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- Cetacea; forelimb; flipper; wind tunnel; hydrodynamics; feeding; control surface; engulfment; lunge (1)
- Cetacean; drag; lift; odontocete; flipper; hydrodynamics; computed tomography (1)
- Cetacean; whale; dolphin; swimming; hydrodynamics; power output; efficiency (1)
- Chester Creek (1)
- Chester, Ridley, Crum Watersheds History: Working Papers (1)
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- Crum Creek (1)
- Death roll; alligator; Alligator mississippiensis; feeding; maneuverability (1)
- Dolphin; Swimming; Hydrodynamics; Power Output; Tursiops-Truncatus (1)
- Freshwater ecology (1)
- Hydroplaning; ducklings; wave drag; swimming kinematics; mallard; anas platyrhynchos (1)
- Kidney; stereology; histology; JB4; house sparrow; Passer domesticus (1)
- Manatee; swimming; Trichechus manatus; power output; efficiency (1)
- Maneuverability; stability; turning; swimming; California sea lion; Zalophus californianus (1)
- Platypus; Ornithorhynchus anatinus; swimming; metabolism (1)
- Platypus; Ornithorhynchus anatinus; walking; energetics; cost of transport; gait; locomotion (1)
- Pleuronectiformes; Pseudopleuronectes americanus; Trinectes maculatus; escape behavior; fast-start; C-start; mauthner cell; jet propulsion; locomotion (1)
- Ridley Creek (1)
- Spinner dolphin; Stenella longirostris; spinning; swimming; maneuver; angular momentum (1)
- Strouhal number; swimming; dolphin; cetacean; odontocete; Tursiops; Pseudorca; Orcinus; Lagenorhynchus; Globicephala; Stenella delphinapterus (1)
- Terrestrial ecology (1)
- Water rat; Hydromys chrysogaster; swimming; running; wave drag; locomotion; energetics (1)
- Whirligig beetle; Dineutes; maneuverability; turning rate; flexibility (1)
- Publication Year
Articles 1 - 20 of 20
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Ecosystems Of The Chester, Ridley, And Crum Watersheds – Life Sustaining Life, Walter Cressler
Ecosystems Of The Chester, Ridley, And Crum Watersheds – Life Sustaining Life, Walter Cressler
Walt Cressler
No abstract provided.
Energetics Of Terrestrial Locomotion Of The Platypus Ornithorhynchus Anatinus, Frank E. Fish, P B. Frappell, R V. Baudinette, P M. Macfarlane
Energetics Of Terrestrial Locomotion Of The Platypus Ornithorhynchus Anatinus, Frank E. Fish, P B. Frappell, R V. Baudinette, P M. Macfarlane
Frank E. Fish
The platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Shaw displays specializations in its limb structure for swimming that could negatively affect its terrestrial locomotion. Platypuses walked on a treadmill at speeds of 0.19-1.08 m s(-1). Video recordings were used for gait analysis, and the metabolic rate of terrestrial locomotion was studied by measuring oxygen consumption. Platypuses used walking gaits (duty factor >0.50) with a sprawled stance. To limit any potential interference from the extensive webbing on the forefeet, platypuses walk on their knuckles. Metabolic rate increased linearly over a 2.4-fold range with increasing walking speed in a manner similar to that of terrestrial mammals, …
Lift And Drag Performance Of Odontocete Cetacean Flippers, P W. Weber, L E. Howle, M M. Murray, Frank E. Fish
Lift And Drag Performance Of Odontocete Cetacean Flippers, P W. Weber, L E. Howle, M M. Murray, Frank E. Fish
Frank E. Fish
Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) have evolved flippers that aid in effective locomotion through their aquatic environments. Differing evolutionary pressures upon cetaceans, including hunting and feeding requirements, and other factors such as animal mass and size have resulted in flippers that are unique among each species. Cetacean flippers may be viewed as being analogous to modern engineered hydrofoils, which have hydrodynamic properties such as lift coefficient, drag coefficient and associated efficiency. Field observations and the collection of biological samples have resulted in flipper geometry being known for most cetacean species. However, the hydrodynamic properties of cetacean flippers have not been …
Hydrodynamic Performance Of The Minke Whale (Balaenoptera Acutorostrata) Flipper, L N. Cooper, N Sedano, S Johansson, B May, J D. Brown, C M. Holliday, B W. Kot, Frank E. Fish
Hydrodynamic Performance Of The Minke Whale (Balaenoptera Acutorostrata) Flipper, L N. Cooper, N Sedano, S Johansson, B May, J D. Brown, C M. Holliday, B W. Kot, Frank E. Fish
Frank E. Fish
Minke whales ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are the smallest member of balaenopterid whales and little is known of their kinematics during feeding maneuvers. These whales have narrow and elongated flippers that are small relative to body size compared to related species such as right and gray whales. No experimental studies have addressed the hydrodynamic properties of minke whale flippers and their functional role during feeding maneuvers. This study integrated wind tunnel, locomotion and anatomical range of motion data to identify functional parameters of the cambered minke whale flipper. A full-sized cast of a minke whale flipper was used in wind tunnel …
Death Roll Of The Alligator: Mechanics Of Twist Feeding In Water, Frank E. Fish, S A. Bostic, A J. Nicastro, John T. Beneski
Death Roll Of The Alligator: Mechanics Of Twist Feeding In Water, Frank E. Fish, S A. Bostic, A J. Nicastro, John T. Beneski
John T Beneski
Crocodilians, including the alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis), perform a spinning maneuver to subdue and dismember prey. The spinning maneuver, which is referred to as the 'death roll', involves rapid rotation about the longitudinal axis of the body. High-speed videos were taken of juvenile alligators ( mean length= 0.29 m) performing death rolls in water after biting onto a pliable target. Spinning was initiated after the fore- and hindlimbs were appressed against the body and the head and tail were canted with respect to the longitudinal body axis. With respect to the body axis, the head and tail bending averaged 49.2 …
Swimming Kinematics Of The Florida Manatee (Trichechus Manatus Latirostris): Hydrodynamic Analysis Of An Undulatory Mammalian Swimmer, T Kojeszewski, Frank E. Fish
Swimming Kinematics Of The Florida Manatee (Trichechus Manatus Latirostris): Hydrodynamic Analysis Of An Undulatory Mammalian Swimmer, T Kojeszewski, Frank E. Fish
Frank E. Fish
The submerged swimming of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), a subspecies of the West Indian manatee, was studied by filming individuals as they swam rectilinearly in a large pool at several rehabilitation centers. The swimming was analyzed using videography to detail the kinematics in conjunction with a hydromechanical model to determine the power output (P-t) and propulsive efficiency (eta(p)). Manatees swam at velocities of 0.06 - 1.14 m s(-1). Locomotion was accomplished by undulation of the body and caudal fluke. Undulatory locomotion is a rapid and relatively high-powered propulsive mode involved in cruising and migrating by a variety of …
Dynamics Of The Aerial Maneuvers Of Spinner Dolphins, Frank E. Fish, A J. Nicastro, D Weihs
Dynamics Of The Aerial Maneuvers Of Spinner Dolphins, Frank E. Fish, A J. Nicastro, D Weihs
Frank E. Fish
The spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) performs spectacular leaps from the water while rotating around its longitudinal axis up to seven times. Although twisting of the body while airborne has been proposed as the mechanism to effect the spin, the morphology of the dolphin precludes this mechanism for the spinning maneuver. A mathematical model was developed that demonstrates that angular momentum to induce the spin was generated underwater, prior to the leap. Subsurface corkscrewing motion represents a balance between drive torques generated by the flukes and by hydrodynamic forces at the pectoral fins, and resistive torques, induced by the drag forces …
A Porpoise For Power, Frank E. Fish
Strouhal Numbers And Optimization Of Swimming By Odontocete Cetaceans, J J. Rohr, Frank E. Fish
Strouhal Numbers And Optimization Of Swimming By Odontocete Cetaceans, J J. Rohr, Frank E. Fish
Frank E. Fish
Swimming efficiencies of fish and cetaceans have been related to a certain synchrony between stroke cycle frequency, peak-to-peak tail/fluke amplitude and mean swimming speed. These kinematic parameters form a non-dimensional wake parameter, referred to as a Stroulial number, which for the range between 0.20 and 0.40 has been associated with enhanced swimming efficiency for fish and cetaceans. Yet to date there has been no direct experimental substantiation of what Strouhal numbers are preferred by swimming cetaceans. To address this lack of data, a total of 248 Stroubal numbers were calculated for the captive odontocete cetaceans Tursiops truncatus, Pseudorca crassidens, Orcinus …
Aquatic Turning Performance By The Whirligig Beetle: Constraints On Maneuverability By A Rigid Biological System, Frank E. Fish, A J. Nicastro
Aquatic Turning Performance By The Whirligig Beetle: Constraints On Maneuverability By A Rigid Biological System, Frank E. Fish, A J. Nicastro
Frank E. Fish
Turning performance is constrained by morphology, where the flexibility of the body and the mobility and position of the control surfaces determine the level of performance. The use of paddling appendages in conjunction with the rigid bodies of aquatic arthropods could potentially limit their turning performance. Whirligig beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) are rigid-bodied, but these aquatic insects can swim rapidly in circular patterns. Turning performance of swimming whirligig beetles (Dineutes horni) was assessed by videotaping beetles in a small (115 mm diameter) arena at 500 frames s(-1) and 1000 frames s(-1). Curved trajectories were executed as continuous powered turns. Asymmetrical paddling …
Maneuverability By The Sea Lion Zalophus Californianus: Turning Performance Of An Unstable Body Design, Frank E. Fish, J Hurley, D P. Costa
Maneuverability By The Sea Lion Zalophus Californianus: Turning Performance Of An Unstable Body Design, Frank E. Fish, J Hurley, D P. Costa
Frank E. Fish
Maneuverability is critical to the performance of fast-swimming marine mammals that use rapid turns to catch prey. Overhead video recordings were analyzed for two sea lions (Zalophus californianus) turning in the horizontal plane. Unpowered turns were executed by body flexion in conjunction with use of the pectoral and pelvic flippers, which were used as control surfaces. A 90degrees bank angle was used in the turns to vertically orient the control surfaces. Turning radius was dependent on body mass and swimming velocity. Relative minimum radii were 9-17% of body length and were equivalent for pinnipeds and cetaceans. However, Zalophus had smaller …
Effects Of Season On Kidney Morphology In House Sparrows, Giovanni Casotti
Effects Of Season On Kidney Morphology In House Sparrows, Giovanni Casotti
Giovanni Casotti
Seasonal variability in kidney morphology of the house sparrow Passer domesticus was examined using light microscopy. Sparrows were captured from the wild in winter, spring, summer and autumn, The kidneys were perfused with half-strength Karnovsky's fixative and processed for light microscopy by embedding in either paraffin wax or JB4 acrylic resin, Absolute volumes of the kidneys, their components (cortex, medulla and blood vessels), components of the nephron (renal corpuscles, proximal tubules, loops of Henle, distal tubules and collecting ducts) and the capillaries surrounding the nephron were quantified using stereology, Tissue processed in paraffin wax had a mean shrinkage of 17.7 …
Energetics Of Locomotion By The Australian Water Rat (Hydromys Chrysogaster): A Comparison Of Swimming And Running In A Semi-Aquatic Mammal, Frank E. Fish, R V. Baudinette
Energetics Of Locomotion By The Australian Water Rat (Hydromys Chrysogaster): A Comparison Of Swimming And Running In A Semi-Aquatic Mammal, Frank E. Fish, R V. Baudinette
Frank E. Fish
Semi-aquatic mammals occupy a precarious evolutionary position, having to function in both aquatic and terrestrial environments without specializing in locomotor performance in either environment. To examine possible energetic constraints on semi-aquatic mammals, we compared rates of oxygen consumption for the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) using different locomotor behaviors: swimming and running. Aquatic locomotion was investigated as animals swam in a water flume at several speeds, whereas water rats were run on a treadmill to measure metabolic effort during terrestrial locomotion. Water rats swam at the surface using alternate pelvic paddling and locomoted on the treadmill using gaits that included …
Comparative Kinematics And Hydrodynamics Of Odontocete Cetaceans: Morphological And Ecological Correlates With Swimming Performance, Frank E. Fish
Comparative Kinematics And Hydrodynamics Of Odontocete Cetaceans: Morphological And Ecological Correlates With Swimming Performance, Frank E. Fish
Frank E. Fish
Propulsive morphology and swimming performance were compared for the odontocete cetaceans Delphi,Delphinapterus leucas, Orcinus orca, Pseudorca crassidens and Tursiops truncatus. Morphological differences were apparent among the whales. The general body contour and low-aspect-ratio caudal flukes of D. leucas indicated that this species was a low-performance swimmer compared with the other species. Propulsive motions were video-taped as animals swam steadily in large pools. Video tapes were analyzed digitally using a computerized motion-analysis system. Animals swam at relative velocities ranging from 0.4 to 2.4 body lengths s(-1). The stroke amplitude of the flukes decreased linearly with velocity for D. leucas, but amplitude …
Energetics Of Swimming By The Platypus Ornithorhynchus Anatinus: Metabolic Effort Associated With Rowing, Frank E. Fish, R V. Baudinette, P B. Frappell, M P. Sarre
Energetics Of Swimming By The Platypus Ornithorhynchus Anatinus: Metabolic Effort Associated With Rowing, Frank E. Fish, R V. Baudinette, P B. Frappell, M P. Sarre
Frank E. Fish
The metabolism of swimming in the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Shaw was studied by measurement of oxygen consumption in a recirculating water flume. Platypuses swam against a constant water current of 0.45-1.0ms(-1). Animals used a rowing stroke and alternated bouts of surface and submerged swimming. Metabolic rate remained constant over the range of swimming speeds tested. The cost of transport decreased with increasing velocity to a minimum of 0.51 at 1.0ms(-1) Metabolic rate and cost of transport for the platypus were lower than values for semiaquatic mammals that swim at the water surface using a paddling mode. However, relative to transport …
Opercular Jetting During Fast-Starts By Flatfishes, E L. Brainerd, B N. Page, Frank E. Fish
Opercular Jetting During Fast-Starts By Flatfishes, E L. Brainerd, B N. Page, Frank E. Fish
Frank E. Fish
When attacked by predators, flatfishes perform fast-starts that result in a rapid take-off from the ocean bottom on which they lie. High-speed video recordings of the blind side of flatfishes indicate that they expel a coherent jet of water from the blind-side opercular valve during take-off. Buccal pressure recordings in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) show that a buccal pressure pulse begins 0-20 ms before the beginning of the fast-start and has a range of mean magnitudes for three individuals of 1.6-10.7 kPa. We hypothesize that one function of the opercular jet in flatfishes may be to reduce the effects of …
Hydroplaning By Ducklings - Overcoming Limitations To Swimming At The Water-Surface, Frank E. Fish, T L. Algeldinger
Hydroplaning By Ducklings - Overcoming Limitations To Swimming At The Water-Surface, Frank E. Fish, T L. Algeldinger
Frank E. Fish
Rapid escape behavior by mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings is restricted to burst swimming at the water surface. Maximum speed may be limited because of the pattern of waves created as the duckling's body moves through the water (hull speed). Burst speeds for 9-day-old ducklings were compared with predicted hull speeds, based on the waterline length of ducklings either resting in water or actively swimming. Kinematic analysis of video tapes showed a mean maximum burst speed of 1.73 m s(-1), which was four times greater than the predicted hull speed. At burst velocities, stroke frequency was 1.9 times higher than the …
Power Output And Propulsive Efficiency Of Swimming Bottle-Nosed Dolphins (Tursiops-Truncatus), Frank E. Fish
Power Output And Propulsive Efficiency Of Swimming Bottle-Nosed Dolphins (Tursiops-Truncatus), Frank E. Fish
Frank E. Fish
The power output and propulsive efficiency of swimming bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were determined from a hydromechanical model. The propulsive movements were filmed as dolphins swam in large pools. Dolphins swam at velocities of 1.2-6.0 m s-1. Propulsion was provided by dorsoventral oscillations of the posterior body and flukes. The maximum angle of attack of the flukes showed a linear decrease with velocity, whereas the frequency of the propulsive cycle increased linearly with increasing velocity. Amplitude was 20 % of body length and remained constant with velocity. Propulsive efficiency was 0.81. The thrust power computed was within physiological limits. After …
Kinematics And Estimated Thrust Production Of Swimming Harp And Ringed Seals, Frank E. Fish, S Innes, K Ronald
Kinematics And Estimated Thrust Production Of Swimming Harp And Ringed Seals, Frank E. Fish, S Innes, K Ronald
Frank E. Fish
No abstract provided.
Mechanics, Power Output And Efficiency Of The Swimming Muskrat (Ondatra-Zibethicus), Frank E. Fish
Mechanics, Power Output And Efficiency Of The Swimming Muskrat (Ondatra-Zibethicus), Frank E. Fish
Frank E. Fish
No abstract provided.