiment involved 72 weanling pigs with an avg age of 20 d and avg wt of 9.2 lb. Six diets were fed to the pigs in individual metabolism cages. Protein sources were casein, flash-dried wheat gluten, spray-dried wheat gluten, two solubilized wheat glutens, and soybean meal. Response criteria were N digestibility, biological value, and N retention. Casein had greater N digestibility, biological value, and N retention than the other protein sources. The wheat gluten products had greater N digestibility than soybean meal. …

Utilization Of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy For Prediction Of The Nutritional Composition Of Beef And Pork Samples, G. Garcia-Lagombra, L.H. Harbers, J. Velazco, J.L. Morrill, B.B. Maziya, C.A.Z. Harbers

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) offers the potential for rapid, low-cost analyses of meat samples. Beef and pork samples were analyzed by both standard laboratory (AOAC) methods and NIRS. Regression equations were developed to relate the two methods. Coefficients of determination between NIRS and AOAC results were .929 for dry matter, .965 for crude protein, and .996 for ether extract. NIRS and AOAC procedures yielded very similar results (DM, 38.82 vs 38.58; CP, 17.78 vs. 17.83; and EE, 18.83 vs. 18.00). NIRS appears to be a rapid and reliable predictor of nutritional composition of ground beef and pork based on regression …

Binding Agents For Low-Salt, Low-Fat, Restructured Beef Roasts: Connective Tissue Or Gelatin, P.B. Kenney, Donald H. Kropf, Curtis L. Kastner

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Connective tissue, from the outside of three major chuck muscles, was evaluated for binding properties when incorporated either raw or following preheating into precooked, restructured beef. Food-grade gelatin was also evaluated as a binding agent. Adding 10% raw or preheated connective tissue increased (P<.05) instrumentally measured tensile strength and reduced (P<.05) juiciness perception. One percent gelatin reduced (P<.05) cook yields and increased (P<.05) tensile strength but not to the degree of 10% raw or preheated connective tissue. Preheating had minimal effects on improving connective tissue utility. Based on the improvement in bind and cook yields, use of connective tissue as a binder is feasible in manufacturing low-salt, precooked, restructured beef.

Validation Of Real-Time Ultrasound Technology For Predicting Fat Thicknesses And Ribeye Areas Of Brangus Bulls From Four Months To Two Years Of Age, D.N. Waldner, R.R. Schalles, W. Olson, P. Houghton, L.R. Corah, Michael E. Dikeman, John A. Unruh

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Sixty Brangus bulls were evaluated live with two real-time ultrasound instruments to estimate ribeye area (REA) and 12th rib fat thickness (FT) every 4 mo beginning at 4 mo and 12 mo of age, respectively, and continuing until 24 mo of age. At each evaluation period 10 bulls were slaughtered to determine actual REA and FT. Scanned mean FT was accurate (P<.05) at 16 mo and was not different (P=.09) from the actual mean FT. Scanned mean REA was accurate (P<.05) at 12 mo. Absolute differences between scanned and actual mean FT and REA were different (P<.05) from zero for all main effects. Increased level of operator (scanner) skill did not improve accuracy of FT or REA measurements, whereas increased level of interpreter (reader) skill improved accuracy of REA measurements. There was no difference (P>.05) between the two ultrasound units in accuracy of estimating FT or REA. Scanned measurements overestimated bulls with less than .20 in FT and greater than 13.6 in2 REA and underestimated bulls with more than .40 in. FT …

Binding Agents For Low-Salt, Low-Fat, Restructured Beef Roasts: Fish Surimi And Beef Heart Or Skeletal Muscle, P.B. Kenney, Donald H. Kropf, Curtis L. Kastner

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Five percent fish surimi, unwashed or washed ground beef, and washed or unwashed beef hearts were evaluated in precooked, chunked and formed, restructured beef roasts to determine if they would increase bind in low-salt (0.2% NaCl) product. An industry-like product with 1.0% NaCl and 5% unwashed ground beef was prepared, as well as a product with 0.2% NaCl and no binder. Roasts without binder were comparable in texture and integrity to those prepared with binding agents. Washing ground heart improved the sensory traits, texture measured instrumentally, and oxidative stability of the resulting products. Color was more stable for roasts containing …

Follicular Development And Reproductive Hormone Changes During Postpartum Anestrus In Suckled Beef Cows, R.C. Perry, L.R. Corah, W.E. Beal, G.H. Kiracofe, J. Ernest Minton, R.C. Cochran, J.R. Brethour, Jeffrey S. Stevenson

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Twenty-six, Hereford x Angus, suckled cows were utilized to determine patterns of follicular development and associated changes in reproductive hormones during postpartum anestrus and first estrous cycles. Ultrasonography per rectum was used to monitor follicular size and detect ovulation. Dietary energy and(or) body condition influenced patterns of follicular development during postpartum anestrus. Follicular growth occurred in waves during this period in cows that were in adequate body condition and adequately fed, and follicular development appeared to be related to serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone and estradiol. Two distinct characteristics were associated with follicular development before the first postpartum ovulation. First, …

Seasonal Performance Of Finishing Heifers, Michael R. Langemeier, J. Mintert, Ted C. Schroeder

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

This study examined the impact of date of feedlot placement on feed conversion, daily gain, and death loss. Results indicated that heifers placed on feed from September to December required more feed per pound of gain, had lower daily gains and higher death loss, and generally exhibited more variation in feeding performance than heifers placed during the rest of the year. Cattle feeders should take these performance variations into account when developing budgets and calculating breakeven sale prices for heifers.

Increasing Levels Of Grain Supplementation For Intensive-Early Stocked Steers: Three-Year Summary, R.C. Cochran, Robert T. Brandt Jr., E.S. Vanzant, E.M. Clary, Clenton E. Owensby

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

During the initial 3 years of a 4-year experiment, average daily gain tended to increase in direct proportion to increasing levels of grain sorghum supplementation (2.3, 2.5 and 2.7 lb gain per day for the control and 2 and 4 lb supplement per day, respectively). The amount of grass remaining in the pastures at the end of the growing season (October 1) was greater in each of the 3 years when cattle were supplemented at 4 lb/day. During the 2 years (1989 and 1990) that feedlot performance was monitored, level of supplementation for grazing steers did not influence subsequent feedlot …