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Articles 1 - 30 of 39
Full-Text Articles in Securities Law
Collaborative Approaches To Blockchain Regulation: The Brooklyn Project Example, Patrick Berarducci
Collaborative Approaches To Blockchain Regulation: The Brooklyn Project Example, Patrick Berarducci
Cleveland State Law Review
Today, I am going to discuss, at a high level, blockchain technology—what it is, what are its unique features that could revolutionize markets and economies, and how it could impact law and regulation. That is a lot to cover—far too much in the time allotted. So I will keep things at a very high level and hopefully pique some interest in everyone to dig deeper on their own.
Smart Contracts In Traditional Contract Law, Or: The Law Of The Vending Machine, Jonathan Rohr
Smart Contracts In Traditional Contract Law, Or: The Law Of The Vending Machine, Jonathan Rohr
Cleveland State Law Review
Smart contracts are the new norm, yet state legislatures and courts have not developed set rules and answers to legal disputes that these contracts create. Is traditional contract law sufficient? Or should we create an entirely new legislative or common law scheme to deal with these disputes? The common law has proven to be successful in dealing with new technologies and contracts, particularly because of its flexibility. Although a major overhaul may be in the future, there are still solutions that we can find today with the current legal landscape given the state of contract law and its evolution over …
Blockchain Symposium Introduction: Overview And Historical Introduction, Brian Ray
Blockchain Symposium Introduction: Overview And Historical Introduction, Brian Ray
Cleveland State Law Review
Imagine a world where human drivers can access on-demand micro-insurance contracts tailored to cover only the actual time spent driving. How about a secure, decentralized identity system that allows individuals to purchase a vehicle and obtain insurance without sharing unnecessary private information exposing it to cyber criminals? Take that a step further and consider a system of driverless cars that transact with autonomous gas stations and take payments directly from passengers. These are some of the fascinating applications that blockchain technology could enable. But these applications give rise to significant technical, social, and legal questions, all of which we explored …
The Blindsided Insider: Insider Trading Liability For Supervising A Rogue Trader , Adam Felsenthal
The Blindsided Insider: Insider Trading Liability For Supervising A Rogue Trader , Adam Felsenthal
Cleveland State Law Review
In the past few years, federal prosecutors and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) have engaged in the widest-ranging and most successful probe of insider trading ever, focusing in particular on investment professionals. However, the government has failed to charge anyone on the basis of supervisory liability, essentially an accusation of failing to notice and stop illicit trading done under one’s supervision. This Article discusses all of the potential ways in which prosecutors could bring such a charge, ranging from SEC administrative liability to civil and criminal charges. Through the lens of a theoretical situation in which an “innocent bystander” …
Beyond The Target Market: Product Advertising And Rule 10b-5'S In Connection With Requirement , Thomas J. Maloney
Beyond The Target Market: Product Advertising And Rule 10b-5'S In Connection With Requirement , Thomas J. Maloney
Cleveland State Law Review
An investor purchases Apple common stock in reliance on representations in advertisements that the new iPad is capable of connecting to “ultrafast” 4G wireless networks. It turns out that the iPad is not compatible with the fastest wireless network in Australia or the 4G networks in Sweden and Germany. If the investor suffered a loss as a result, can the investor recover from Apple for securities fraud under Rule 10b-5 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934? A number of possible impediments to recovery exist. One is Rule 10b-5’s limited scope. The Rule applies only to a fraud that is …
Transnational Securities Fraud And The Extraterritorial Application Of U.S. Securities Laws: Challenges And Opportunities, Genevieve Beyea
Transnational Securities Fraud And The Extraterritorial Application Of U.S. Securities Laws: Challenges And Opportunities, Genevieve Beyea
Global Business Law Review
With globalization, securities markets have become increasingly interconnected, and securities fraud has frequently crossed borders, creating problems for national regulators seeking to deter and punish fraud. The United States’ well-developed private enforcement mechanism for securities fraud is very attractive to investors around the world who are harmed by transnational securities fraud, particularly those from countries where private enforcement mechanisms do not exist or fraud is under-regulated. The application of U.S. securities law to foreign investors, however, presents a number of challenges, creating the potential for both under and overregulation as well as possible conflict with the regulatory systems of other …
Introductory Remarks: An Overview Of Investment Arbitration , Joshua Fellenbaum
Introductory Remarks: An Overview Of Investment Arbitration , Joshua Fellenbaum
Global Business Law Review
The topic I was asked to speak about today is investment arbitration. For those practitioners and scholars on the panel and in the audience who have experience in investment arbitration, you know that it contains a number of complex issues and nuances, so it is quite a tall task ahead of me. What I hope to do in the next twenty to twenty-five minutes is to provide you with a broad overview of investment arbitration. We will examine the structure of investment arbitration along with the substantive and procedural issues that tend to arise in investment disputes.
The Emerging Federal Class Actions Brand , John C. Massaro
The Emerging Federal Class Actions Brand , John C. Massaro
Cleveland State Law Review
Class actions raise a fundamental question about our judicial system. Is the purpose first and foremost to achieve a societally-desired level of law enforcement and deterrence, or is the primary goal to foster citizen participation in the resolution of private disputes? This Article provides the first extended analysis of this question in light of five recent Supreme Court decisions regarding class actions, the evolution of legislative initiatives in the area, and the docket activity in sixteen of the largest recent federal securities class actions. A single conclusion follows: we are witnessing the emergence of a new national “brand” of class …
The Role Of Financial Journalists In Corporate Governance, Michael J. Borden
The Role Of Financial Journalists In Corporate Governance, Michael J. Borden
Law Faculty Articles and Essays
This Article pursues the important theme of disclosure, but focuses on a feature that has remained almost entirely overlooked by corporate and securities law scholars: the role of financial journalists in corporate governance. This omission is perhaps due to the fact that journalists do not fit easily into a legal discussion because they are largely unregulated. They are, in a sense, not legal actors, and, therefore do not comfortably become the subject of a legal prescription. Nevertheless, journalists contribute in many ways to the legal system at large and the system of corporate governance in particular.This Article uses case studies …
Hedge Fund Regulation: The Amended Investment Advisers Act Does Not Protect Investors From The Problems Created By Hedge Funds, Sean M. Donahue
Hedge Fund Regulation: The Amended Investment Advisers Act Does Not Protect Investors From The Problems Created By Hedge Funds, Sean M. Donahue
Cleveland State Law Review
Hedge funds are a viable investment alternative for financially sophisticated investors. However, because traditional hedge funds and funds of funds are unsuitable for average investors, these investors should be restricted from making such investments. Regardless of who invests in hedge funds, advisers of these entities must be regulated to assure that they do not commit fraud. In addition to monitoring advisers, the SEC must limit hedge funds' use of leverage to assure that market collapse does not occur. Part II of this Note describes the history and development of hedge funds. Part III illustrates the current problems facing the hedge …
Law As Symbol: Appearances In The Regulation Of Investment Advisers And Attorneys , Larry D. Barnett
Law As Symbol: Appearances In The Regulation Of Investment Advisers And Attorneys , Larry D. Barnett
Cleveland State Law Review
From a macrosociological perspective, law is an institution of society, is shaped by conditions in society, and facilitates social life by interalia producing symbols. Law accordingly adopts concepts and principles that focus on the appearance to society of certain phenomena and that are symbols when the phenomena are socially significant. To illustrate symbols in law, the article examines (i) the "hold oneself out" standard in defining an investment adviser under the federal Investment Advisers Act and (ii) the standard for ethical conduct that requires attorneys to avoid appearances of impropriety. If symbolic concepts and principles are tied to the properties …
Pslra, Slusa, And Defrauded Retirement Investors: Overlooked Side Effects Of A Potent Legislative Medicine, Michael J. Borden
Pslra, Slusa, And Defrauded Retirement Investors: Overlooked Side Effects Of A Potent Legislative Medicine, Michael J. Borden
Law Faculty Articles and Essays
This Article highlights a harmful and far-reaching unintended consequence of two major pieces of securities litigation reform legislation that were passed as part of the Republican party's Contract with America in the mid-1990s. These reforms were justified, in part, on the grounds that they would benefit investors by improving disclosure of financial information by corporations. However, for many aggrieved investors, the effect of the legislation was just the opposite. Because of inadequate and misleading disclosures made by life insurance companies and their registered representatives, consumers were induced to purchase inappropriate investments carrying excessive fees that reduced the value of their …
The Proportionate Trading Model: Real Science Or Junk Science, Brian P. Murray
The Proportionate Trading Model: Real Science Or Junk Science, Brian P. Murray
Cleveland State Law Review
The PTM has all the hallmarks of "real" science, using either a scientists' definition or that of the Daubert Court. From a scientist's perspective, it is a functional paradigm, serving as a working model. The practitioners in the field are engaged in "clean-up," for example, deciding which acceleration factor best fits observed data. Under the Daubert test, the PTM will assist the trier of fact, has been subjected to peer review (unlike the major critique), and has acceptable rates of error and general acceptance. Testifying experts may disagree as to which acceleration factor to use, but that is merely fair …
State Securities Litigation May No Longer Be A Class Act: Federal Preemption Looms On The Horizon, Susan J. Becker
State Securities Litigation May No Longer Be A Class Act: Federal Preemption Looms On The Horizon, Susan J. Becker
Law Faculty Articles and Essays
State courhouse doors may soon be closed to class actions by shareholders of nationally traded stocks seeking redress for alleged misstatements and omissions in the issuer's financial forecasts.
Use Of Economic Analysis In Fraud On The Market Cases, Janine S. Hiller, Stephen P. Ferris
Use Of Economic Analysis In Fraud On The Market Cases, Janine S. Hiller, Stephen P. Ferris
Cleveland State Law Review
In 1988, in Basic, Inc. v. Levinson,1 (Basic), the United States Supreme Court adopted the fraud on the market theory in order to create a presumption of reliance in a Security & Exchange Commissions Rule 10(b) securities fraud case. This article first explains the economic and legal background behind the fraud on the market presumption. Then, the landmark case of Basic is examined for guidance in applying the presumption and proving defenses to that presumption. Lastly, it is shown how economic analysis can be used in proving or disproving fraud on the market, including an empirical study of the events …
Arizona Corporation Commission V. Media Products, Inc.: Clarification Of Competing Federal And State Securities Regulation, Marianne M. Jennings
Arizona Corporation Commission V. Media Products, Inc.: Clarification Of Competing Federal And State Securities Regulation, Marianne M. Jennings
Cleveland State Law Review
While most regulators at both the state and federal levels espouse an attitude and philosophy of cooperation, the fact is that, because of conflicts in authority and unresolved constitutional issues, most nationwide offerings are becoming more difficult to execute and are burdened by so many bureaucratic loopholes that the role of the United States as a capital market in the international sense may be greatly impaired. The purpose of this Article is to explain the coexistence of federal and state securities regulation, define the resolved constitutional issues, and discuss those that remain unresolved. Finally, the Article proposes a peaceful coexistence …
When Is A Car A Bicycle And Other Riddles: The Definition Of A Security Under The Federal Securities Laws, M. Thomas Arnold
When Is A Car A Bicycle And Other Riddles: The Definition Of A Security Under The Federal Securities Laws, M. Thomas Arnold
Cleveland State Law Review
In Marine Bank v. Weaver, the United States Supreme Court decided that a certificate of deposit purchased from a federally-regulated bank was not, under the circumstances of the case, a security under federal laws. Several recent federal court cases have considered the question of the status of certificates of deposit under factual circumstances somewhat different from Weaver. Two of these cases provide an interesting study of the uncertainty that continues to surround the definition of a security. And despite the lengthy definitions of "security" found in federal securities laws, much uncertainty remains as to exactly what is included within the …
When Is A Car A Bicycle And Other Riddles: The Definition Of A Security Under The Federal Securities Laws, M. Thomas Arnold
When Is A Car A Bicycle And Other Riddles: The Definition Of A Security Under The Federal Securities Laws, M. Thomas Arnold
Cleveland State Law Review
In Marine Bank v. Weaver, the United States Supreme Court decided that a certificate of deposit purchased from a federally-regulated bank was not, under the circumstances of the case, a security under federal laws. Several recent federal court cases have considered the question of the status of certificates of deposit under factual circumstances somewhat different from Weaver. Two of these cases provide an interesting study of the uncertainty that continues to surround the definition of a security. And despite the lengthy definitions of "security" found in federal securities laws, much uncertainty remains as to exactly what is included within the …
The Definition Of A Security Under The Federal Securities Law Revisited, M. Thomas Arnold
The Definition Of A Security Under The Federal Securities Law Revisited, M. Thomas Arnold
Cleveland State Law Review
The United States Supreme Court recently decided two cases involving the definition of "security" as used in the federal securities acts. In this brief case comment I will summarize the majority and dissenting opinions in Landreth Timber Co. v. Landreth, and Gould v. Ruefenacht . I will then comment on some of the policy questions raised by the cases, and conclude by evaluating how much guidance the two cases provide on the proper definition of "security".
Contract Market Self-Regulation Under The Commodity Exchange Act, Marshall J. Nachbar
Contract Market Self-Regulation Under The Commodity Exchange Act, Marshall J. Nachbar
Cleveland State Law Review
On May 3, 1982, the Supreme Court decided Curran v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. The Court answered the question o fwhether there was a private right of action for violations of the Commodity Exchange Act by holding that there was an implied right of action. In Curran, the CFTC had argued that a private right of action strengthens the enforcement and regulatory mechanisms already in place. The Court apparently found this to be a persuasive argument. Whether a private right of action will have the desired effect remains to be seen.
Federal Decisional Law Under The Williams Act, Robert A. Profuse
Federal Decisional Law Under The Williams Act, Robert A. Profuse
Cleveland State Law Review
The legal requirements relating to tender offers have become a subject of great interest to a broad spectrum of corporate America. Given the frequency of litigation in this context, and the fact that the Williams Act itself and the SEC's rules provide clear answers to only the most basic of questions, analysis and understanding of the federal decisional law relating to tender offers - the principal focus of this Article - is of obvious significance. It constitutes an effort to analyze generally the principal issues raised in the many tender offer cases decided since the enactment of the Williams Act …
Towards A Federal Fiduciary Standards Act, Marvin A. Chirelstein
Towards A Federal Fiduciary Standards Act, Marvin A. Chirelstein
Cleveland State Law Review
Despite the economic identity that exists between the firm and its security holders, fiduciary obligation is at present dichotomized between federal and state legal systems which have no very close connection to one another; the federal system dominates the security holder level while the various state systems dominate at the firm level. The position argued for in this article is favorable to the idea of federal legislation in the field of managerial conduct. In Part II, next following, I try- using the freezeout of minority shareholders as my main illustration- to develop the idea of specific solutions for fiduciary problems …
The Interface Between Securities Act 3(A)(10) And Ohio Revised Code 1707.04: Utilitarian Considerations For Ohio Mergers And Corporate Reorganization Transactions, Robert N. Rapp
Cleveland State Law Review
It is the purpose of this article to examine the interface between Securities Act § 3(a) (10) and Ohio Rev. Code § 1707.04, and to highlight the utility of the combination for Ohio corporate transactions. Subpart II below analyzes the significant background considerations which underlie the new-found importance of § 3(a) (10). It is followed in Subpart III by in-depth consideration of the interface itself. And finally, the application and utilization of the Ohio provision are analyzed in Subpart IV.
Line-Of-Business Reporting: A Legal Basis, J. V. Baumler
Line-Of-Business Reporting: A Legal Basis, J. V. Baumler
Cleveland State Law Review
The action of the SEC has mooted, for regulated firms, the question of whether or not an obligation existed to report a segmented earnings statement even without administrative regulation. Some had suggested that such an obligation did exist. No matter; the question is now answered affirmatively, such reports must be prepared. We are none-the-less left with the thorny question of how best to provide segmented financial reports. The next section of this paper will identify the major problems of implementation. Then attention will be focused upon one of these problems and an examination will be made of its possible resolution …
Cash Tender Offers: Judicial Interpretation Of Section 14(E), Alan J. Ross
Cash Tender Offers: Judicial Interpretation Of Section 14(E), Alan J. Ross
Cleveland State Law Review
In the past fifteen years, the frequency of corporate takeover attempts in the form of cash tender offers has increased dramatically. During most of this period, cash tender offers were outside the scope of the federal securities laws. It was not until 1968 that Congress amended the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 by passing the Williams Act for the express purpose of placing the, cash tender offer under federal regulation. Section 14(e), the antifraud provision of the Williams Act, has been much litigated in the short time since its passage, and the meaning of the section is slowly being clarified. …
Scienter And Rule 10b-5: Development Of A New Standard..., Alan J. Ross, James F. Sealler
Scienter And Rule 10b-5: Development Of A New Standard..., Alan J. Ross, James F. Sealler
Cleveland State Law Review
The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 has had extensive impact on public awareness of corporate information, and has unquestionably provided substantial protection to the investing public. The anti-fraud provisions of this act, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, engendered a number of issues material to the determination of the standards for violations. Perhaps the most difficult and confusing of these issues has been the concept of scienter.
Short Tendering Rule In The Sale Of Securities, Larry A. Oday
Short Tendering Rule In The Sale Of Securities, Larry A. Oday
Cleveland State Law Review
Rule 10b-4 of The Securities and Exchange Commission, also known as "the short tendering rule," might be described as one of the best kept secrets in securities regulation. Although it has been in effect for more than three years, very few attorneys or brokers know anything about it or have even heard of it.
Judicial Review Of Sec Rule 14a-8: No Action Decisions, Andrew A. Markus
Judicial Review Of Sec Rule 14a-8: No Action Decisions, Andrew A. Markus
Cleveland State Law Review
A recent decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia has focused attention on the dissident stockholders' right to have the courts review the Securities and Exchange Commission's informal acquiescence to management's refusal to include in its proxy statement a proposal of the dissidents. The controversy centers around proxy regulation 14a-82 promulgated pursuant to section 14 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934.
Management's Liability For Defamation In Proxy Statements, Morton L. Berg
Management's Liability For Defamation In Proxy Statements, Morton L. Berg
Cleveland State Law Review
The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 specifically provides for a dual system of regulation over securities and persons by both state securities commissions and the SEC, provided that the state authority does not conflict with the Exchange Act or consequent rules and regulations. However, there is no direction given in the Act or its rules as to whether federal pre-emption will be applied when a Commission rule attempts to abrogate the state's common law of defamation.
Broker-Dealer Disclosure Of Corporate Inside Information, James K. Weeks, Jeffrey V. Mccormick
Broker-Dealer Disclosure Of Corporate Inside Information, James K. Weeks, Jeffrey V. Mccormick
Cleveland State Law Review
The recent decisions in the field of securities transactions do not significantly change the legal standards, but they do create an increased awareness of the problems and the limits imposed upon the financial community. It is well established now that a broker's duties to the investing public take precedence over any conflicting duties to his customers or advisees to whom he only owes a duty not to defraud them or profit at their expense. The broker further has a duty to prevent his clients from profiting at the expense of the uninformed public.