Life Sciences Commons^™

Predicting Economic Optimal Nitrogen Rate With The Anaerobic Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen Test, Jason D. Clark, Fabián G. Fernández, Kristen S. Veum, James J. Camberato, Paul R. Carter, Richard B. Ferguson, David W. Franzen, Daniel E. Kaiser, Newell R. Kitchen, Carrie A. M. Laboski, Emerson D. Nafziger, Carl J. Rosen, John E. Sawyer, John F. Shanahan

John E. Sawyer

Estimates of mineralizable N with the anaerobic potentially mineralizable N (PMN_an) test could improve predictions of corn (Zea mays L.) economic optimal N rate (EONR). A study across eight US midwestern states was conducted to quantify the predictability of EONR for single and split N applications by PMN_an. Treatment factors included different soil sample timings (pre-plant and V5 development stage), planting N rates (0 and 180 kg N ha⁻¹), and incubation lengths (7, 14, and 28 d) with and without initial soil NH₄–N included with PMN_an. Soil was sampled …

Regenerating Agricultural Landscapes With Perennial Groundcover For Intensive Crop Production, Kenneth J. Moore, Robert P. Anex, Amani E. Elobeid, Shuizhang Fei, Cornelia B. Flora, A. Susana Goggi, Keri L. Jacobs, Prashant Jha, Amy L. Kaleita, Douglas L. Karlen, David A. Laird, Andrew W. Lenssen, Thomas Lubberstedt, Marshall D. Mcdaniel, D. Raj Raman, Sharon L. Weyers

Douglas L Karlen

The Midwestern U.S. landscape is one of the most highly altered and intensively managed ecosystems in the country. The predominant crops grown are maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr]. They are typically grown as monocrops in a simple yearly rotation or with multiple years of maize (2 to 3) followed by a single year of soybean. This system is highly productive because the crops and management systems have been well adapted to the regional growing conditions through substantial public and private investment. Furthermore, markets and supporting infrastructure are highly developed for both crops. As maize and …

2019 Prevent Plant Impacts To South Dakota Grain Crop Value, Matthew Elliott, Lisa Elliott

Matthew Elliott

Meandering Water In The Prairie Pothole Region Of South Dakota, Matthew Elliott, Lisa Elliott, Tong Wang

Matthew Elliott

Meandering Water Dataset, Matthew Elliott

Matthew Elliott

Divergence Of Usda Trade Payments For Corn, Soybean, And Wheat Producers And ‘Nowcasts’ Of Tariff Impacts, Matthew Elliott, Lisa Elliott

Matthew Elliott

No abstract provided.

Fiscal Reform Scenarios And Accessibility 2018.08.20.Docx, Guillermo Fernandez

Guillermo Fernandez

Highest And Best Use Determinations In Agricultural Land Assessments, Matthew Elliott, Lisa Elliott, Tong Wang

Matthew Elliott

The Shellfish Corner: Cap And Trade Systems With Shellfish May Be Good For The Economic Bottom Line, Michael A. Rice

Michael A Rice

Operationalizing The Telecoupling Framework For Migratory Species Using The Spatial Subsidies Approach To Examine Ecosystem Services Provided By Mexican Free-Tailed Bats, Laura López-Hoffman, Jay E. Diffendorfer, Ruscena Wiederholt, Kenneth J. Bagstad, Wayne E. Thogmartin, Gary F. Mccracken, Rodrigo A. Medellín, Amy L. Russell, Darius J. Semmens

Amy L. Russell

Governance Rules And Bargaining Power In Sustainability Alliances, Matthew Elliott, Lisa Elliott

Matthew Elliott

Trends In U.S. Local And Regional Food Systems: A Report To Congress, Sarah A. Low, Aaron Adalja, Elizabeth Beaulieu, Nigel Key, Steve Martinez, Alex Melton, Agnes Perez, Katherine Ralston, Hayden Stewart, Shellye Suttles, Becca B.R. Jablonski

Aaron Adalja

This report provides an overview of local and regional food systems across several dimensions. It details the latest economic information on local food producers, consumers, and policy, relying on findings from several national surveys and a synthesis of recent literature to assess the current size of and recent trends in local and regional food systems. Data are presented on producer characteristics, survival rates and growth, and prices. The local food literature on consumer willingness to pay, environmental impacts, food safety regulations, and local economic impacts is synthesized when nationally representative data are unavailable. Finally, this report provides an overview of …

The Impact Of Separating Fed From Nonfed Beef In An Econometric Simulation , Dyaa Kamal Adbou Ahmed Kamal-Abdou

Ahmed Kamal

No abstract provided.

Impact Of Nitrogen Application Timing On Corn Production, John E. Sawyer, Daniel W. Barker, John P. Lundvall

John E. Sawyer

Water quality issues have renewed interest in timing of nitrogen (N) application as a means to improve use efficiency in corn and reduce losses. Improved economic return is also desired as N fertilization is one of the most costly inputs to corn production. Time of fertilizer application is a component of the site-specific 4R nutrient management stewardship programs. In Iowa, the Nutrient Reduction Strategy has a 7% (37% std. dev.) nitrate-N reduction with a 0% (3% std. dev.) corn yield change for sidedress compared to pre-plant N application (SP 0435A).

When Discharge Of Indebtedness Occurs In Bankruptcy, Neil Harl

Neil E. Harl

The farm debt crisis of the 1980’s left numerous legacies, not the least of which is the continuing discharge of indebtedness from formal and informal resolutions of excessive debt. The various rules on when discharge of indebtedness occurs have created surprising and painful results for some taxpayers.

Single Class Of Stock In S Corporations, Neil Harl

Neil E. Harl

Almost from the day of enactment of Subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code in 1958, the single class of stock requirement has generated questions that have led to extensive litigation, repeated attempts to address the issues by regulation and numerous rulings in an effort to resolve the issues involved. The major area of concern has been the line between debt securities and equity interests, particularly where the debt securities represented shareholder loans.

When Discharge Of Indebtedness Occurs If The Debtor Is Not In Bankruptcy, Neil Harl

Neil E. Harl

As was noted in the March 30, 1990 issue of Agricultural Law Digest, whether discharge of indebtedness occurs for debtors in bankruptcy depends upon the chapter of the Bankruptcy Code. For Chapter 12 debtors, discharge of indebtedness takes place upon completion of payments under the plan. For debtors not in bankruptcy, the rules for when discharge of indebtedness take place are different and the consequences are also quite different.

Transfer Of Residence With Continued Occupancy, Neil Harl

Neil E. Harl

The rule has been well established that a transfer of a residence to a spouse with occupancy by the transferring spouse until death, would not result in inclusion of the value of the residence in the transferor's gross estate under a theory of a retained life estate. The courts have consistently required proof of at least an implied agreement between the husband and wife (assuming the transferring spouse continued occupancy) before that spouse is held to have retained possession or enjoyment so as to require inclusion of the residence in the gross estate. If the transferor is to prevail, it …

Taxing Joint Tenancy Property, Neil Harl

Neil E. Harl

Although joint tenancy (and tenancy by the entirety in the few states where that form of co-ownership is recognized) is apparently used less frequently than three or four decades ago, joint ownership is still widely used, particularly for real property co-ownership. A recent decision has focused attention on the issue of income tax basis of joint tenancy (or tenancy by the entirety) property after the death of the first joint tenant to die.

Deferred Payment Sales: Amt Liability, Neil E. Harl

Neil E. Harl

Since enactment of the Installment Sales Revision Act of 1980, which permitted the installment sale of grain and livestock, questions have been raised regarding the continuing availability of the deferred payment procedure established by cases and rulings. In recent years, the importance of the question of whether both procedures can be used has been magnified by the 1986 enactment subjecting installment sales of inventory property to potential liability for alternative minimum tax.6 A recent IRS technical advice memorandum (TAM) has provided some insight to the IRS national office position on the two issues — (1) are installment sales of inventory …

Gifts Of Grain And Other Farm Commodities, Neil E. Harl

Neil E. Harl

The sale of assets held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business (such as grain or market livestock) usually produces ordinary income. That rule has encouraged gifts of grain and other farm commodities to spouses, children, grandchildren or other family members who are not considered to be holding the gift property for sale to customers. The outcome is capital asset treatment for gains and avoidance of liability for self-employment tax.

Leasing Personal Property, Neil Harl

Neil E. Harl

Appearance of the note on Part I of the 1992 edition of Schedule E, Form 1040, that taxpayers are to "report income and expense from the rental of personal property on Schedule C or C-EZ" has raised concerns about the proper reporting of rentals from personal property such as farm machinery rented after retirement to children or others. Several high profile audits in which examining agents have taken a relatively aggressive stance on the issue have added to the concerns.

Resale Of Land Purchased Under Installment Obligation, Neil Harl

Neil E. Harl

For decades, taxpayers have tried various strategies for selling land, qualifying the transaction for installment reporting of the gain with the land then resold to a third party for cash. Often, the initial transaction involved related parties with the resale typically made to a developer who paid cash and received title to the property. The result of the two stage transaction, if successful, was to have the initial buyer in possession of the full purchase price with the initial buyer making payments to the initial seller who reports the gain over the period of the installment obligation.

Preferred Stock And Special Use Valuation, Neil Harl

Neil E. Harl

The special use valuation statute clearly contemplates that land held by an entity should be eligible for special use valuation. However, regulations have not been issued providing guidance on the procedure for valuing land held by a corporation, partnership or trust even though the issuance of regulations was mandated in the statute, enacted in 1976. Other than for a Tax Court case holding that a corporation could not utilize special use valuation and at the same time claim a minority discount, until the issuance of a 1992 private letter ruling, estates have been forced to rely on the general guidance …

Earnings After Retirement, Neil E. Harl

Neil E. Harl

Many farmers, approaching retirement, must make important decisions on — (1) the nature of their relationship to the farm business in retirement, (2) the extent of their personal involvement in business operations, and (3) the timing and manner of disposition of their inventory of crops and livestock during the retirement years.

The Present Interest Test For Purposes Of Special Use Valuation, Neil E. Harl

Neil E. Harl

Since publication of the initial regulations, the Internal Revenue Service has maintained that real property was eligible for special use valuation only if a qualified heir received a present interest from the decedent. Two branches of the present interest test have emerged.

Health Insurance For Employees, Neil E. Harl

Neil E. Harl

The rising cost of medical and hospital care and the cost of insurance coverage have led to increased interest in ways to make such costs fully deductible without the benefits being includible in income for the taxpayer. Through 1991 (and the first six months of 1992 if the President signs the bill extending the deduction through June 1992), a 25 percent deduction is allowed for health and accident amounts for self-employed individuals provided — (1) the taxpayer is not eligible to participate in any subsidized health plan maintained by an employer for the taxpayer or the taxpayer's spouse and (2) …

Reporting Government Farm Payment Programs, Neil E. Harl

Neil E. Harl

As a general rule, federal (and state) agricultural program payments received as cash or in the form of services are includible in income. The time at which the amounts are received or made available is ordinarily the time the payments are to be included in income. Amounts are considered to be "made available" in the year in which program requirements have been met, regardless of whether an application had been signed to receive final payment. The fact that a farm operator does not sign the application for final payment until the following year does not defer income to the later …

Joint Tenancy Disclaimers: What Can Be Disclaimed?, Neil E. Harl

Neil E. Harl

For years the Internal Revenue Service resisted the disclaimer of joint tenancy interests on the grounds that the disclaimer had to occur within nine months of the creation of the joint tenancy. IRS eventually came to accept the disclaimer of revocable joint tenancies within nine months after death and even more recently indicated that the Service would not resist the disclaimer of joint tenancy interests in other than revocable joint tenancies where there was a predeath right to sever the joint interests The focus on when joint tenancies could be disclaimed obscured the question of what could be disclaimed.

No Interest Deduction For Private Annuities, Neil Harl

Neil E. Harl

Although a 1929 case, Commissioner v. Moore Corp., had suggested that an interest deduction could be claimed by the obligor under a private annuity arrangement, cases considering the issue since that time have held that no part of the payments made under private annuities involving the acquisition of property is deductible as interest. A 1992 decision by the U.S. Claims Court, Rye v. United States, is in accord with the view that an interest deduction may not be claimed by the obligor and the imputed interest rules likewise do not apply to private annuities.