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Length Of The Ranch-Of-Origin Weaning Period Does Not Affect Post-Receiving Growth Or Carcass Merit Of Ranch-Direct, Early-Weaned Beef Calves, J.W. Bolte, K. C. Olson, Todd W. Schmidt, Bradley J. White, George A. Milliken, N.A. Sproul, L.A. Pacheco, M.D. Thomas, John R. Jaeger, Daniel U. Thomson
Length Of The Ranch-Of-Origin Weaning Period Does Not Affect Post-Receiving Growth Or Carcass Merit Of Ranch-Direct, Early-Weaned Beef Calves, J.W. Bolte, K. C. Olson, Todd W. Schmidt, Bradley J. White, George A. Milliken, N.A. Sproul, L.A. Pacheco, M.D. Thomas, John R. Jaeger, Daniel U. Thomson
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most economically devastating feedlot disease. Risk factors associated with incidence of BRD include (1) stress associated with maternal separation, (2) stress associated with introduction to an unfamiliar environment, (3) low intake associated with introduction of novel feedstuffs into the animal's diet, (4) exposure to novel pathogens upon transport to a feeding facility and commingling with unfamiliar cattle, and (5) inappropriately administered respiratory disease vaccination programs. Management practices that are collectively referred to as preconditioning are thought to minimize damage to the carcass from the BRD complex. Preconditioning management can reduce the aforementioned risk factors …
Dried Corn Germ In Natural Finishing Programs Reduces Incidence Of Liver Abscess, J.O. Wallace, James S. Drouillard, Christopher D. Reinhardt
Dried Corn Germ In Natural Finishing Programs Reduces Incidence Of Liver Abscess, J.O. Wallace, James S. Drouillard, Christopher D. Reinhardt
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Changes in consumer preference for beef produced without growth promotants, ionophores, or antibiotics and consumers' willingness to pay price premiums for such products have led some producers to begin raising beef under "natural" feeding regimens. Some natural programs prohibit use of injectable antibiotics, feed additive drugs, or growth promoting implants throughout the life of the animal. This creates challenges for maintaining efficient growth and preventing disease or metabolic disorders. A key problem facing producers who feed cattle under a natural regimen, without use of antibiotics such as tylosin and ionophores, is ruminal acidosis, which is commonly linked with liver abscesses. …
Higher Ruminal Ph Increases In Vitro Digestion Of Diets Containing Dried Distillers Grains With Solubles, S. Uwituze, J.M. Heidenreich, James S. Drouillard
Higher Ruminal Ph Increases In Vitro Digestion Of Diets Containing Dried Distillers Grains With Solubles, S. Uwituze, J.M. Heidenreich, James S. Drouillard
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Advantages of steam flaking grain are less with respect to growth performance and diet digestion when a portion of distillers grains is substituted for grain. Ruminal pH typically is lower in cattle fed flaked-grain diets than in cattle fed rolled-grain diets. Ruminal pH for cattle fed finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn is observed below pH 6.0. Previous research observed a 5% decrease in digestion of organic matter when 13% distillers grains (dry-matter basis) was added to steam-flaked corn finishing diets. A decline in ruminal pH below 6.2 reduces activity of ruminal fiber-digesting organisms. Furthermore, ruminal protein digestion declines with …
Management Practices Affect Tenderness Of Strip Loin But Not Knuckle Steaks From Fed Mature Cows, S. Neill, T.T. Marston, M.J. Daniel, James J. Higgins, John A. Unruh, Michael E. Dikeman, Melvin C. Hunt
Management Practices Affect Tenderness Of Strip Loin But Not Knuckle Steaks From Fed Mature Cows, S. Neill, T.T. Marston, M.J. Daniel, James J. Higgins, John A. Unruh, Michael E. Dikeman, Melvin C. Hunt
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Approximately 16% of cattle slaughtered in the United States are cows. When these cows are removed from the herd, they are typically in thin condition. Steaks from these cows are considered tougher than those from young steers and heifers but could potentially be improved with alternative management practices, such as high concentrate feeding. Feeding high-concentrate diets, implanting, and feeding β-agonists prior to harvest have been shown to improve performance and carcass meat yields. However, the effect on steak tenderness of feeding Zilmax (zilpaterol hydrochloride; Intervet Inc., Millsboro, DE) to mature cows is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was …
Using Sequential Feeding Of Optaflexx And Zilmax To Improve Performance And Meat Quality In Cull Beef Cows, M.J. Daniel, Michael E. Dikeman, Terry A. Houser, John A. Unruh, John R. Jaeger, Leigh W. Murray
Using Sequential Feeding Of Optaflexx And Zilmax To Improve Performance And Meat Quality In Cull Beef Cows, M.J. Daniel, Michael E. Dikeman, Terry A. Houser, John A. Unruh, John R. Jaeger, Leigh W. Murray
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Beef cows are culled from herds because of reproductive inefficiency, poor performance, old age, or farm downsizing due to high production costs. The National Market Cow and Bull Beef Quality Audit of 1999 reported that challenges associated with cull cow carcasses are undesirable dressing percentages and meat yields. Since 1999, an increasing number of producers are either selling cows in better physical condition or feeding cows a high concentrate ration for 50 to 100 days prior to harvest. According to the 2007 audit, cow carcasses were heavier and leaner and had more desirable muscle and fat color scores than in …
Backgrounding Health Associated With Area Of The Truck Where Cattle Were Housed During Transport, Dale A. Blasi, M. Epp, Bradley J. White
Backgrounding Health Associated With Area Of The Truck Where Cattle Were Housed During Transport, Dale A. Blasi, M. Epp, Bradley J. White
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Cattle are commonly moved between geographic regions by using commercial transport carriers, and the vast majority of cattle are transported at least one time during their lives. Both handling and travel associated with moving cattle between locations have been identified as potentially stressful events. The objective of this research was to identify potential associations between calf location within the transport carrier and subsequent calf wellness in the short term (40 to 60 days) following shipment. Health outcomes and average daily gain (ADG) were used to measure calf wellness during the backgrounding period. Although some research has described the overall effect …
Thermal Process With Additional Drying Provides Proper Lethality For Controlling Pathogens During Jerky Production, Kelly J.K. Getty, N.M. Harper, Elizabeth A.E. Boyle
Thermal Process With Additional Drying Provides Proper Lethality For Controlling Pathogens During Jerky Production, Kelly J.K. Getty, N.M. Harper, Elizabeth A.E. Boyle
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The New Mexico Department of Health linked salmonellosis to beef jerky in 2003 after 26 individuals became ill; this prompted a recall of nearly 21,600 lb of product. Following this incident, the USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service instituted the Compliance Guideline for Meat and Poultry Jerky Produced by Small and Very Small Plants in 2004 and updated this document in 2007 with the Quick Guide on Jerky Processing. The Quick Guide states that water activity for jerky products should be ≤ 0.85 for safety and a moisture-to-protein ratio (MPR) must be ≤ 0.75:1 for product to be labeled as …
Length Of The Weaning Period Affects Postweaning Growth, Health, And Carcass Merit Of Ranch-Direct Beef Calves Weaned During The Fall, J.W. Bolte, Todd W. Schmidt, N.A. Sproul, L.A. Pacheco, M.D. Thomas, K. C. Olson, John R. Jaeger, Daniel U. Thomson, Bradley J. White, Robert L. Larson
Length Of The Weaning Period Affects Postweaning Growth, Health, And Carcass Merit Of Ranch-Direct Beef Calves Weaned During The Fall, J.W. Bolte, Todd W. Schmidt, N.A. Sproul, L.A. Pacheco, M.D. Thomas, K. C. Olson, John R. Jaeger, Daniel U. Thomson, Bradley J. White, Robert L. Larson
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most economically devastating feedlot disease. Risk factors associated with incidence of BRD include (1) stress associated with maternal separation, (2) stress associated with introduction to an unfamiliar environment, (3) poor intake associated with introduction of novel feedstuffs into the animal's diet, (4) exposure to novel pathogens upon transport to a feeding facility and commingling with unfamiliar cattle, (5) inappropriately administered respiratory disease vaccination programs, and (6) poor response to respiratory disease vaccination programs. Management practices that are collectively referred to as preconditioning are thought to minimize damage to the beef carcass from the BRD …
Heifer Synchronization Using 7-11 Synch Or 7-11 Synch + Cidr, D.R. Eborn, C.R. Spiker, R.R. Sullivan, David M. Grieger
Heifer Synchronization Using 7-11 Synch Or 7-11 Synch + Cidr, D.R. Eborn, C.R. Spiker, R.R. Sullivan, David M. Grieger
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Two aims of heifer estrus synchronization protocols are to induce prepubertal heifers to start cycling by the beginning of the breeding season and to shorten time spent in estrous detection. Use of progestins such as melengestrol acetate (MGA) and intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices (CIDR) can induce prepubertal heifers to begin cycling as well as synchronize estrus in cycling heifers. In past years, a timed artificial insemination protocol (7-11 COSynch) has been tested with varying results. Pregnancy rates using 7-11 COSynch have typically ranged from 40 to 60%. The objective of the current trial was to determine the effect of a similar …
Combinations Of Steam-Flaked Corn, Dry-Rolled Corn, And Dried Distillers Grains Yield Beef With Similar Yet Subtle Changes In Sensory Traits, P.L. Black, G.L. Parsons, M.K. Shelor, K.K. Karges, M.L. Gibson, Michael E. Dikeman, James S. Drouillard
Combinations Of Steam-Flaked Corn, Dry-Rolled Corn, And Dried Distillers Grains Yield Beef With Similar Yet Subtle Changes In Sensory Traits, P.L. Black, G.L. Parsons, M.K. Shelor, K.K. Karges, M.L. Gibson, Michael E. Dikeman, James S. Drouillard
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Rapid expansion of fuel ethanol production has made available abundant supplies of distillers grains with solubles, which are well-suited as a substitute for cereal grains in finishing cattle diets. Several recently reported experiments have revealed that feeding distillers grains may have adverse effects on carcass value as a result of the tendency to produce carcasses with lower quality grades and/or higher yield grades. The effects on quality grade have been most evident in flaked-grain diets, but effects on yield grade are more or less independent of the type of grain fed. In Kansas, two common methods for processing grains are …
Feed Depredation By European Starlings, G.L. Parsons, M.K. Shelor, Brandon E. Depenbusch, James S. Drouillard, Charles D. Lee
Feed Depredation By European Starlings, G.L. Parsons, M.K. Shelor, Brandon E. Depenbusch, James S. Drouillard, Charles D. Lee
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were first introduced to the United States in the late 1800s. It is believed that the starlings were imported from Europe and released in New York City's Central Park so that all of the birds mentioned in Shakespeare's works would inhabit the new country. For the next 50 years, the starling population grew exponentially; by 1942, starlings had spread to the West Coast. Starlings are not considered migratory and remain in the same general area year round; however, some may migrate several hundred miles. During much of the year, the inconspicuous starlings disperse into small flocks …
Aging Improves Tenderness Of Longissimus Muscle Steaks From Fed Mature Cows, A.N. Gipe, T.T. Marston, James J. Higgins, Stacy L. Hutchinson, John A. Unruh
Aging Improves Tenderness Of Longissimus Muscle Steaks From Fed Mature Cows, A.N. Gipe, T.T. Marston, James J. Higgins, Stacy L. Hutchinson, John A. Unruh
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Steaks from cows are tougher than those from young steers and heifers. This difference is often attributed to the increased cross-linkage of collagen in muscle of mature animals that is considered very stable and more resistant to postmortem degradation. Aging steaks from young steers and heifers is a common postmortem practice used to improve tenderness of steaks from the ribeye roll and strip loin. Improvement in tenderness because of aging has been attributed to enzymatic degradation of, primarily, the myofibrillar fraction of muscle and is most beneficial for low connective tissue muscles. Because muscles from mature cows have more collagen …
Needle-Free Injection Enhancement Of Beef Improves Tenderness But Slightly Increases Microbial Translocation, A. Sutterfield, B.A. Crow, J.P. Grobbel, Randall K. Phebus, Michael E. Dikeman, Larry C. Hollis
Needle-Free Injection Enhancement Of Beef Improves Tenderness But Slightly Increases Microbial Translocation, A. Sutterfield, B.A. Crow, J.P. Grobbel, Randall K. Phebus, Michael E. Dikeman, Larry C. Hollis
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Blade tenderization has been used for decades to increase tenderness in beef cuts that are highly variable in tenderness or predicted to be "tough." Injection enhancement also is commonly used in industry to increase tenderness, juiciness, and flavor of some beef muscles. These processes have the potential to translocate microbial organisms on the exterior to interior portions of whole muscles. One research study reported that 3 to 4% of surface bacteria are transferred into the interior of muscles but only penetrate an average of ¼ inch deep into the surface. Even though the frequency of subprimal surfaces being contaminated with …
Feeding Steam-Flaked Diets With And Without Dry-Rolled Corn And Dried Distillers Grains Results In Similar Feedlot Performance, P.L. Black, G.L. Parsons, M.K. Shelor, K.K. Karges, M.L. Gibson, Christopher D. Reinhardt, James S. Drouillard
Feeding Steam-Flaked Diets With And Without Dry-Rolled Corn And Dried Distillers Grains Results In Similar Feedlot Performance, P.L. Black, G.L. Parsons, M.K. Shelor, K.K. Karges, M.L. Gibson, Christopher D. Reinhardt, James S. Drouillard
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Increased ethanol production in the United States has increased availability of by-products, giving producers an alternative to cereal grains. The by-product we evaluated was dried corn distillers grains with solubles. Research has been conducted at Kansas State University to evaluate the quantity of distillers grains that can be added to a finishing diet without negatively affecting feedlot performance or carcass value. Feeding cattle distillers grains is an important option for feedlots to consider. The second issue that has arisen is the energy costs associated with processing grains. In Kansas, two of the more common methods for processing grains are steam …
Concurrent Metaphylaxis With Aureomycin And Draxxin In High-Risk Calves Has No Additive Effects On Cattle Health And Performance, J.O. Wallace, Christopher D. Reinhardt, Daniel U. Thomson
Concurrent Metaphylaxis With Aureomycin And Draxxin In High-Risk Calves Has No Additive Effects On Cattle Health And Performance, J.O. Wallace, Christopher D. Reinhardt, Daniel U. Thomson
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The shipping and receiving period is one of the most stressful experiences during a calf's lifetime. Stressors include weaning, commingling, transportation, processing, feed and water changes, and disease challenge placed on the animal upon entering a stocker operation or feedlot. These stressors result in decreased appetite, loss of body mass, decreased immunity, and increased risk of disease. Bovine respiratory disease complex has one of the highest treatment costs of all diseases affecting feedlot cattle and can negatively affect feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of animals, resulting in decreased profit. Mass medication (metaphylaxis) is the treatment of all cattle at arrival …
Distillers Grains Do Not Change Carcass Composition But Change Some Fatty Acids When Added To Finishing Diet, P.L. Black, G.L. Parsons, M.K. Shelor, K.K. Karges, M.L. Gibson, Michael E. Dikeman, J. Scott Smith, James S. Drouillard
Distillers Grains Do Not Change Carcass Composition But Change Some Fatty Acids When Added To Finishing Diet, P.L. Black, G.L. Parsons, M.K. Shelor, K.K. Karges, M.L. Gibson, Michael E. Dikeman, J. Scott Smith, James S. Drouillard
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Distillers grains are a by-product of ethanol production and have become increasingly available in recent years. Some research has revealed negative effects of distillers grains on quality and yield grades. Distillers grains contain substantial amounts of unsaturated fats and therefore could alter the ratios of saturated and unsaturated fats to achieve a more desirable composition in beef. Heterocyclic amines are the carcinogenic compounds released during high-temperature grilling of meat and would be increased if fat composition is changed. Our objectives were to evaluate effects of feeding distillers grains on carcass fatness, fatty acid profiles, and formation of heterocyclic amines.
Effects Of Megasphaera Elsdenii On Ruminal Ph, Ruminal Concentrations Of Organic Acids, And Bacterial Genomes Following A Grain Challenge, M.R. Mcdaniel, James J. Higgins, J.M. Heidenreich, M.K. Shelor, G.L. Parsons, P.H. Henning, James S. Drouillard
Effects Of Megasphaera Elsdenii On Ruminal Ph, Ruminal Concentrations Of Organic Acids, And Bacterial Genomes Following A Grain Challenge, M.R. Mcdaniel, James J. Higgins, J.M. Heidenreich, M.K. Shelor, G.L. Parsons, P.H. Henning, James S. Drouillard
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Upon arrival in feedlots, cattle normally must be adapted to high-concentrate diets. The microbial population in the rumen of incoming cattle normally is suited to digestion of forages, and when cattle are transitioned onto concentrate diets, opportunistic bacteria that produce lactic acid can proliferate rapidly, leading to excesses of lactic acid in the rumen. High levels of lactic acid in the rumen may cause mild to severe acidosis. Megasphaera elsdenii is a lactate-utilizing bacterium that normally is present in rumens of cattle that have been adapted to high-grain diets, but numbers of the organism are relatively low during the step-up …
Extruded Complete Feed For Finishing Cattle, R. Strabler, A.J. Crisler, Brandon E. Depenbusch, James S. Drouillard
Extruded Complete Feed For Finishing Cattle, R. Strabler, A.J. Crisler, Brandon E. Depenbusch, James S. Drouillard
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Steam flaking is the predominant means of processing grains in large commercial feedlots. Compared with dry rolling, steam flaking improves total tract digestibility and feed efficiency by 8 to 15%. In steam-flaked corn diets, alfalfa hay often is used as a source of roughage. A survey of industry consultants showed that the range of roughage levels used is between 4.5 and 13.5%. Roughages are commonly the highest-cost ingredient per unit of energy and are highly prone to shrink. Low roughage levels are desirable, but a modest level must be maintained to ensure rumen health. Cattle, like other species, can be …
The Combination Of Implanting With Revalor-200 And Feeding Zilmax Increases Subprimal Meat Yield Of Fed Cows, S. Neill, T.T. Marston, M.J. Daniel, James J. Higgins, John A. Unruh, John R. Jaeger
The Combination Of Implanting With Revalor-200 And Feeding Zilmax Increases Subprimal Meat Yield Of Fed Cows, S. Neill, T.T. Marston, M.J. Daniel, James J. Higgins, John A. Unruh, John R. Jaeger
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Mature cows are culled from herds for reasons such as poor performance and failure to rebreed. When these cows are removed from the herd, they are typically in thin condition and potentially can be fed to gain weight and increase income. Previous research has shown that feeding cull cows high-energy diets can increase carcass weight, fatness, and meat yield. Management practices of implanting and feeding β-adrenergic agonists, repartitioning agents that favor protein deposition at the expense of fat deposition, have been shown to further improve performance and carcass yields. As reported elsewhere in this publication, carcasses from concentrate-fed cows implanted …
The Combination Of Implanting With Revalor-200 And Feeding Zilmax Increases Ribeye Area Of Fed Cows, S. Neill, T.T. Marston, James J. Higgins, John A. Unruh, John R. Jaeger
The Combination Of Implanting With Revalor-200 And Feeding Zilmax Increases Ribeye Area Of Fed Cows, S. Neill, T.T. Marston, James J. Higgins, John A. Unruh, John R. Jaeger
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Mature cows are typically removed from the cow herd for various reasons, such as reproductive inefficiency and poor performance. It has been estimated that as much as 15 to 25% of a ranch's revenue may be from cull cows. When cows are culled from the herd, they are normally in thin condition and potentially can be fed to gain weight and increase income. Previous studies indicate that feeding a high-energy diet and implanting cull cows can improve performance and increase meat yield. Zilmax (zilpaterol hydrochloride; Intervet Inc., Millsboro, DE) is a β-adrenergic agonist approved as a growth promotant in feedlot …
Near-Infrared Tissue Oximetry Of Beef Longissimus Muscle For The Improvement Of Meat Color And Meat Color Stability, A. Mohan, Terry A. Houser, T.E. Barstow, Melvin C. Hunt
Near-Infrared Tissue Oximetry Of Beef Longissimus Muscle For The Improvement Of Meat Color And Meat Color Stability, A. Mohan, Terry A. Houser, T.E. Barstow, Melvin C. Hunt
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Meat color as perceived by consumers serves as a valuable guide for assessing overall quality and wholesomeness of meat. The bright cherry-red color of beef is influenced by tissue oxygen consumption, obstacles to oxygen diffusion, and thickness of the oxymyoglobin layer. The dynamics of meat color depend on several physical properties of muscle including myoglobin redox status and concentration. Physical, chemical, and anatomical differences in muscles cause large variations in color from cut to cut, within a cut, and in cuts made parallel or perpendicular to muscle fibers. Clearly, muscle fiber orientation affects measurements of tenderness and cooking yields; however, …
Spotlight On Dry Aging Beef: Effects Of Loin Type, Aging Methods, And Aging Time, S.L. Degeer, C.L. Bratcher, B.A. Crozier-Dodson, D.E. Johnson, J.F. Stika, Melvin C. Hunt
Spotlight On Dry Aging Beef: Effects Of Loin Type, Aging Methods, And Aging Time, S.L. Degeer, C.L. Bratcher, B.A. Crozier-Dodson, D.E. Johnson, J.F. Stika, Melvin C. Hunt
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Dry aging is an old-time process used to produce a high quality beef product marketed to high-end customers. Its most unique quality is the distinctive dry-aged flavor. Dry aging has been accomplished through many protocols over the years, but an optimum protocol has not been adopted. Practitioners of this art are very interested in providing a consistent, quality, safe product. Traditionally, dry aging is done without packaging, which places more emphasis on plant quality control practices to achieve a consistent product. This limits the number of processors that have the ability to produce dry-aged product. Packaging bags with a very …