Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (88)
- International and Area Studies (86)
- Asian Studies (85)
- International Law (19)
- Courts (13)
-
- International Trade Law (10)
- Commercial Law (8)
- Contracts (7)
- Jurisdiction (6)
- Business (5)
- Education (4)
- Higher Education (4)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (4)
- Civil Rights and Discrimination (3)
- Comparative and Foreign Law (3)
- Conflict of Laws (3)
- Law and Society (3)
- Public Health (3)
- Science and Technology Law (3)
- Bankruptcy Law (2)
- Business Organizations Law (2)
- Civil Procedure (2)
- Economics (2)
- Family Law (2)
- International Business (2)
- International Economics (2)
- Law and Economics (2)
- Legal Education (2)
- Keyword
-
- Mediation (55)
- Dispute resolution (24)
- Singapore (14)
- Negotiation (10)
- Access to justice (9)
-
- Arbitration (9)
- Mediated settlement agreements (8)
- Technology (8)
- Singapore Convention on Mediation (7)
- UNCITRAL (7)
- Alternative dispute resolution (6)
- China (6)
- Culture (6)
- Enforcement (6)
- Germany (6)
- Jurisdiction (6)
- Survey (6)
- International dispute resolution (5)
- Alternative Dispute Resolution (4)
- Asia (4)
- Australia (4)
- Confidentiality (4)
- Courts (4)
- Dispute settlement (4)
- ADR (3)
- Belt and Road Initiative (3)
- Civil procedure (3)
- Conflict of laws (3)
- Convention (3)
- Impartiality (3)
- Publication Year
Articles 1 - 30 of 310
Full-Text Articles in Dispute Resolution and Arbitration
Caroline E. Foster, Global Regulatory Standards In Environmental And Health Disputes: Regulatory Coherence, Due Regard, And Due Diligence, Henry S. Gao
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
With ‘The Rise of the Regulatory State’ 1 at the beginning of the twentieth century, regulation replaced litigation as the main method of social control in the United States. Over the past few decades, more and more countries around the world started to follow the example of the United States, which led to the global expansion of the regulatory state. This in turn spurred more international disputes due to divergences in the respective regulatory standards. Theoretically speaking, global regulation might be the best solution. However, so far this not happened, partly due to the paralysis of the law-making functions of …
Belt And Road Initiative: Legal Mechanism To Recover Stolen Assets, Veltrice Tan
Belt And Road Initiative: Legal Mechanism To Recover Stolen Assets, Veltrice Tan
Singapore International Dispute Resolution Academy
Purpose: This paper aims to determine the types of legal mechanisms that authorities can use to recover stolen assets for and from China. Design/methodology/approach: Newspaper articles and books are examined as are relevant reports by various regulatory authorities and academic institutions. Findings: The effectiveness of legal mechanisms in the recovery of stolen assets may be affected by issues such as the difficulties in tracing illicit funds, the ambiguous nature of “value” as well as the rise in technology. Research limitations/implications: There are limited data available in relation to the prevalence of corrupt officials along the Belt and Road Initiative and …
The Belt And Road Initiative: Conflict Of Laws And Dispute Resolution, Veltrice Tan
The Belt And Road Initiative: Conflict Of Laws And Dispute Resolution, Veltrice Tan
Singapore International Dispute Resolution Academy
Purpose: This paper aims to determine the adaptability of China’s legal system in recognizing and enforcing foreign judgements in China. Design/methodology/approach: Academic articles, case law and books are examined as are relevant reports by various regulatory authorities and organizations. Findings: Historically, Chinese courts have strictly adhered to “de facto reciprocity”, which made it difficult for foreign judgements to be recognized and enforced in China. Fortunately, Chinese courts have since abandoned their rigid adherence to de facto reciprocity, and have instead, used flexible tests of reciprocity such as de jure reciprocity, reciprocal commitment and reciprocal understand/consensus. Accordingly, this would facilitate the …
Conceptualising State-Centric Mediation: An Analysis Of China's Foreign Investment Complaints Mechanism, Mark Mclaughlin
Conceptualising State-Centric Mediation: An Analysis Of China's Foreign Investment Complaints Mechanism, Mark Mclaughlin
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article argues that China's foreign investor complaints system constitutes 'state-centric investment mediation'. The Rules on Handling Complaints of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, which entered into force on 1 October 2020, place a state agency in the position of facilitating negotiations between a foreign investor and the agency being complained against. The prospects for this complaints system depend on how the state-as-mediator dynamic is perceived by foreign investors. To this end, it will be argued that settlement agreements reached pursuant to this system may be enforceable under the Singapore Convention on Mediation in certain circumstances. Investors and government entities operating similar systems …
Hague Service Convention Enters Into Force In Singapore, Adeline Chong
Hague Service Convention Enters Into Force In Singapore, Adeline Chong
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Singapore acceded to the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (‘Service Convention’) on 16 May 2023. It has now entered into force in Singapore on 1 December 2023. Two declarations were lodged: first, against Article 8(1) objecting to the direct service of judicial documents upon persons in Singapore through foreign diplomatic or consular agents unless the documents are to be served upon a national of the State from which the documents originate; and secondly, objecting to service of judicial and extrajudicial documents in Singapore by the methods of transmission set …
Impartiality And The Construction Of Trust In Investor-State Dispute Settlement, Stavros Brekoulakis, Anna Howard
Impartiality And The Construction Of Trust In Investor-State Dispute Settlement, Stavros Brekoulakis, Anna Howard
Singapore International Dispute Resolution Academy
This article analyses impartiality in investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) by identifying the way that the parties’ trust in arbitrators is constructed. Drawing on the findings of a large-scale empirical project, it questions the applicability of an orthodox judicial doctrine of impartiality to ISDS on the grounds that trust in arbitrators is constructed on a fundamentally different basis from that of trust in judges. The primary feature of a judicial doctrine of impartiality is that trust is founded on an absolutist approach to impartiality which is intended to ensure that judges have no predispositions to parties. In contrast, trust in ISDS …
Single Crime, Dual Crime And Another? Expansion Of The Concept Of Joint Liability Under Section 34 Of The Penal Code – Public Prosecutor V Azlin Bte Arujunah And Other Appeals [2022] 2 Slr 825, Ting Xuan Jordan Chia, Natalia Mai Do Ngoc
Single Crime, Dual Crime And Another? Expansion Of The Concept Of Joint Liability Under Section 34 Of The Penal Code – Public Prosecutor V Azlin Bte Arujunah And Other Appeals [2022] 2 Slr 825, Ting Xuan Jordan Chia, Natalia Mai Do Ngoc
Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)
It is well-understood that for most crimes to be established, the requirements of actus reus (the physical element) and mens rea (the mental element) need to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. However, in situations involving joint offenders, if one of the offenders dealt the fatal blow, while the other offender acted as a lookout, can the other offender really be said to have the actus reus of the particular offence?
The Lack Of A Time Bar: An Injustice Within Unjust Enrichment Claims – Esben Finance Ltd And Others V Wong Hou-Lianq Neil [2022] 1 Slr 136, Jie Loong Tan
Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)
Limitation periods refer to the period within which a claimant who has a right to claim against another person, i.e., the defendant, must begin court proceedings to establish that right. Once that period has passed, the defendant can no longer be sued on that particular action. This is to prevent the threat of an action from continually hanging over the defendant such that once the limitation period has passed, the defendant can be sure that the claimant is no longer able to sue.
Taming Reflective Loss – Miao Weiguo V Tendcare Medical Group Holdings Pte Ltd [2022] 1 Slr 884, Pey Woan Lee
Taming Reflective Loss – Miao Weiguo V Tendcare Medical Group Holdings Pte Ltd [2022] 1 Slr 884, Pey Woan Lee
Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)
At common law, the “no reflective loss” (“NRL”) principle bars a shareholder from bringing a personal action to recover any diminution in share value resulting from a wrong inflicted by a thirdparty wrongdoer on the company. Such reduction in value is not treated as the shareholder’s personal loss as it is a “mere reflection” of the company’s loss. And this is so even if the company does not seek to recover from the wrongdoer or settles with the wrongdoer for a sum well below its actual loss. Though endorsed by the highest courts, the NRL principle remains controversial by reason …
When Sparks Fly Because Of Your Neighbour’S Independent Contractor: The Stricter-Liability Test Of Private Nuisance In Singapore – Pex International Pte Ltd V Lim Seng Chye And Another And Another Appeal [2020] 1 Slr 373, Samuel Hzi Xun Tay
Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)
When your land has been damaged by your neighbour’s independent contractor, who should be held responsible—the contractor or your neighbour? Previously, it was considered by some to be difficult to pin liability on one’s neighbour. 1 This position was criticised for being unfair and unjust, especially in situations where one was unable to obtain recourse from the contractor.
What Cases Are To Be Heard By The Appellate Division And Why: Noor Azlin Bte Abdul Rahman And Another V Changi General Hospital Pte Ltd [2021] 2 Slr 440, Grace Jin Yi Nai
What Cases Are To Be Heard By The Appellate Division And Why: Noor Azlin Bte Abdul Rahman And Another V Changi General Hospital Pte Ltd [2021] 2 Slr 440, Grace Jin Yi Nai
Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)
On 2 January 2021, certain statutory amendments came into effect: specifically, the Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 2019 (Act 40 of 2019) (“SCJ(A)A”) which amended the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Cap 322, 2007 Rev Ed) (“SCJA”), and the Rules of Court (Amendment No. 5) Rules 2020 (“ROC(A)”) which amended the Rules of Court (Cap 322, R 5, 2014 Rev Ed) (“ROC”). These amendments had a significant impact on the court appellate system. For clarity, the pre-2 January versions of the legislation will be referred to as the “former SCJA” and “former ROC”, while the post-2 January versions will …
The Geoeconomics Of Belt And Road Disputes: A Case Study On The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, Mark Mclaughlin
The Geoeconomics Of Belt And Road Disputes: A Case Study On The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, Mark Mclaughlin
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article argues that the dovetailing economic, geopolitical, and security interests that underpin the Belt and Road Initiative demands a dispute resolution mechanism that focuses on broader interests and legal rights. Using the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as a case study, it identifies the conditions in which Chinese investors could have initiated an investment arbitration but did not. This can be explained by the rights-based orientation of investment treaties failing to reflect the interests of multi-project initiatives. Instead, alternative methods of home state intervention, such as state-funded political risk insurance, are used to protect investors. In other words, the political …
The New System Of Civil Appeals: What "Constitutional Or Administrative Law" Is; Whether To Appeal To The Appellate Division Or The Court Of Appeal; And Proposals For Further Reform, Benjamin Joshua Ong
The New System Of Civil Appeals: What "Constitutional Or Administrative Law" Is; Whether To Appeal To The Appellate Division Or The Court Of Appeal; And Proposals For Further Reform, Benjamin Joshua Ong
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
An application was made under s 95 of the Legal Profession Act to set aside a penalty imposed by the Council of the Law Society. The Court of Appeal held that an appeal lay to the Appellate Division of the High Court, and not the Court of Appeal, because this was not a “case relating to constitutional or administrative law”. The reasoning is problematic: it relied on an overly narrow conception of “public powers”, conflated judicial review with administrative law more broadly, erroneously considered the merits of the application as relevant to the “which court” question, and overlooked the similarities …
Two Decades After Salini V Morocco: The Case For Retaining The Salini Test With Modifications, Darius Chan, Justin Lai
Two Decades After Salini V Morocco: The Case For Retaining The Salini Test With Modifications, Darius Chan, Justin Lai
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The definition of an investment under Article 25 of the ICSID Convention continues to attract a divergence of views. Ever since its use in 2001, the Salini Test, in its various forms, has become the predominant method that tribunals use to determine whether there is an investment. However, the Salini Test is hardly free from controversy, and suffers from two significant issues. First, its criteria are often subject to differing interpretations, leading to confusion over how the test should actually be applied. Second, the Salini Test has lost its legal force over time, as it has been relegated to factors …
Influence In Investor-State Dispute Settlement: A Dynamic Concept, Rachel Cahill-O'Callaghan, Anna Luisa Howard, Stavros Brekoulakis
Influence In Investor-State Dispute Settlement: A Dynamic Concept, Rachel Cahill-O'Callaghan, Anna Luisa Howard, Stavros Brekoulakis
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) plays an increasingly important role in international trade resolution. The decisions have significant financial and in many cases policy implications, yet little is known about the formation of the ad-hoc panels and the decision-making process. Drawing on empirical evidence from interviews with key actors in the ISDS system, this article argues that influence plays a central role in both processes. The analysis further develops the framework for understanding influence in international decision-making to accommodate external factors (those visible to those appointing the decision-makers) and internal factors (those factors that become visible in the decision-making room). It …
A Review Of The 2021/22 International Moots Season, Siyuan Chen
A Review Of The 2021/22 International Moots Season, Siyuan Chen
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This is the eighth1 annual review of Singapore’s performance in international moot court competitions.2 An overview of the results for this season is presented at Table #1 below, while Tables #2 and #3 provide a snapshot of the results of the past 10 seasons. Despite the substantial lifting of travel restrictions throughout the world, the 2021/22 international moots season remained a virtually conducted one for many competitions, though competitions such as IP, Stetson, PAX, and WTO saw a much-welcomed return to in-person hearings, allowing students to compete and interact with teams and judges from around the world at places such …
International Commercial Mediation And Dispute Resolution Contracts, Nadja Alexander, Natasha Tunkel
International Commercial Mediation And Dispute Resolution Contracts, Nadja Alexander, Natasha Tunkel
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Every transaction has the potential to go wrong and international commercial contracts are not spared this plight. It is when an international commercial contract fails – irrespective of the reasons, that the impact of different legal and cultural backgrounds of the parties come to light. The obvious venue for commercial disputes to be decided is generally understood to be in court (litigation)2 or before an arbitral tribunal (arbitration)3. However, there are numerous other alternative dispute mechanisms4 available to parties that are less well known and also deserve consideration; not least because they offer parties methods of resolving the dispute between …
Book Review: Mediation Ethics: A Practitioner's Guide Edited By Omer Shapira Ed, Dorcas Quek Anderson
Book Review: Mediation Ethics: A Practitioner's Guide Edited By Omer Shapira Ed, Dorcas Quek Anderson
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
A review of the book Mediation ethics: A practitioner's guide, edited by Omer Shapira. Mediation ethics have been consistently featured in mediation training courses and mediation ethical principles have also been encapsulated in mediation providers’ codes of conduct for mediators. However, mediation ethics have probably inspired fewer publications and academic discussions than the popular topic of mediation skills. It is thus timely that Shapira has edited this publication focusing on mediation ethics. Published in 2021, this collection of reflections on mediation ethics has been written primarily for the American mediation profession, with frequent references made to the US Model Standards …
Non-Satisfaction Of Pre-Arbitration Requirements: Moving Away From Conditions Precedent Towards The Admissibility Of A Claim – Nwa V Nvf, Darius Chan, Joel Soon
Non-Satisfaction Of Pre-Arbitration Requirements: Moving Away From Conditions Precedent Towards The Admissibility Of A Claim – Nwa V Nvf, Darius Chan, Joel Soon
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In earlier cases, the non-satisfaction of pre-arbitration requirements has been analysed by the Singapore and English courts by reference to the issue of conditions precedent. It was assumed without argument that, if a requirement was construed as a condition precedent, the failure to satisfy that requirement would deprive the tribunal of jurisdiction. More recently, English and Hong Kong case law has focused on a different issue, asking whether the failure to meet the pre-arbitration requirement affects the tribunal’s jurisdiction or the admissibility of the claim. This case note analyses whether the Singapore courts should follow suit.
To Negotiate, Mediate Or Litigate? Examining The Durability Of Divorce Outcomes In The Singapore Family Courts, Dorcas Quek Anderson, Eunice Chua, Yilin Ning
To Negotiate, Mediate Or Litigate? Examining The Durability Of Divorce Outcomes In The Singapore Family Courts, Dorcas Quek Anderson, Eunice Chua, Yilin Ning
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
For many years, the courts have been grappling with the paradox of marriages—the most intimate of relationships—being dissolved in the courts that represent a public and adversarial setting. Despite the growth of divorce interventions, the perennial struggle remains in many courts on how to reduce the intense acrimony of divorce litigation. The question remains on the scope of “mainstream” interventions to be offered by the courts to divorce litigants. The current study therefore explores the use of court-connected negotiation, mediation, and litigation in the Singapore Family Justice Courts. It uses a statistical method of survival analysis to produce insights on …
Counting The Cost Of Enlarging The Role Of Adr In Civil Justice, Dorcas Quek Anderson
Counting The Cost Of Enlarging The Role Of Adr In Civil Justice, Dorcas Quek Anderson
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Access to civil justice in many countries has been plagued by the common challenges of the high cost of litigation, inequality in parties’ financial resources, differing risk appetites and limited judicial resources. Singapore, a common law jurisdiction, recently implemented radical changes to its civil justice regime with effect from 1 April 2022 in order to ensure affordability and timeliness of the civil justice process. As in the United Kingdom, these civil justice reforms are premised on the proportionality principle: they seek to achieve procedure that is proportionate to the claim value and the means of the parties, without unduly compromising …
Empowering The Courts To Order The Use Of Amicable Dispute Resolution: The Singapore Rules Of Court 2021, Dorcas Quek Anderson
Empowering The Courts To Order The Use Of Amicable Dispute Resolution: The Singapore Rules Of Court 2021, Dorcas Quek Anderson
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The civil justice regime in Singapore entered a new phase of radical reforms with effect from 1 April 2022. The reforms have substantially expanded the role of amicable dispute resolution (ADR). Parties have a duty to consider ADR prior to and during civil proceedings. More significantly, the courts have been empowered to order parties to attempt ADR, taking into account the ideals of the Rules of Court and all relevant circumstances. This note analyses the key reforms relating to the use of ADR with reference to comparable English developments. It discusses the broad yet ambivalent scope of ADR that could …
The Road Goes Ever On: Diplomatic Service In Relation To Award Enforcement Proceedings Against Foreign States, Darius Chan, Louis Lau
The Road Goes Ever On: Diplomatic Service In Relation To Award Enforcement Proceedings Against Foreign States, Darius Chan, Louis Lau
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The seemingly straightforward question of what and how a foreign state should be served when an award creditor seeks to enforce an arbitral award against the state has provoked differing views. On one hand, comity requires foreign states to be given notice of proceedings by a formal and predictable method through diplomatic processes. On the other hand, the potential for abuse by states, and practical difficulties of effecting diplomatic service, may exist in certain circumstances. This issue is of practical importance given the rise in cross-border investment with the Belt & Road Initiative and international investment instruments. This case note …
Hearing, Darius Chan, Gerome Goh
Hearing, Darius Chan, Gerome Goh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In certain international commercial arbitrations, for instance, in expedited proceedings under the auspices of various institutional rules, the tribunal may decide the dispute based on documentary evidence only. However, in most cases, hearings are generally conducted for the tribunal to hear examination of any factual or expert witness and/or for oral argument. It is not uncommon for there to be multiple hearings in a single arbitration, with each hearing focusing on specific procedural or substantive issues. The hearing is therefore a forum for the parties to adduce evidence and/or put forward their legal views in direct confrontation with each other. …
Burdening Assignees With Arbitration Agreements Via ‘Conditional Benefits’, Chee Ho Tham
Burdening Assignees With Arbitration Agreements Via ‘Conditional Benefits’, Chee Ho Tham
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In this article, the author compares two concepts that seek to explain why an assignee of a chose in action may be burdened by an arbitration agreement to which it is not privy. He posits that, of the “conditional benefits” concept and the “subject to equities” principle, the latter provides the better explanation.
Developing Brunei Darussalam As An Asean Hub For International Islamic Finance Dispute Resolution: Opportunity Or Over-Ambition?, Nobumichi Teramura
Developing Brunei Darussalam As An Asean Hub For International Islamic Finance Dispute Resolution: Opportunity Or Over-Ambition?, Nobumichi Teramura
Centre for Commercial Law in Asia
International dispute resolution is only at an early stage of development in Brunei. Although the government established the Brunei Darussalam Arbitration Centre (BDAC) in 2014 to provide domestic and international users with arbitration and mediation services, the institution has yet to attract a significant caseload. This is in contrast with neighbouring countries such as Singapore (a regional hub for international dispute resolution) and Malaysia (an active and rising centre of dispute settlement). Their flagship arbitration institutions, the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) and the Asian International Arbitration Centre (AIAC) (formerly known as the Kuala Lumpur Regional Centre for Arbitration), handle …
Online Falsehoods, Constitutional Free Speech And Its Limits: The Online Citizen V The Attorney-General, Gary K. Y. Chan
Online Falsehoods, Constitutional Free Speech And Its Limits: The Online Citizen V The Attorney-General, Gary K. Y. Chan
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The Singapore Court of Appeal has for the first time in The Online Citizen v The Attorney-General (8 October 2021) adjudicated on the constitutionality of correction directions issued by Ministers against allegedly false statements of fact under the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019. An overarching framework was utilised to assess whether the Ministerial directions restrict free speech under Article 14(1)(a) of the Constitution; if so, whether the restrictions are justifiable under the Constitution and whether there is a rational nexus between the statutory aims and enumerated exceptions. This case comment also examines the constitutional stance towards subject …
A Requirement, A Factor, Or A Figure Of Speech? Role Of Prejudice When Challenging Awards Under The Model Law, Darius Chan, Zhi Jia Koh
A Requirement, A Factor, Or A Figure Of Speech? Role Of Prejudice When Challenging Awards Under The Model Law, Darius Chan, Zhi Jia Koh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Both parties and courts routinely invoke the term ‘prejudice’ in applications to set aside an arbitral award or refuse its enforcement. This suggests that the use of the term is more than just a figure of speech. It is generally understood that prejudice, in the sense of impact or effect on the outcome of the arbitration, is relevant for procedural challenges but not jurisdictional challenges. However, questions remain as to whether prejudice is legally relevant for challenges that are neither strictly procedural or jurisdictional in nature, whether prejudice is relevant as a factor for consideration or as a legal requirement …
The Interaction Between Foreign And Domestic Doctrines Of Illegality: Ang Jian Sheng Jonathan V Lyu Yan [2021] 1 Slr 1091, Wen Yee Chang
The Interaction Between Foreign And Domestic Doctrines Of Illegality: Ang Jian Sheng Jonathan V Lyu Yan [2021] 1 Slr 1091, Wen Yee Chang
Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)
Moves to promote Singapore as an international dispute resolution hub in recent years1 have seen an increase in the number of international disputes being heard in Singapore.2 In 2021, Singapore was recognised as the top seat of arbitration globally, with the Singapore International Arbitration Centre chosen as the most preferred arbitral institution in the Asia-Pacific.3 On the litigation front, the Singapore International Commercial Court (“SICC”) is also well-positioned to deal with an expected 26 percent surge in cross-border insolvency disputes arising due to the current pandemic.4 Against this backdrop, cross-border issues will be more frequently dealt with before Singapore courts. …
The Precise Ambit Of The Sealing Requirement For Deeds, Robbie Shih Rong Tan
The Precise Ambit Of The Sealing Requirement For Deeds, Robbie Shih Rong Tan
Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)
Parties (“creditors”) who loan money to others (“debtors”) are often concerned that the debtors will be unable or unwilling to repay them. Such creditors may then enter into deeds of guarantee with third parties (“guarantors”) to secure the repayment of their loans if their debtors default on payment of the same. Unlike a contract, a deed does not require consideration to be legally enforceable. However, for a deed to be legally enforceable, several other formalities must be fulfilled. In particular, the deed must be “signed, sealed, and delivered”.