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Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Embryo Survival In Lactating Dairy Cows (2000), J.A. Carmill, S.E. Zarkouny, B.A. Hensley, Jeffrey S. Stevenson
Embryo Survival In Lactating Dairy Cows (2000), J.A. Carmill, S.E. Zarkouny, B.A. Hensley, Jeffrey S. Stevenson
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Rates of embryo survival in lactating dairy cows were assessed in three separate studies. Based on pregnancy diagnoses 27 to 29 days after timed inseminations, survival to days 40 to 50 or day 57, depending on the study, varied from 9 to 88% in cows that were not cycling before insemination compared to 57 to 90% in cows that were cycling. Previously anestrous cows had lower rates of survival. In one study, supplementing cows with progesterone before insemination improved embryo survival.; Dairy Day, 2000, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2000;
Keeping Cows Cool (2000), John F. Smith, Joseph P. Harner, Michael J. Brouk
Keeping Cows Cool (2000), John F. Smith, Joseph P. Harner, Michael J. Brouk
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Heat stress occurs when a dairy cow's internal heat load is greater than her capacity to lose unwanted heat to the environment. Effects of heat stress include: increased respiration rate, increased water intake, increased sweating, decreased dry matter intake, slower rate of feed passage, decreased blood flow to internal organs, decreased milk production, and poor reproductive performance. Lower milk production and reproductive performance cause economic losses to dairy producers. The ordered priorities for reducing heat are: increasing water availability; providing shade in the housing areas (both dry and lactating cows) and holding pen; reducing walking distance to the parlor; reducing …
Flushing Sand-Laden Manure (2000), Joseph P. Harner, T.D. Strahm, James P. Murphy
Flushing Sand-Laden Manure (2000), Joseph P. Harner, T.D. Strahm, James P. Murphy
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Sand can be handled successfully either in a scrape or flush system by developing handling systems that allow for the sand-laden manure to settle prior to the effluent entering a lagoon. The abrasiveness and density of sand create problems in handling the manure. Manure weighs about 60 lb/cu ft, whereas sand has a density of 120 lb/cu ft. Sand-laden manure will have an approximate density of 80 lb/cu ft, if 30% of the manure is sand. Because sand is heavier, it will not remain in suspension as long as manure and settles rapidly. Many problems associated with handling sand-laden manure …
Monensin: An Overview Of Its Application In Lactating Dairy Cow Diets (2000), J.M. Defrain, John E. Shirley
Monensin: An Overview Of Its Application In Lactating Dairy Cow Diets (2000), J.M. Defrain, John E. Shirley
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The efficiency of feedstuff utilization by ruminal microorganisms and the cow's genetic ability to convert feed nutrients into milk and milk components are major factors that influence the profitability of a dairy herd. Monensin's ability to modify the movement of ions across biological membranes leads to alterations in bacterial populations and subsequent changes in the proportion of volatile fatty acids produced during ruminal fermentation. Manipulating ruminal microbial populations with ionophores has the potential to improve performance by reducing ketosis, acidosis, and bloat and increasing digestive efficiency. Monensin improves fiber digestion by preventing suboptimal ruminal pH, enhances amino acid use by …
Intake And Performance Of Dairy Cows Fed Wet Corn Gluten Feed During The Periparturient Period (2000), A.F. Park, J.M. Defrain, M. J. Meyer, Evan C. Titgemeyer
Intake And Performance Of Dairy Cows Fed Wet Corn Gluten Feed During The Periparturient Period (2000), A.F. Park, J.M. Defrain, M. J. Meyer, Evan C. Titgemeyer
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Eight primiparous and nine multiparous Holstein cows were used in a randomized block design to determine the effect of wet corn gluten feed in the diet during the last 21 days of gestation on dry matter intake and early postpartum performance. Multilactation cows fed wet corn gluten feed maintained a higher dry matter intake and intake as a percentage of body weight during the last week before calving than cows fed the control diet. First-lactation cows fed wet corn gluten feed consumed less dry matter, both total and as a percentage of body weight, across calving than first-lactation cows fed …
Relationship Among Concentrations Of Milk Urea Nitrogen And Plasma Urea Nitrogen And Feeding Time (2000), E.E. Ferdinand, M. J. Meyer, A.F. Park, M. J. Vanbaale
Relationship Among Concentrations Of Milk Urea Nitrogen And Plasma Urea Nitrogen And Feeding Time (2000), E.E. Ferdinand, M. J. Meyer, A.F. Park, M. J. Vanbaale
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Eight Holstein cows were used to determine the relationship among milk urea nitrogen (MUN), plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), and feeding time. We first established that MUN concentrations were similar in concentration among quarters by comparing milk samples from each quarter just before milking. In order to determine if collecting a sample of milk from a quarter influenced the MUN in samples taken later, samples were obtained from the right front quarter (RF) at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hr after the AM milking and from the left front quarter (LF), right rear (RR), and left rear (LR) at 4, 6, …
Factors Affecting Dry Matter Intake By Lactating Dairy Cows (2000), John F. Smith, Michael J. Brouk
Factors Affecting Dry Matter Intake By Lactating Dairy Cows (2000), John F. Smith, Michael J. Brouk
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Feed intake is the single most critical factor of dairy production, and performance of dairy cattle can be enhanced or hindered by environmental factors that affect it. These environmental factors can by divided into physical and climatic conditions. On modern dairies, the physical factors may be of more concern. Modern facilities provide the cow with protection from the natural elements. However, these same facilities can enhance or hinder dry matter intake. Facilities should provide adequate access to feed and water, a comfortable resting area, and adequate protection from the natural elements. Critical areas of facility design related to feed intake …
Anestrus In Lactating Dairy Cows Before Ovulation Synchronization (2000), J.A. Cartmill, S.E. Zarkouny, Hensley, Jeffrey S. Stevenson
Anestrus In Lactating Dairy Cows Before Ovulation Synchronization (2000), J.A. Cartmill, S.E. Zarkouny, Hensley, Jeffrey S. Stevenson
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The incidence of anestrus in dairy cattle prior to first inseminations carried out after a minimum of 60 days postpartum ranged from 4 to 58% in first-lactation cows and 14 to 50% in older cows. Dairy cows with more days in milk, older than 2 years, and in better body condition (probably reflective of greater postpartum dry matter intakes) were more likely to cycle than thinner cows. Cows that were not cycling before the first week of insemination conceived at lower rates and took longer to become pregnant.; Dairy Day, 2000, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2000;
Manure And Lagoon Nutrients From Dairies Using Flush Systems (2000), T.D. Strahm, Joseph P. Harner, David V. Key, James P. Murphy
Manure And Lagoon Nutrients From Dairies Using Flush Systems (2000), T.D. Strahm, Joseph P. Harner, David V. Key, James P. Murphy
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Nine primar,y lagoons and solids storage basins were sampled on Kansas dairies using flush systems. These samples were analyzed for nutrient content of wastewater and sand manure. The manure moisture content in the storage basins averaged 81%. The average totals of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash were 3450, 1345, and 1420 mg/L, respectively, for flushing systems. The average totals of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash in the lagoon samples were 816, 337, and 1134 mg/L, respectively, for dairies using recycled water for flushing alleys. These data and previously reported data indicate that lagoon effluent and manure removed from basins must be managed …
Mastitis Management-Effective Methods To Reduce Somatic Cell Counts (2000), John F. Smith, Michael J. Brouk
Mastitis Management-Effective Methods To Reduce Somatic Cell Counts (2000), John F. Smith, Michael J. Brouk
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Mastitis is the most costly health concern in the dairy industry today. Annual losses have been estimated at $180 to 185 per cow. Based on this figure, annual losses for Kansas producers may exceed $15 million. Nationally, mastitis may cost the industry $1.8 billion annually. Although treatment and premature culling for clinical mastitis are costly, about two-thirds of the cost is associated with reduced milk production caused by subclinical mastitis. Effective mastitis control programs are necessary for the dairy industry today. Prevention of subclinical mastitis is the key to lowering the somatic cell counts (SCC). Elevated bulk tank SCC ( …
Silage Management: Important Practices Often Overlooked (2000), K.K. Bolsen, B.E. Brent, M.K. Siefers, M.E. Uriarte
Silage Management: Important Practices Often Overlooked (2000), K.K. Bolsen, B.E. Brent, M.K. Siefers, M.E. Uriarte
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Four important silage management practices that are in the control of livestock producers and that are sometimes poorly implemented or overlooked entirely include: inoculating, packing, sealing, and managing the feedout face.; Dairy Day, 2000, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2000;
Salmonella Dublin: A Threat To Dairy Heifer Survival And Future Performance (2000), D.G. Schmidt, D.P. Gnad, J.M. Sargeant, John E. Shirley
Salmonella Dublin: A Threat To Dairy Heifer Survival And Future Performance (2000), D.G. Schmidt, D.P. Gnad, J.M. Sargeant, John E. Shirley
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Salmonella dublin is a bacterium that can have devastating effects in dairy herds. It is most deadly with calves that range in age from 10 days to 5 months. Salmonella dublin is shed from carrier animals through feces, milk, and colostrum and spread by oral ingestion. Clinical signs are not detected easily until after the infection is well established. Calves may suffer from septicemia, diarrhea, fatigue, and unthriftiness. Death is not an uncommon outcome of this disease. Clinical signs of infection in adults may range from none to enteritis or abortion. Combating the disease requires an awareness of the disease, …
Antibiotic Versus Nonantibiotic Products For The Treatment Of Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis (Hairy Heel Wart) In Dairy Cattle (2000), J.M. Sargeant, D.P. Gnad, J. Isch, H. Bathina
Antibiotic Versus Nonantibiotic Products For The Treatment Of Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis (Hairy Heel Wart) In Dairy Cattle (2000), J.M. Sargeant, D.P. Gnad, J. Isch, H. Bathina
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
A field trial was conducted to compare oxytetracycline to three nonantibiotic therapies using bandage protocols for the treatment of hairy heel warts. Affected feet were bandaged for 4 days with either of the four products. Over a 28-day period following bandage removal, heel warts on 44 cows (11 per treatment group) were evaluated based on size, degree of pain, color, and lesion appearance. No differences were detected among treatments, suggesting that nonantibiotic therapies used in bandage protocols may be as effective as oxytetracycline.; Dairy Day, 2000, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2000;
Economics Of Cooling Cows To Reduce Seasonal Variation In Peak Milk Production (2000), Kevin C. Dhuyvetter
Economics Of Cooling Cows To Reduce Seasonal Variation In Peak Milk Production (2000), Kevin C. Dhuyvetter
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The economic impact of cooling cows to reduce the seasonal variation in peak milk production was estimated using researchbased lactation curves and peak production numbers for a commercial dairy operation in Kansas. Reducing the seasonal drop in peak production that occurs in the late summer and fall months by 29% or more is profitable for second or higher lactation cows. This reduction represents an increase in total milk production over the entire lactation of slightly over 1% and an increase in the average annual peak production of only 1 lb. This indicates that achieving at least the breakeven level for …
Raw Milk Quality: The Processor's Point Of View, Karen A. Schmidt
Raw Milk Quality: The Processor's Point Of View, Karen A. Schmidt
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Raw milk quality is important to the processor for many reasons, this quality can be assessed by several different tests. Quality tests are used to ensure that the raw milk meets legal USDA standards as well as some of the individual requirements of the processor. Although some quality tests can be done in a matter of minutes, others require up to several days to complete. Because milk quality deteriorates relatively quickly, it is important to concentrate on those tests that provide the greatest amount of information in the shortest time. This information then is extrapolated to assess the "actual raw …
Effect Of Level Of Surface-Spoiled Silage On Teh Nutritive Value Of Corn Silage-Based Rations, L.A. Whitlock, M.K. Siefers, Ronald V. Pope, B.E. Brent
Effect Of Level Of Surface-Spoiled Silage On Teh Nutritive Value Of Corn Silage-Based Rations, L.A. Whitlock, M.K. Siefers, Ronald V. Pope, B.E. Brent
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Twelve ruminally cannulated crossbred steers were used to determine the effect of level of surface spoilage in corn silage-based rations on dry matter (DM) intake and nutrient digestibilities. Irrigated corn was harvested at the 80% milkline stage of maturity and ensiled in pilot-scale bunker silos, which were 3 ft in depth, and a 9-ft-diameter AgBag®. After 90 days, the bunkers were sealed with a single sheet of polyethylene, and this silage was designated "spoiled". The silage in the AgBag was designated "normal". The four rations contained 90% silage and 10% supplement (DM basis), and the proportions of silage in the …
Determination Of The Amount Of Wet Corn Gluten Feed To Include In Diets For Lactating Dairy Cows (2000), M. J. Vanbaale, Michael V. Scheffel, Evan C. Titgemeyer, R.U. Lindquist
Determination Of The Amount Of Wet Corn Gluten Feed To Include In Diets For Lactating Dairy Cows (2000), M. J. Vanbaale, Michael V. Scheffel, Evan C. Titgemeyer, R.U. Lindquist
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were used in six 4x4 Latin squares with 28- day periods to determine inclusion rates for wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) in diets for lactating dairy cows. Cows were housed in a tie-stall barn and fed diets to meet or exceed NRC (1989) nutrient requirements. Experimental treatments were 1) control, 2) WCGF constituting 20%, 3) WCGF constituting 27.5%, and 4) WCGF constituting 35% of the diet dry matter. Cows fed WCGF consumed more dry matter (P<0.01) and produced more (P<0.001) milk, energy-corrected milk, and fat-corrected milk than cows fed the control diet. Dry matter intakes were 58.9 lb/day for control and 60.2 lb/day for those cows consuming WCGF diets. Cows fed the control diet produced 83.2 lb/day of milk, whereas those fed WCGF diets produced 91.5 lb/day. Production efficiency was increased (P<0.001) on the WCGF diets. The percentage of fat in milk, total protein production, and milk urea nitrogen were higher (P<0.01) for cows fed WCGF diets than controls. Plasma glucose, total αamino nitrogen, urea nitrogen, and tryglycerides were similar between cows fed the control and WCGF diets. No differences occurred in percentages of protein, lactose, or solids-not-fat content, nor was somatic cell count affected by the addition of WCGF. Body weight and condition score were not affected by treatment. We conclude that WCGF is an excellent feed for lactating dairy cows when included in the diet at 20%, 27.5%, or 35% of the dry matter.; Dairy Day, 2000, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2000;
Total Blood Protein As An Indicator Of Colostral Sufficiency And Morbidity In Dairy Calves (2000), D.G. Schmidt, D.P. Gnad, J.M. Sargeant, John E. Shirley
Total Blood Protein As An Indicator Of Colostral Sufficiency And Morbidity In Dairy Calves (2000), D.G. Schmidt, D.P. Gnad, J.M. Sargeant, John E. Shirley
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Total blood protein measured in calves between 1 and 7 days of age is a good indicator of the sufficiency of colostral intake and level of immunity passed to the calf. This measurement can be used to improve calf management strategies and thereby calf performance. Total blood protein concentrations are associated with immunoglobulin absorption in the neonatal calf, which can impact calf morbidity and mortality. Blood protein>5.5 g/dl indicates sufficient immunoglobulin absorption, and blood protein <5.0 g/dl indicates insufficient absorption. Insufficient immunoglobulin absorption increases the risk of calf morbidity and mortality. The dry cow health program, proper collection, and management of colostrum help ensure that quality colostrum is available for the newborn calf. Proper colostrum administration and low-stress calf management also ensure maximal immunoglobulin absorption. Timing of colostral intake affects total blood protein concentrations. The calf's ability to absorb immunoglobulins is reduced significantly 12 hr after birth. Therefore, it is critical to administer colostrum during the first few hours of life. Total blood protein can be used to determine if the calf has absorbed sufficient immunoglobulins from the colostrum.; Dairy Day, 2000, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2000;