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Articles 1 - 30 of 281
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Comparative Accumulation And Effects Of Microplastics And Microplastic-Associated Pcb-153 In The White Hard Clam (Meretrix Lyrata) And Giant River Prawn (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii) Following Chronic Exposure, Bao-Son Trinh, Lien Thi Le, Loc Minh Tran, Gunther Rosen, Robert C. Hale
Comparative Accumulation And Effects Of Microplastics And Microplastic-Associated Pcb-153 In The White Hard Clam (Meretrix Lyrata) And Giant River Prawn (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii) Following Chronic Exposure, Bao-Son Trinh, Lien Thi Le, Loc Minh Tran, Gunther Rosen, Robert C. Hale
VIMS Articles
Global environmental abundance of microplastics (MPs) is increasing. MPs may sorb hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), accumulate in and cause deleterious effects on exposed organisms. This study investigated and compared the accumulation and effects of MPs and MP-associated PCB in the two indigenous aquatic organisms in Viet Nam, the white hard clams, Meretrix lyrata, and the giant river prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The test organisms were exposed to either polyethylene microbeads (PEMBs), waterborne polychlorinated biphenyl 153 (PCB-153), or PEMB-associated PCB-153 (PEMB-PCB) over 28 days. Organismal MP accumulation, survival, and weight gain were examined at various sampling intervals. In general, MP …
Dietary Shifts And The Need For Increased Sustainability Approaches In The Global Aquaculture Seafood System, Darien D. Mizuta
Dietary Shifts And The Need For Increased Sustainability Approaches In The Global Aquaculture Seafood System, Darien D. Mizuta
VIMS Articles
Recent shifts in the global dietary preferences have indicated the fast-growing choice for plant-based, or meat-reduced diets. Among the motivations for such choices, which are increasingly advocated by nations and environmental institutions, is the major concern with global environmental sustainability and impacts of food production systems. Incontestably, the animal food source industry is extremely diverse, and seafood production through the aquaculture value chain remains unfamiliar to key stakeholders possibly leading to an uncomprehensive view and often biased perception of the farming industry within the environmental context. Accordingly, I discuss the importance of seafood production systems, such as the fastest seafood …
Detection Of Toxins And Harmful Algal Bloom Cells In Shellfish Hatcheries And Efforts Toward Removal, Marta P. Sanderson, Karen Hudson, Lauren Gregg, Amanda Chesler-Poole, Ja M. Small, Kimberly S. Reece, Ryan Carnegie, Juliette L. Smith
Detection Of Toxins And Harmful Algal Bloom Cells In Shellfish Hatcheries And Efforts Toward Removal, Marta P. Sanderson, Karen Hudson, Lauren Gregg, Amanda Chesler-Poole, Ja M. Small, Kimberly S. Reece, Ryan Carnegie, Juliette L. Smith
VIMS Articles
As the start of the supply chain for the aquaculture industry, hatcheries are a crucial component in the success of oyster and northern quahog (hard clam) aquaculture on the East Coast of the US. Intermittent failures in hatchery production slow industry growth and reduce profits. To begin investigations into the possible role of algal toxins in hatchery production failure, post-treatment hatchery water from one research and four commercial hatcheries in lower Chesapeake Bay, USA, was sampled for (1) toxin presence and (2) harmful algal bloom (HAB) cell enumeration. Overall, seven toxin classes, likely produced by six different HAB species, were …
Vibrio Vulnificus And Vibrio Parahaemolyticus In Oysters Under Low Tidal Range Conditions: Is Seawater Analysis Useful For Risk Assessment?, Corinne Audemard, Tal Ben-Horin, Howard I. Kator, Kimberly S. Reece
Vibrio Vulnificus And Vibrio Parahaemolyticus In Oysters Under Low Tidal Range Conditions: Is Seawater Analysis Useful For Risk Assessment?, Corinne Audemard, Tal Ben-Horin, Howard I. Kator, Kimberly S. Reece
VIMS Articles
Human-pathogenic Vibrio bacteria are acquired by oysters through filtering seawater, however, the relationships between levels of these bacteria in measured in oysters and overlying waters are inconsistent across regions. The reasons for these discrepancies are unclear hindering our ability to assess if -or when- seawater samples can be used as a proxy for oysters to assess risk. We investigated whether concentrations of total and human pathogenic Vibrio vulnificus (vvhA and pilF genes) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (tlh, tdh and trh genes) measured in seawater reflect concentrations of these bacteria in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) cultured within the US lower Chesapeake Bay region. …
Contrasting Controls On Seasonal And Spatial Distribution Of Marine Cable Bacteria (Candidatus Electrothrix) And Beggiatoaceae In Seasonally Hypoxic Chesapeake Bay, Sairah Y. Malkin, Pinky Liau, Carol Kim, Kalev G. Hantsoo, Maya L. Gomes, Bongkeun Song
Contrasting Controls On Seasonal And Spatial Distribution Of Marine Cable Bacteria (Candidatus Electrothrix) And Beggiatoaceae In Seasonally Hypoxic Chesapeake Bay, Sairah Y. Malkin, Pinky Liau, Carol Kim, Kalev G. Hantsoo, Maya L. Gomes, Bongkeun Song
VIMS Articles
Marine cable bacteria (Candidatus Electrothrix) and large colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Beggiatoaceae) are widespread thiotrophs in coastal environments but may exert different influences on biogeochemical cycling. Yet, the factors governing their niche partitioning remain poorly understood. To map their distribution and evaluate their growth constraints in a natural setting, we examined surface sediments across seasons at two sites with contrasting levels of seasonal oxygen depletion in Chesapeake Bay using microscopy coupled with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and biogeochemical characterization. We found that cable bacteria, dominated by a single phylotype closely affiliated to Candidatus Electrothrix communis, flourished during …
Effects Of Two Toxin-Producing Harmful Algae, Alexandrium Catenella And Dinophysis Acuminata (Dinophyceae), On Activity And Mortality Of Larval Shellfish, Sarah K.D. Pease, Michael L. Brosnahan, Marta P. Sanderson, Juliette L. Smith
Effects Of Two Toxin-Producing Harmful Algae, Alexandrium Catenella And Dinophysis Acuminata (Dinophyceae), On Activity And Mortality Of Larval Shellfish, Sarah K.D. Pease, Michael L. Brosnahan, Marta P. Sanderson, Juliette L. Smith
VIMS Articles
Harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata are associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans, respectively. While PSP and DSP have been studied extensively, less is known about the effects of these HAB species or their associated toxins on shellfish. This study investigated A. catenella and D. acuminata toxicity in a larval oyster (Crassostrea virginica) bioassay. Larval activity and mortality were examined through 96-h laboratory exposures to live HAB cells (10–1000 cells/mL), cell lysates (1000 cells/mL equivalents), and purified toxins (10,000 cells/mL equivalents). Exposure to 1000 cells/mL live or lysed D. …
A Deterministic Model For Understanding Nonlinear Viral Dynamics In Oysters, Qubin Qin, Jian Shen, Kimberly S. Reece
A Deterministic Model For Understanding Nonlinear Viral Dynamics In Oysters, Qubin Qin, Jian Shen, Kimberly S. Reece
VIMS Articles
Contamination of oysters with a variety of viruses is one key pathway to trigger outbreaks of massive oyster mortality as well as human illnesses, including gastroenteritis and hepatitis. Much effort has gone into examining the fate of viruses in contaminated oysters, yet the current state of knowledge of nonlinear virus-oyster interactions is not comprehensive because most studies have focused on a limited number of processes under a narrow range of experimental conditions. A framework is needed for describing the complex nonlinear virus-oyster interactions. Here, we introduce a mathematical model that includes key processes for viral dynamics in oysters, such as …
Evaluation Of The Safety And Efficacy Of Hand Sanitizer Products Marketed To Children Available During The Covid-19 Pandemic, L.E. Gloekler, E.J. De Gandiaga, N.R. Binczewski, (...), Mark J. La Guardia, Et Al
Evaluation Of The Safety And Efficacy Of Hand Sanitizer Products Marketed To Children Available During The Covid-19 Pandemic, L.E. Gloekler, E.J. De Gandiaga, N.R. Binczewski, (...), Mark J. La Guardia, Et Al
VIMS Articles
Hand sanitizer use in the United States (U.S.) increased after the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released temporary manufacturer guidance, changing impurity level limits for alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHSs). Since the guidance took effect, the FDA has recommended against using these hand sanitizers due to concerns over safety, efficacy, and/or risk of incidental ingestion. To address current gaps in exposure characterization, this study describes a survey of ABHSs marketed to children available in the U.S., as defined by several inclusion criteria. A subset of ABHSs (n = 31) were evaluated for ethanol and organic impurities using …
A Rapid Phenotype Change In The Pathogen Perkinsus Marinus Was Associated With A Historically Significant Marine Disease Emergence In The Eastern Oyster, Ryan Carnegie, Susan E. Ford, Rita K. Crockett, Peter R. Kingsley-Smith, Lydia M. Bienlien, Lucia S.L. Safi, Laura A. Whitefleet-Smith, Eugene M. Burreson
A Rapid Phenotype Change In The Pathogen Perkinsus Marinus Was Associated With A Historically Significant Marine Disease Emergence In The Eastern Oyster, Ryan Carnegie, Susan E. Ford, Rita K. Crockett, Peter R. Kingsley-Smith, Lydia M. Bienlien, Lucia S.L. Safi, Laura A. Whitefleet-Smith, Eugene M. Burreson
VIMS Articles
The protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus, which causes dermo disease in Crassostrea virginica, is one of the most ecologically important and economically destructive marine pathogens. The rapid and persistent intensification of dermo in the USA in the 1980s has long been enigmatic. Attributed originally to the effects of multi-year drought, climatic factors fail to fully explain the geographic extent of dermo’s intensification or the persistence of its intensified activity. Here we show that emergence of a unique, hypervirulent P. marinus phenotype was associated with the increase in prevalence and intensity of this disease and associated mortality. Retrospective histopathology of …
Comparative Study Of The Hemolymph Microbiome Between Live And Recently Dead American Lobsters Homarus Americanus, Jibom Jung, Patrick M. Gillevet, Masoumeh Sikaroodi, Jamal Andrews, Bk Song, Jeffrey D. Shields
Comparative Study Of The Hemolymph Microbiome Between Live And Recently Dead American Lobsters Homarus Americanus, Jibom Jung, Patrick M. Gillevet, Masoumeh Sikaroodi, Jamal Andrews, Bk Song, Jeffrey D. Shields
VIMS Articles
Lobsters and other crustaceans do not have sterile hemolymph. Despite this, little is known about the microbiome in the hemolymph of the lobster Homarus americanus. The purpose of this study was to characterize the hemolymph microbiome in lobsters. The lobsters were part of a larger study on the effect of temperature on epizootic shell disease, and several died during the course of the study, providing an opportunity to examine differences in the microbiomes between live and recently dead (1−24 h) animals. The hemolymph microbiomes of live lobsters was different from those in dead animals and both were different from the …
Molecular Mechanism Of Oil Induced Growth Inhibition In Diatoms Using Thalassiosira Pseudonana As The Model Species, Manoj Kamalanathan, Savannah Mapes, Jessica Hillhouse, Et Al
Molecular Mechanism Of Oil Induced Growth Inhibition In Diatoms Using Thalassiosira Pseudonana As The Model Species, Manoj Kamalanathan, Savannah Mapes, Jessica Hillhouse, Et Al
VIMS Articles
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil-spill exposed the microbes of Gulf of Mexico to unprecedented amount of oil. Conclusive evidence of the underlying molecular mechanism(s) on the negative effects of oil exposure on certain phytoplankton species such as Thalassiosira pseudonana is still lacking, curtailing our understanding of how oil spills alter community composition. We performed experiments on model diatom T. pseudonana to understand the mechanisms underpinning observed reduced growth and photosynthesis rates during oil exposure. Results show severe impairment to processes upstream of photosynthesis, such as light absorption, with proteins associated with the light harvesting complex damaged while the pigments were …
Penaeid Shrimp In Chesapeake Bay: Population Growth And Black Gill Disease Syndrome, Troy D. Tuckey, Jillian L. Swinford, Mary C. Fabrizio, Hamish J. Small, Jeffrey D. Shields
Penaeid Shrimp In Chesapeake Bay: Population Growth And Black Gill Disease Syndrome, Troy D. Tuckey, Jillian L. Swinford, Mary C. Fabrizio, Hamish J. Small, Jeffrey D. Shields
VIMS Articles
Since 1991, the number of penaeid shrimp occurring in Virginia waters of Chesapeake Bay has steadily increased, prompting an interest in developing a fishery. Although development of a shrimp fishery in the Chesapeake Bay region could bring economic benefits, the fishery may be hampered by the presence of a disease syndrome known as shrimp black gill (sBG). The objectives of our study were to (1) describe the spatial distribution and abundance patterns of shrimp in Chesapeake Bay, (2) relate relative abundance of shrimp to habitat characteristics, and (3) determine the presence and seasonality of sBG to better understand disease dynamics …
Rhodomonas Pe545 Fluorescence Is Increased By Glycerol, Chanoknard Karnjanapak, I-Shuo Huang, Preyanut Jaroensuk, Et Al
Rhodomonas Pe545 Fluorescence Is Increased By Glycerol, Chanoknard Karnjanapak, I-Shuo Huang, Preyanut Jaroensuk, Et Al
VIMS Articles
Phycobilins are photosynthetic pigments found in three ecologically important groups of algae: cyanobacte- ria, red algae, and cryptophytes. These compounds are covalently attached to proteins, which can be technically difficult to analyze compared with other photosynthetic pigments (e.g., chlorophylls and carotenoids). In this study, glycerol was demonstrated to uncouple PE545 (phycoerythrin 545), the phycobilin complex of Rhodomonas spp., from its role as a light-harvesting pigment: the fluorescence signal was increased 15–34 times, and ETR (electron transport rate) was no longer light-dependent at high light intensities. Glycerol induced fluorescence provided a simple and inexpensive protocol to ascertain the pool size of …
Sperm Repository For A Breeding Program Of The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica: Sample Collection, Processing, Cryopreservation, And Data Management Plan, H. Yang, Y. Huo, J. C. Yee, S. Rickard, W. C. Walton, E. Saillant
Sperm Repository For A Breeding Program Of The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica: Sample Collection, Processing, Cryopreservation, And Data Management Plan, H. Yang, Y. Huo, J. C. Yee, S. Rickard, W. C. Walton, E. Saillant
VIMS Articles
The Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Family Ostreidae) is one of the most important fishery and aquaculture species in the U.S. and is a keystone species for coastal reefs. A breeding program was initiated in 2019 to support the fast‐growing aquaculture industry culturing this species in the Gulf of Mexico. Oysters from 17 wild populations in embayment along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coast from southwest Florida to the Matagorda Bay, Texas were used as broodstock for the program to maximize genetic diversity in the base population. A sperm repository of the broodstock was established to support the breeding project. The …
The Importance Of Long-Term Data Collection To Understand The Historical And Evolutionary Ecology Of Marine Diseases: The Eastern Oyster Disease System In The Usa, As A Case Study, Ryan Carnegie
VIMS Articles
The epizootics in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, of haplosporidiosis or “MSX” disease caused by Haplosporidium nelsoni, and perkinsosis or “dermo” disease caused by Perkinsus marinus, were two of the most significant marine disease events of the last century. Haplosporidium nelsoni, a protozoan parasite
native to Asian populations of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, emerged in Delaware Bay in 1957 and Chesapeake Bay in 1959 (Andrews,1962; Haskin et al., 1966), and in the decades that followed caused major mortality events
from the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA to Atlantic Canada. Perkinsus marinus is a native pathogen, also a protozoan, that had …
Polystyrene Microplastics Reduce Abundance Of Developing B Cells In Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Primary Cultures, Patty Zwollo, Fatima Quddos, Carey Bagdassarian, Meredith Evans Seeley, Robert Hale, Lauren Abderhalden
Polystyrene Microplastics Reduce Abundance Of Developing B Cells In Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Primary Cultures, Patty Zwollo, Fatima Quddos, Carey Bagdassarian, Meredith Evans Seeley, Robert Hale, Lauren Abderhalden
VIMS Articles
Environmental microplastic pollution (including polystyrene, PS) may have detrimental effects on the health of aquatic organisms. Accumulation of PS microplastics has been reported to affect innate immune cells and inflammatory responses in fish. To date, knowledge on effects of microplastics on the antibody response is still very limited. Here, we investigated effects of small (0.8–20 μm) PS microplastics on the abundance of B lineage cells in primary cultures of developing immune cells from the anterior kidney of rainbow trout. Both purchased PS microbeads and PS microparticles generated from consumer products were used as microplastic sources. We first show that rainbow …
Virus Shedding Kinetics And Unconventional Virulence Tradeoffs, Andrew R. Wargo, Gael Kurath, Robert J. Scott, Benjamin Kerr
Virus Shedding Kinetics And Unconventional Virulence Tradeoffs, Andrew R. Wargo, Gael Kurath, Robert J. Scott, Benjamin Kerr
VIMS Articles
Tradeoff theory, which postulates that virulence provides both transmission costs and benefits for pathogens, has become widely adopted by the scientific community. Although theoretical literature exploring virulence-tradeoffs is vast, empirical studies validating various assumptions still remain sparse. In particular, truncation of transmission duration as a cost of virulence has been difficult to quantify with robust controlled in vivo studies. We sought to fill this knowledge gap by investigating how transmission rate and duration were associated with virulence for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Using host mortality to quantify virulence and viral shedding to …
Marine Harmful Algal Blooms (Habs) In The United States: History, Current Status And Future Trends, Donald M. Anderson, Elizabeth Fensin, Christopher J. Gobler, (...), Juliette L. Smith, Et Al
Marine Harmful Algal Blooms (Habs) In The United States: History, Current Status And Future Trends, Donald M. Anderson, Elizabeth Fensin, Christopher J. Gobler, (...), Juliette L. Smith, Et Al
VIMS Articles
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are diverse phenomena involving multiple. species and classes of algae that occupy a broad range of habitats from lakes to oceans and produce a multiplicity of toxins or bioactive compounds that impact many different resources. Here, a review of the status of this complex array of marine HAB problems in the U.S. is presented, providing historical information and trends as well as future perspectives. The study relies on thirty years (1990–2019) of data in HAEDAT - the IOC-ICES-PICES Harmful Algal Event database, but also includes many other reports. At a qualitative level, the U.S. national HAB …
Aquaculture Reuse Water, Genetic Line, And Vaccination Affect Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Disease Susceptibility And Infection Dynamics, Jeremy L. Everson, Darbi R. Jones, Amy K. Taylor, Barbara J. Rutan, Timothy D. Leeds, Kate E. Langwig, Andrew R. Wargo, Gregory D. Wiens
Aquaculture Reuse Water, Genetic Line, And Vaccination Affect Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Disease Susceptibility And Infection Dynamics, Jeremy L. Everson, Darbi R. Jones, Amy K. Taylor, Barbara J. Rutan, Timothy D. Leeds, Kate E. Langwig, Andrew R. Wargo, Gregory D. Wiens
VIMS Articles
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Flavobacterium psychrophilum are major pathogens of farmed rainbow trout. Improved control strategies are desired but the influence of on-farm environmental factors that lead to disease outbreaks remain poorly understood. Water reuse is an important environmental factor affecting disease. Prior studies have established a replicated outdoor-tank system capable of varying the exposure to reuse water by controlling water flow from commercial trout production raceways. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of constant or pulsed reuse water exposure on survival, pathogen prevalence, and pathogen load. Herein, we compared two commercial lines of …
Morphological And Mitochondrial Dna Analyses Of Oysters In The Northern Bay Of Bengal, Bangladesh, Mohammed S. N. Chowdhury, Kimberly S. Reece, Sourav S. Joy, Loren D. Coen, Aad C. Smaal
Morphological And Mitochondrial Dna Analyses Of Oysters In The Northern Bay Of Bengal, Bangladesh, Mohammed S. N. Chowdhury, Kimberly S. Reece, Sourav S. Joy, Loren D. Coen, Aad C. Smaal
VIMS Articles
The geographic boundaries of many important habitat-building shallow estuarine oyster (Family Ostreidae) species are poorly understood, especially in subtropical and tropical waters. These keystone species often have extensive historical and extant ranges, in part because of their ability to adapt to diverse environmental conditions and the transfer and introduction of a few species worldwide for aquaculture production. In addition, oysters exhibit morphological plasticity additionally confounding species identification and taxonomy. Molecular techniques have led to significant improvements in oyster systematics and taxonomy but have not been applied to oysters from many tropical regions, including the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean …
Effects Of Climate Change On Metabolite Accumulation In Freshwater And Marine Cyanobacteria, I-Shuo Huang, Xinping Hu, Hussain Abdulla, Paul V. Zimba
Effects Of Climate Change On Metabolite Accumulation In Freshwater And Marine Cyanobacteria, I-Shuo Huang, Xinping Hu, Hussain Abdulla, Paul V. Zimba
VIMS Articles
Global climate change and anthropogenic nutrient inputs are responsible for increased frequency of cyanobac- terial blooms that potentially contain 55 classes of bioactive metabolites. This study investigated the effects of CO2 availability and concomittant pH levels on two cyanobacteria that produce microcystins: a marine cf. Syne- chocystis sp. and a freshwater Microcystis aeruginosa. Cyanobacterial strains were semi-continuously cultured in mesotrophic growth media at pH 7.5, 7.8, 8.2, and 8.5 via a combination of CO2 addition and control of alkalinity. The cell concentration between treatments was not significantly different and nutrient availability was not lim- ited. Concentration of most known cyanobacterial …
Disease Diagnostics And Potential Coinfections By Vibrio Coralliilyticus During An Ongoing Coral Disease Outbreak In Florida, Blake Ushijima, Julie L. Meyer, Sharon Thompson, Kelly Pitts, Michael F. Marusich, Jessica Tittl, Elizabeth Weatherup, Et Al
Disease Diagnostics And Potential Coinfections By Vibrio Coralliilyticus During An Ongoing Coral Disease Outbreak In Florida, Blake Ushijima, Julie L. Meyer, Sharon Thompson, Kelly Pitts, Michael F. Marusich, Jessica Tittl, Elizabeth Weatherup, Et Al
VIMS Articles
A deadly coral disease outbreak has been devastating the Florida Reef Tract since 2014. This disease, stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD), affects at least 22 coral species causing the progressive destruction of tissue. The etiological agents responsible for SCTLD are unidentified, but pathogenic bacteria are suspected. Virulence screens of 400 isolates identified four potentially pathogenic strains of Vibrio spp. subsequently identified as V. coralliilyticus. Strains of this species are known coral pathogens; however, cultures were unable to consistently elicit tissue loss, suggesting an opportunistic role. Using an improved immunoassay, the VcpA RapidTest, a toxic zinc-metalloprotease produced by …
Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 Produced By Dinophysis Norvegica In The Gulf Of Maine, Usa And Its Accumulation In Shellfish, Jonathan R. Deeds, Whitney L. Stutts, Mary Dawn Celiz, Jill Macleod, Amy E. Hamilton, Bryant J. Lewis, David W. Miller, Kohl Kanwit, Juliette L. Smith, Et Al
Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 Produced By Dinophysis Norvegica In The Gulf Of Maine, Usa And Its Accumulation In Shellfish, Jonathan R. Deeds, Whitney L. Stutts, Mary Dawn Celiz, Jill Macleod, Amy E. Hamilton, Bryant J. Lewis, David W. Miller, Kohl Kanwit, Juliette L. Smith, Et Al
VIMS Articles
Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 (dihydro-DTX1, (M-H)−m/z 819.5), described previously from a marine sponge but never identified as to its biological source or described in shellfish, was detected in multiple species of commercial shellfish collected from the central coast of the Gulf of Maine, USA in 2016 and in 2018 during blooms of the dinoflagellate Dinophysis norvegica. Toxin screening by protein phosphatase inhibition (PPIA) first detected the presence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning-like bioactivity; however, confirmatory analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) failed to detect okadaic acid (OA, (M-H)−m/z 803.5), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1, (M-H)−m/z 817.5), or dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2, (M-H) …
Preliminary Assessment Of Microbial Community Structure Of Wind-Tidal Flats In The Laguna Madre, Texas, Usa, I-Shuo Huang, Lee J. Pinnell, Jeffrey W. Turner, Et Al
Preliminary Assessment Of Microbial Community Structure Of Wind-Tidal Flats In The Laguna Madre, Texas, Usa, I-Shuo Huang, Lee J. Pinnell, Jeffrey W. Turner, Et Al
VIMS Articles
Aside from two samples collected nearly 50 years ago, little is known about the microbial composition of wind tidal flats in the hypersaline Laguna Madre, Texas. These mats account for ~42% of the lagoon’s area. These microbial communities were sampled at four locations that historically had mats in the Laguna Madre, including Laguna Madre Field Station (LMFS), Nighthawk Bay (NH), and two locations in Kenedy Ranch (KRN and KRS). Amplicon sequencing of 16S genes determined the presence of 51 prokaryotic phyla dominated by Bacteroidota, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Desulfobacteria, Firmicutes, Halobacteria, and Proteobacteria. The microbial community structure of NH and KR is …
Single-Use Plastics And Covid-19: Scientific Evidence And Environmental Regulations, Robert C. Hale, Bk Song
Single-Use Plastics And Covid-19: Scientific Evidence And Environmental Regulations, Robert C. Hale, Bk Song
VIMS Articles
Waste plastics are a serious and growing environmental problem. Less than 10% of plastics are recycled, with most discarded in landfills, incinerated, or simply abandoned.1 Single-use plastics constitute about half of plastic waste. While most plastics are used and initially disposed of on land, much eventually enters aquatic ecosystems.2 Wildlife mortalities result from encounters (e.g., ingestion and entanglement) with large debris, including plastic bags. Such bags are excluded from many recycling programs, as they can entangle machinery. Most plastics do not readily biodegrade in the environment. However, they can be embrittled by UV exposure and fragment into microplastics (mm) and …
Current And Future Remote Sensing Of Harmful Algal Blooms In The Chesapeake Bay To Support The Shellfish Industry, Jl Wolny, Mc Tomlinson, S Schollaert Uz, Ta Egerton, Jr Mckay, A Meredith, Ks Reece, Gp Scott, Rp Stumpf
Current And Future Remote Sensing Of Harmful Algal Blooms In The Chesapeake Bay To Support The Shellfish Industry, Jl Wolny, Mc Tomlinson, S Schollaert Uz, Ta Egerton, Jr Mckay, A Meredith, Ks Reece, Gp Scott, Rp Stumpf
VIMS Articles
Harmful algal bloom (HAB) species in the Chesapeake Bay can negatively impact fish, shellfish, and human health via the production of toxins and the degradation of water quality. Due to the deleterious effects of HAB species on economically and environmentally important resources, such as oyster reef systems, Bay area resource managers are seeking ways to monitor HABs and water quality at large spatial and fine temporal scales. The use of satellite ocean color imagery has proven to be a beneficial tool for resource management in other locations around the world where high-biomass, nearly monospecific HABs occur. However, remotely monitoring HABs …
A Screening Tool For The Direct Analysis Of Marine And Freshwater Phycotoxins In Organic Spatt Extracts From The Chesapeake Bay, Michelle D. Onofiro, Claude R. Mallette, Allen R. Place, Juliette L. Smith
A Screening Tool For The Direct Analysis Of Marine And Freshwater Phycotoxins In Organic Spatt Extracts From The Chesapeake Bay, Michelle D. Onofiro, Claude R. Mallette, Allen R. Place, Juliette L. Smith
VIMS Articles
Many detection methods for phycotoxins, bioactive compounds produced by harmful algae, focus on one compound or a class of related compounds. Multiple harmful algal species often co-occur in the environment, however, emphasizing the need to analyze for the presence of multiple groups of marine and freshwater phycotoxins in environmental samples, e.g., extracts from solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT). Two methods were developed to screen for 13 phycotoxins (microcystin-RR, -LR, -YR, azaspiracid-1, -2, karlotoxin 3, goniodomin A, brevetoxin-2, yessotoxin, pectenotoxin-2, dinophysistoxin-1, -2, and okadaic acid) in organic SPATT extracts using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) equipped with a trapping …
Comparing Statistical Analyses To Estimate Thresholds In Ecotoxicology, Marcos Krull
Comparing Statistical Analyses To Estimate Thresholds In Ecotoxicology, Marcos Krull
VIMS Articles
Different methods are used in ecotoxicology to estimate thresholds in survival data. This paper uses Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the accuracy of three methods (maximum likelihood (MLE) and Markov Chain Monte Carlo estimates (Bayesian) of the no-effect concentration (NEC) model and Piecewise regression) in estimating true and apparent thresholds in survival experiments with datasets having different slopes, background mortalities, and experimental designs. Datasets were generated with models that include a threshold parameter (NEC) or not (log-logistic). Accuracy was estimated using root-mean square errors (RMSEs), and RMSE ratios were used to estimate the relative improvement in accuracy by each design …
Acute And Long-Term Manganese Exposure And Subsequent Accumulation In Relation To Idiopathic Blindness In The American Lobster, Homarus Americanus, Addison T. Ochs, Jeffrey D. Shields, Gary W. Rice, Michael A. Unger
Acute And Long-Term Manganese Exposure And Subsequent Accumulation In Relation To Idiopathic Blindness In The American Lobster, Homarus Americanus, Addison T. Ochs, Jeffrey D. Shields, Gary W. Rice, Michael A. Unger
VIMS Articles
Manganese (Mn) is a hypoxic reactive metal commonly found in marine sediments. Under hypoxic conditions the metal becomes fully reduced to Mn2+ and is biologically available to the benthic community for uptake. Mn is also a potent neurotoxin and it may play a role in the etiology of idiopathic blindness that has been observed in American lobsters. An acute exposure study was designed to expose American lobster, Homarus americanus, to 0, 20, 80, 150, and 300 mg L−1 (ppm) for 96 hs to explore disparities in Mn accumulation among several tissues: optic nerve, brain, hepatopancreas, muscle, hemolymph, …
Worker Exposure To Flame Retardants In Manufacturing, Construction And Service Industries, C. Fairfield Estill, J. Slone, A. Mayer, I-C Chen, Mark J. La Guardia
Worker Exposure To Flame Retardants In Manufacturing, Construction And Service Industries, C. Fairfield Estill, J. Slone, A. Mayer, I-C Chen, Mark J. La Guardia
VIMS Articles
Workers in several industries are occupationally exposed to flame retardants. This study characterizes flame retardant exposure for nine industries through air and hand wipe measures for 105 workers. Specifically, we analyzed 24 analytes from three chemical classes: organophosphate flame retardants (OFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (NPBFRs). The industries were: carpet installation, chemical manufacturing, foam manufacturing, electronic scrap, gymnastics, rigid board installation, nail salons, roofing, and spray polyurethane foam. Workers wore personal air samplers for two entire workdays and provided hand wipe samples before and after the second work day. Bulk products were also analyzed. The …