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Articles 31 - 60 of 77
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
The Effect Of Riparian And Arid Environments On Stomatal Conductance In Baccharis Salicifolia And Heteromeles Arbutifolia, Danalit Rangel, Vicki Mac, Ariel Lan
The Effect Of Riparian And Arid Environments On Stomatal Conductance In Baccharis Salicifolia And Heteromeles Arbutifolia, Danalit Rangel, Vicki Mac, Ariel Lan
Featured Research
A riparian environment is characterized by higher moisture levels than an arid environment; therefore they have different species of plants that can adapt to their natural habitats. It is critical that we explore the characteristics plants have in relation to their native environments. We propose to test the hypothesis that Baccharis salicifolia would have a higher stomatal conductance rate to water vapor loss compared to Heteromeles arbutifolia because Baccharis salicifolia thrives in a riparian environment in which water abundance would increase stomatal opening thereby contributing to the greater conductance. Using the LI-6400, we measured the conductance rate, photosynthetic rate, CO2 …
Effect Of Ambient Air Temperature On Leaf Size In Raphanus Sativus, Matthew Fleming, Michael Mccormack
Effect Of Ambient Air Temperature On Leaf Size In Raphanus Sativus, Matthew Fleming, Michael Mccormack
Featured Research
Global warming is an increasing problem in today’s society. Thus, it is important to know how plants, specifically those that are cultivated for human consumption, react to rising average temperatures. This experiment tested how the leaf size of a common crop plant, Raphanus sativus (radish), is affected by two different temperatures. It is hypothesized that as temperature rises, the leaf size will increase, giving the leaf greater ability to cool via transpiration because of an larger surface area for stomatal conductance. This hypothesis was tested by growing two samples of plants in separate incubators. One sample was grown at a …
The Relationship Between Leaf Mechanical Strength And Photosynthetic Rates, Aaron Van Loon, Brianna Manes, Taylor Stucky, Thomas Addington
The Relationship Between Leaf Mechanical Strength And Photosynthetic Rates, Aaron Van Loon, Brianna Manes, Taylor Stucky, Thomas Addington
Featured Research
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy to chemical energy, helping sustain life in the biosphere. There are many factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature, and sunlight. In this experiment, we attempt to determine what effect, if any, the mechanical strength of a plant has on its rate of photosynthesis. To perform this experiment we used both the LI-COR 6400 and the Instron Mechanical Testing Device. With the LI-COR we measured photosynthetic rate of our plant subjects in real time during the prime photosynthetic hours, 10-12am. The Instron allowed us …
The Effect Of Dirt On Inhibition Of Light Absorption In Musa Leaves, Lorelle Knight, Alexis Carrington, Angela French, Roxanne Barker
The Effect Of Dirt On Inhibition Of Light Absorption In Musa Leaves, Lorelle Knight, Alexis Carrington, Angela French, Roxanne Barker
Featured Research
Dirt can be transported by wind, human activity and many other factors. It was hypothesized that dirt particles collected on leaves will decrease leaf reflectance and thus make the leaf less healthy. The rationale for this is that the more dirt present on the leaf, the more inhibited photons will be in reaching leaf pigments. The leaf will therefore be less healthy as it will be less able to perform photosynthesis. To test this hypothesis, eight leaf samples with varying amounts of dirt present, were collected from the plant, Musa. A Unispec spectrophotometer was used to test the reflectance of …
The Relationship Of Stomatal Conductnace To Mechanical Strength In Leaves Of Santa Monica Plants, Russell P. Mott, Steven R. Fleming, John R. Macbeth
The Relationship Of Stomatal Conductnace To Mechanical Strength In Leaves Of Santa Monica Plants, Russell P. Mott, Steven R. Fleming, John R. Macbeth
Featured Research
The Santa Monica Mountains ecosystem has a high diversity of plants with different lifestyles that produce different physiological characteristics individual to all plants. Studies in Australia, another Mediterranean ecosystem, have shown that mechanical strength of leaves is relatable to soil stress. This experiment seeks to determine whether mechanical strengths of leaves correlate to stomatal conductance of leaves across different species in the Santa Monica Mountains. Four species of plants are tested for their stomatal conductance in the field, and the leaves are tested for tensile strength using Young’s Modulus for comparison across leaves. These data show that there was no …
The Effect Of Leaf Trichome Density On Stem Mechanical Strength In Salvia Leucophylla, S. Mellifera, And S. Apiana, Brieanna English, Jeff Scanlon, Anushree Mahajan
The Effect Of Leaf Trichome Density On Stem Mechanical Strength In Salvia Leucophylla, S. Mellifera, And S. Apiana, Brieanna English, Jeff Scanlon, Anushree Mahajan
Featured Research
Salvia species in southern California exhibit a variety of leaf trichome densiIes. S. mellifera, S. leucophylla, and S. apiana were chosen as study organisms because they exhibit varying trichome densiIes. A UniSpec was used to measure NDVI in leaves and an Instron was used to measure stem mechanical strength. This study provides preliminary evidence that suggests plants with high leaf trichome density have less stem mechanical strength, and those with low leaf trichome density have greater mechanical strength. Data generated from this study supports the idea that this may be a general and loose trend amongst plant families similar to …
A Comparison Of Brittlebush (Encelia Farinosa) Productivity And Health During Drought And Post Rainfall, Gabi Diciolli, Karre Lawson, Anders Reimer
A Comparison Of Brittlebush (Encelia Farinosa) Productivity And Health During Drought And Post Rainfall, Gabi Diciolli, Karre Lawson, Anders Reimer
Featured Research
Encelia farinosa is well adapted for drought tolerance as its leaves transform color based on water availability. We were puzzled by a question that any desert botanist must consider. How does the photosynthetic efficiency of E. farinosa fluctuate as it transitions from a state of drought to a state of soil saturation within a 72 hour period? In this experiment we looked at the effects of irrigation on the health and quantum yield of the brittlebush by looking at photosynthetic rates using the portable photosynthesis system LI-COR 6400 when applied to two leaves on a given plant and water potential …
A Comparison Of Water Potential And Mechanical Strength Of Tip And Base Leaves In Heteromeles Arbutifolia, Aaron Tsai, James Maynard
A Comparison Of Water Potential And Mechanical Strength Of Tip And Base Leaves In Heteromeles Arbutifolia, Aaron Tsai, James Maynard
Featured Research
Heteromeles arbutifolia, commonly known as, Hollywood, is a plant that is extremely common in the California Chaparral ecosystem. It was observed that with Hollywood, the leaves grow on the tips of the branches predominantly. However, there are leaves that grow on the base of the branches that appear to be equally as healthy. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the leaves that grow at the tips of the branches or at the base of the branches were better suited to benefit the rest of the plant. Our hypothesis was that the leaves at the tips of the …
The Effects Of Water Stress On Datura Wrightii, Tony Festa, Kristin Lapointe, Sara Tandon
The Effects Of Water Stress On Datura Wrightii, Tony Festa, Kristin Lapointe, Sara Tandon
Featured Research
The Santa Monica Mountains are home to a unique Mediterranean type ecosystem. Due to the effects of global warming and human disruption, the native species are beginning to decrease in population. It is imperative to observe and study the native species in order to preserve the local plant and animal life. This project focuses on the native flower Datura wrightii, specifically the causes of the opening and closing of its flowers. For Datura wrightii to be pollinated, it must be open. The results of this project will help to educate the public on how to sustain an environment in which …
The Differences In Vegetation Type On North And South-Facing Slopes, Andrew Villablanca, Katherine Mccabe, Daniel Galuhn
The Differences In Vegetation Type On North And South-Facing Slopes, Andrew Villablanca, Katherine Mccabe, Daniel Galuhn
Featured Research
Our project investigated the relationship between climate change and vegetation type conversion in the Santa Monica Mountains on north and south facing slopes. Our hypothesis is that with a shift in climate towards dryer, hotter, and longer summers, and shorter and dryer winters, we will see a shift in the density of native chaparral in the Santa Monica mountains, and possibly an influx of non-native species. We tested this hypothesis by choosing three study sites that were on north/south ridgelines to simulate a dryer, harsher climate (south) and a more temperate climate (north). Using the point-quarter method to measure the …
Mechanical Strength And Hydration Level Of Heteromeles Arbutifola And Eriogonium Cinerium, Erin Hayes, Allison Naasz, Ariel Mangum
Mechanical Strength And Hydration Level Of Heteromeles Arbutifola And Eriogonium Cinerium, Erin Hayes, Allison Naasz, Ariel Mangum
Featured Research
The purpose of this study was to explore the hydration levels and mechanical strength of two species native to the same area: the dry Mediterranean region of the Santa Monica Mountains. The plants in this area must make adaptations to dry and arid climates, and We will compare how they stack up against each other in terms of drought resistance. Using Hollywood (heteromeles arbutifola) and Buckwheat (Eriogonium cinerium) we studied the different hydration levels and mechanical strengths and compared them. Both H. Arbutifola and the E. Cinerium are expected to mechanically stronger when hydrated.. We also expect the H. Arbutifola …
Exploring The Hydration Levels Of Malosma Laurina At Different Elevations On A Man-Made Trail, Eric S. Taylor, Brad J. Anderson, Brandon E. Stites
Exploring The Hydration Levels Of Malosma Laurina At Different Elevations On A Man-Made Trail, Eric S. Taylor, Brad J. Anderson, Brandon E. Stites
Featured Research
The purpose of this study is to examine the water potential of Malosma laurina at different elevations of a man made trail in the chapparal of the Santa Monica Mountains. Chaparral in the Santa Monica Mountains have been depleted because of human involvement effecting the chaparral ecosystem. Fire breaks and man made trails are a few of the major causes of the rapidly changing ecosystem and continues to cause stress among the plants. We are testing the effect that man made trails have on the water potential of Malosma laurina. This was measured by taking samples of Malosma laurina at …
Stem Mechanical Strength In Thinned Versus Non-Thinned Ceanothus Spinosus, Ksp, David J. Kang, Hannah Y. Choe, Melinda L. Marchiano
Stem Mechanical Strength In Thinned Versus Non-Thinned Ceanothus Spinosus, Ksp, David J. Kang, Hannah Y. Choe, Melinda L. Marchiano
Featured Research
What effect does the thinning of chaparral around building structures have on plant health? More specifically, does the thinning of Ceanothus spinosus influence mechanical strength? The ability of our native chaparral to withstand environmental factors, such as the Santa Ana winds, and overall health is directly related to plant strength. Seeking to answer these questions, we hypothesized that a difference in water potential between thinned and non-thinned chaparral affects the stem mechanical strength of the plants.We believed that thinned C. spinosus due to greater hydration will be mechanically stronger than non-thinned chaparral.The knowledge of what helps chaparral to be stronger …
Effects Of 2, 4-D On Zea Maize Physiology, Caitlin Thompson, Lori Patrick, Acacia Osbourne, Katrina Brock
Effects Of 2, 4-D On Zea Maize Physiology, Caitlin Thompson, Lori Patrick, Acacia Osbourne, Katrina Brock
Featured Research
Growth rate, fluorescence and stomatal conductance, in zea was examined to determine the effects of artificial auxin, 2-4-d, on common crop plants. We measured florescence, growth rate, and stomatal conductance. Low concentrations of 2,4-D increased light-adapted fluorescence, anthocyanin levels and height of zea maize. A high concentration of 2,4-D increased anthocyanin levels, but also caused decreased fluorescence and height and spindliness to occur. It appears 2,4-D is only beneficial to monocot crop plants in low quantities. We cannot accurately comment on the accuracy of our data, however, due to several potential sources of error.
Effects Of Dehydration Stress On The Dark Adapted Fluorescence (Fv/Fm) Of Giant Bladder Kelp (Macrocystis Pyrifera), J. Avery Powell, Leah Smith
Effects Of Dehydration Stress On The Dark Adapted Fluorescence (Fv/Fm) Of Giant Bladder Kelp (Macrocystis Pyrifera), J. Avery Powell, Leah Smith
Featured Research
The unique semi-diurnal tide system of Southern California suspends beach wrack along the beaches for approximately six hour periods before being washed back into the ocean. It has been noted in prior research that beach wrack is an essential part of Southern California's costal ecology but not much research has been done to learn about the viability of beach wrack as it dehydrates on the beach. To better understand the viability of wrack as it travels through these hydration changes, this study tested the effect of dehydration and rehydration on the fronds of Macrocystis pyrifera as they have been partially …
The Effect Of Proximity To A Highway On The Health Of Malosma Laurina Leaves, Jessica Bermea, Haley Clayton, Jack Klobas
The Effect Of Proximity To A Highway On The Health Of Malosma Laurina Leaves, Jessica Bermea, Haley Clayton, Jack Klobas
Featured Research
Due to an increase in air pollutants, heavy metal contaminates, and other adverse ecological conditions that plants near a road endure, it was hypothesized that plant species situated near a road would have a detectable decrease in photosynthetic performance when compared to plants away from the road. This investigation evaluated the in vivo photosynthetic status of two Malasma Laurina pairs with differing microhabitats, adjacent to the Pacific Coast Highway and 100 meters away from a Pacific Coast Highway. Maximum quantum yield and stomatal conductance measurements were recorded for each group. On average, the maximum quantum yield was greater on plants …
The Effect Of Hydration Status On Tensile Strength Of The Leaves Of Elymus Glaucus, Chelsie Corbett, Uri Hong, Scott Davis
The Effect Of Hydration Status On Tensile Strength Of The Leaves Of Elymus Glaucus, Chelsie Corbett, Uri Hong, Scott Davis
Featured Research
Tensile strength and water potential are both factors that are essential to the life and survival of a plant. Tensile strength is a measure of the amount of force that a plant can undergo before tissue damage and breakage occur. The primary objective of this study was to examine the correlation between tensile strength and leaf hydration status, or water potential. The water potential of leaves of a monocot grass native to North America, Elymus Glaucus, commonly known as blue wildrye, was measured using the Scholander-Hammel Pressure Chamber. The tensile strength of hydrated and of dehydrated leaves was measured …
The Effects Of Agitation Upon Plant Anatomy In Phaseolus Vulgaris, Craig Sutter, Nicholas Huron
The Effects Of Agitation Upon Plant Anatomy In Phaseolus Vulgaris, Craig Sutter, Nicholas Huron
Featured Research
The earthquake that struck Japan’s coast a month ago gained national attention for the damage caused by the tsunami that was caused by the earthquake. Japan’s coast is subject to multiple earthquakes each year with tremors and aftershocks following. The quakes are bound to have an effect on the growth and development of Camellia sinensis, the tea plant, which is one of the most important exports of Japan. Due to the time restraints of this project, C. sinensis were not tested, instead two week old Phaseolus vulgaris were used to show the effects of constant agitation which might mimic …
Effects Of Soil Moisture On Photosynthesis And Fluorescence In Heteromeles Arbutifolia, Ali Alyami, Colin Byrne, Katherine Currie
Effects Of Soil Moisture On Photosynthesis And Fluorescence In Heteromeles Arbutifolia, Ali Alyami, Colin Byrne, Katherine Currie
Featured Research
Some plants have evolved to increase their chances of survival by being drought-adapted. Among those plant species is Heteromeles arbutifolia, native to California. Logically, the fact that Heteromeles arbutifolia tolerates the low supply of water makes this plant more likely to be within environments where the level of sun exposure is high. Thus, we hypothesized that lowering soil moisture will cause an increase in xylem pressure, causing an increase in photo-protection and florescence, and a decrease in photosynthetic rate. This has not been tested before on a native chaparral plant such as Heteromeles arbutifolia. The experiment was held …
The Effect Of Nitrogen Soil Concentration On Leaf Fluorescence In Zea Mays, Ashton Garbutt, Daniel Rossie, Anup Solsi
The Effect Of Nitrogen Soil Concentration On Leaf Fluorescence In Zea Mays, Ashton Garbutt, Daniel Rossie, Anup Solsi
Featured Research
Macronutrients in the soil are essential to the growth and development of a plant. One of the most important nutrients to a plants growth is nitrogen. Nitrogen has been directly correlated to photosynthetic output in various studies and this relationship is the subject of this experiment. Since nitrogen has an effect on photosynthetic rate, there should be a correlation between nitrogen and fluorescence – a form of energy dissipation. This study attempted to show that nitrogen concentration in the soil is inversely proportional to fluorescence of the plant because the more nitrogen in the soil, the more energy should be …
Is There A Relationship Between Water Potential And The Mechanical Strength Of Salix Lasiolepis?, William Cohen, Gina Fitzgerald, Joseph Liao
Is There A Relationship Between Water Potential And The Mechanical Strength Of Salix Lasiolepis?, William Cohen, Gina Fitzgerald, Joseph Liao
Featured Research
Exploring The Open-Close Mechanism Of Dimorphotheca Aurantiaca: Day Versus Night And Cold Versus Hot Temperatures, Tommy Chung, Kathleen Aguilar, Sunny Kim
Exploring The Open-Close Mechanism Of Dimorphotheca Aurantiaca: Day Versus Night And Cold Versus Hot Temperatures, Tommy Chung, Kathleen Aguilar, Sunny Kim
Featured Research
In the spring of every year on Pepperdine University’s campus, patches of hills are covered with the South African native flower Dimorphotheca aurantiaca or more commonly known as the African Daisy. An observation of the opening and closing mechanism of the flower triggered an important question: does the flower change its shape based on temperature or the presence of light? At night, the African Daisy closes and then opens up again in the daytime. Because temperature has such strong effects on different species of ectodermic animals and temperature-sensitive plants, we hypothesized that the change in temperature initiates the flower’s morphological …
Root Tensile Strength In A Native And Non-Native Species Of The Coastal Chaparral Community, Jamie Elmquist, Andrea Lim, Amanda Scholl, Amanda Vest
Root Tensile Strength In A Native And Non-Native Species Of The Coastal Chaparral Community, Jamie Elmquist, Andrea Lim, Amanda Scholl, Amanda Vest
Featured Research
Non-native species are regularly introduced into environments in which they replace existing native species and drastically influence the ecological characteristics of the area and the habitat of the living organisms surrounding them. In the botanical field of study, invasive plant species can choke out native species thus making them endangered or extinct. Specifically in the Santa Monica Mountains of Southern California, there are over 300 non-native species of plants, each the source of its own repercussions and having both positive and negative effects on the environment. One specific non-native species, Carpobrotus edulis (ice plant) replaces the native Coreopsis gigante (giant …
The Affect Of Temperature On The Fluorescence Of Heteromeles Arbutifolia (Hollywood) In The Santa Monica Mountains, Patrick Y. Chisum, Adam S. Graham, Arthur C. Sanders
The Affect Of Temperature On The Fluorescence Of Heteromeles Arbutifolia (Hollywood) In The Santa Monica Mountains, Patrick Y. Chisum, Adam S. Graham, Arthur C. Sanders
Featured Research
Presented here is a comparison of the predawn fluorescence of adult Heteromeles arbutifolia growing on the Pepperdine Seaver campus next to the lacrosse field, and adult Heteromeles growing in Tapia canyon. The analysis of the leaf temperature measured by an IR thermometer showed an average of 9.32°C drop when measuring plants in Tapia canyon compared to those growing on the warmer Pepperdine campus. The air temperature measured by the Kestrel and IR thermometer showed Tapia canyon being an average of 7.27°C colder than predawn measurements on Pepperdine campus. Finally, the fluorescence of the plants in both locations was measured using …
Tensile Strength Of Malosma Laurina Leaves In Wet And Dry Conditions, T. Candelore, N. Despenza, L. Garrison, L. Hinther
Tensile Strength Of Malosma Laurina Leaves In Wet And Dry Conditions, T. Candelore, N. Despenza, L. Garrison, L. Hinther
Featured Research
Pepperdine University is one located in one of the most diverse places of the world. It is located in the Mediterranean which occupies less than 5% of the earth's landmass and is only found in five areas which includes California. On the campus there are several canyons. One of the canyons is called Winter Canyon. The canyon contained a plant called Malosma laurina which is located in a riparian environment and a chaparral environment. The plant grows in both areas however, our hypothesis was that the dry plants' leaves would demonstrate more plasticity. The soil humidity was also measured to …
Effect Of Petiole-To-Branchlet Angle On Tensile Stress And Tensile Strength In Heteromeles Arbutifolia, Matt W. Andrus, Anthony P. Lisankis, Valen C. Anderson
Effect Of Petiole-To-Branchlet Angle On Tensile Stress And Tensile Strength In Heteromeles Arbutifolia, Matt W. Andrus, Anthony P. Lisankis, Valen C. Anderson
Featured Research
Heteromeles arbutifolia an important chaparral species of southern California, Is a food source for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). This predation has become more pronounced as the climate shifts to hotter, drier, and longer summers. Other species that the deer normally feed on cannot survive these harsh conditions, while Heteromeles arbutifolia is able to persevere (Letourneau, 2004). We decided that there must be mechanisms involved in the petiole of leafs to keep them from being pulled off by deer and strong winds. Our group hypothesized that as the angle between the petiole and branchlet increased, the tensile strength of the petiole …
Effect Of Fertilizer On Leaf Tensile Strength In Salvia Leucophylla, Tawny Lindahl, John Buie, Eiichiro Uemura
Effect Of Fertilizer On Leaf Tensile Strength In Salvia Leucophylla, Tawny Lindahl, John Buie, Eiichiro Uemura
Featured Research
This experiment sought to establish a connection between short term growth in Salvia leucophylla found in Southern California and nutrient availability in the soil. It was hypothesized that adding artificially produced nutrient mix Miracle Grow would increase the strength of the leaves in the herb after one week of addition. Newer leaves were tested in the Instron device for tensile strength after one week, and after data analysis, it was concluded that there was no difference in tensile strength of leaves treated with fertilizer compared with leaves without fertilizer.
Differences In Hydraulic Conductance (Kh) As A Function Of Leaf Area (Ks Leaf) And Xylem Size (Ks Xylem) In Encelia Californica And Venegasia Carpesioides, Tony Audin, Andrew Dudley, Janel Gonzalez
Differences In Hydraulic Conductance (Kh) As A Function Of Leaf Area (Ks Leaf) And Xylem Size (Ks Xylem) In Encelia Californica And Venegasia Carpesioides, Tony Audin, Andrew Dudley, Janel Gonzalez
Featured Research
Southern California and the Santa Monica Mountains experience a climate similar to that of the Mediterranean basin. This means hot, dry summers, mild, wet winters, and large amounts of plant diversity. A major issue that can affect these regions is water availability and processing. To demonstrate this, hydraulic conductance (Kh) was measured as a function of leaf area (KS Leaf) and xylem size (KS Xylem). Two vascular plants were used for this study, Encelia californica and Venegasia carpesioides. This is because they are similar morphologically but are different genus and species. It was hypothesized that the larger plant (V. carpesioides) …
Post-Fire Alterations In Mechanical Strength Of Leaves In Heteromeles Arbutifolia, Andrew Hair, Madeline Dilascia, Nick Novella, Taylor Wurdeman
Post-Fire Alterations In Mechanical Strength Of Leaves In Heteromeles Arbutifolia, Andrew Hair, Madeline Dilascia, Nick Novella, Taylor Wurdeman
Featured Research
Wildfires in the Santa Monica mountains in Southern California burn down a decent percentage of the local vegetation. However, some plants like Heteromeles Arbutifolia, are considered to be resprouters because they return a mere two years after being burnt down. It is hypothesized that the artificially browsed resprout leaves will have a lower tensile strength than both the young and adult leaves because they use a lower amount of carbohydrates per unit-leaf-area. Data showed that although there was a slight different between the young leaves and the adult leaves of the Heteromeles, there was no statistically significant difference between the …
Comparing Leaf Properties Of Inland And Coastal Malosma Laurina In The Santa Monica Mountains, Rosemary Busch Conn, Lauren Parker, Brittany Sawrey
Comparing Leaf Properties Of Inland And Coastal Malosma Laurina In The Santa Monica Mountains, Rosemary Busch Conn, Lauren Parker, Brittany Sawrey
Featured Research
Our group chose Malosma laurina, commonly known as Laurel Sumac, to observe and test. We hypothesized that there would be difference in photosynthetic trade-offs and capabilities between coastal and inland populations, specifically with respect to leaves. This was based on the low freezing tolerance in Malosma laurina (Pratt et al. 2005), and hypothesized that based on this stress, resources would be allocated differently in inland leaves than in coastal leaves. This hypothesis was tested using the indices of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), the ratio of green to red reflectance, and Leaf Specific Area …