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Resolving Incompatibilities Of Bilateral Investment Treaties Of The Eu Member States With The Ec Treaty: Individual And Collective Options, Ahmad Ali Ghouri
Resolving Incompatibilities Of Bilateral Investment Treaties Of The Eu Member States With The Ec Treaty: Individual And Collective Options, Ahmad Ali Ghouri
Ahmad Ali Ghouri
Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) concluded by the EU Member States contain substantially similar clauses, including free movement of capital and investor-to-state dispute resolution. Article 307 EC provides for the primacy of pre-accession treaties over the EC Treaty and simultaneously requires the Member States to eliminate their mutual incompatibilities. The European Court of Justice has declared that free movement of capital clauses of Austrian and Swedish pre-accession extra-EU BITs are incompatible with the EC Treaty as they will impede any restrictions on the movement of capital imposed as future Community legislation. A similar ‘free movement of capital’ clause is present in …
Labour Trafficking: Prosecutions And Other Proceedings, Fiona M. David Ms
Labour Trafficking: Prosecutions And Other Proceedings, Fiona M. David Ms
Fiona David
In Australia, three defendants in two cases have been charged and prosecuted for ‘slavery’ or ’trafficking in persons’ under the Criminal Code (Cth), in circumstances where the crimes have allegedly occurred in contexts other than the sex industry. These cases tend to be described as instances of ‘labour trafficking’, even though the parameters of this phrase are far from settled (see further AIC 2009). This brief describes the progression of these two cases through the Australian court system, with varying outcomes.
Migrant Smuggling And Human Rights - Notes From The Field, Fiona M. David Ms
Migrant Smuggling And Human Rights - Notes From The Field, Fiona M. David Ms
Fiona David
Eastern Africa is one of the poorest, most conflict-riddled regions in the world and, within this region, migrant smuggling between countries is commonplace. The following article by Fiona David, a lawyer and researcher in smuggling and trafficking issues, seeks to provide some insights into the drivers and realities of migrant smuggling, and the human rights implications of this trade in human misery.
Building The Infrastructure Of Anti-Trafficking: Information, Funding, Responses, Fiona M. David Ms
Building The Infrastructure Of Anti-Trafficking: Information, Funding, Responses, Fiona M. David Ms
Fiona David
No abstract provided.
Labour Trafficking: Key Concepts And Issues, Fiona M. David Ms
Labour Trafficking: Key Concepts And Issues, Fiona M. David Ms
Fiona David
At the international level, there is no single, clear definition of ‘labour trafficking’. Arguably, the expression can be used to describe those forms of trafficking in persons of which the exploitative purpose relates to a person’s labour. There are, however, debates over the scope and meaning of these terms. This brief provides an introduction to key terms and notes some of the issues that remain less settled.
Us Attacks Inside Pakistan Territory: An Insight On International Law And Use Of Force, Ahmad Ali Ghouri
Us Attacks Inside Pakistan Territory: An Insight On International Law And Use Of Force, Ahmad Ali Ghouri
Ahmad Ali Ghouri
Post September 11, 2001 era gave new dimensions to the use of force under international law. New interpretations of the doctrine of self-defence emerged alongside the invention of the doctrine of pre-emptive strike devising legitimacy for the use of force. Where there are increasing concerns of international community for fully reliable evidence, as opposed to assumptions and probabilities, which may provide basis for a pre-emptive military action, there is fundamental jurisprudential divide among international lawyers over the circumstances that may give a legitimate right to pre-emptive use of force. Although the issue of pre-emptive use of force is equally important …
Prosecuting Trafficking In Persons: Known Issues, Emerging Responses, Fiona M. David Ms
Prosecuting Trafficking In Persons: Known Issues, Emerging Responses, Fiona M. David Ms
Fiona David
This paper is the second in a series that examines the different components of the criminal justice response to trafficking in persons. Specifically, this paper seeks to identify some of the practical issues that may affect trafficking prosecutions, such as unclear legal frameworks, the transnational nature of trafficking, and reliance on often traumatised victims as witnesses who may also be unwilling or unable to participate in prosecutions. Proposed strategies to support or improve prosecution practice include legal reform, protection of witnesses and specialist training for prosecution units.
Law Enforcement Responses To Trafficking In Persons: Challenges And Emerging Good Practice, Fiona M. David Ms
Law Enforcement Responses To Trafficking In Persons: Challenges And Emerging Good Practice, Fiona M. David Ms
Fiona David
In recent years, the Australian Government has committed significant resources to combating trafficking in persons. Within this larger anti-trafficking effort, the community sector, law enforcement, prosecutors, health professionals and members of the community all have an important role to play. As each sector comes to terms with the reality of trafficking in Australia, it is important that emerging challenges and possible solutions are identified. This paper focuses on the challenges that may confront law enforcement officials in any country in their efforts to detect trafficking, identify victims, investigate offences and contribute to the successful prosecution of offenders. Drawing on international …