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Articles 1 - 30 of 143
Full-Text Articles in Law
Half-Based Discrimination Against Gays, Alan E. Garfield
Half-Based Discrimination Against Gays, Alan E. Garfield
Alan E Garfield
No abstract provided.
Judicial Review And Non-Enforcement At The Founding, Matthew Steilen
Judicial Review And Non-Enforcement At The Founding, Matthew Steilen
Matthew Steilen
This Article examines the relationship between judicial review and presidential non-enforcement of statutory law. Defenders of non-enforcement regularly argue that the justification for judicial review that prevailed at the time of the founding also justifies the president in declining to enforce unconstitutional laws. The argument is unsound. This Article shows that there is essentially no historical evidence, from ratification through the first decade under the Constitution, in support of a non-enforcement power. It also shows that the framers repeatedly made statements inconsistent with the supposition that the president could refuse to enforce laws he deemed unconstitutional. In contrast, during this …
The Political Economy Of Criminal Procedure Litigation, Anthony O'Rourke
The Political Economy Of Criminal Procedure Litigation, Anthony O'Rourke
Anthony O'Rourke
Criminal procedure has undergone several well-documented shifts in its doctrinal foundations since the Supreme Court first began to apply the Constitution’s criminal procedure protections to the States. This Article examines the ways in which the political economy of criminal litigation – specifically, the material conditions that determine which litigants are able to raise criminal procedure claims, and which of those litigants’ cases are appealed to the United States Supreme Court – has influenced these shifts. It offers a theoretical framework for understanding how the political economy of criminal litigation shapes constitutional doctrine, according to which an increase in the number …
Ideal Theory And The Limits Of Historical Narrative, Anthony O'Rourke
Ideal Theory And The Limits Of Historical Narrative, Anthony O'Rourke
Anthony O'Rourke
Some intellectual concepts that once played a central role in America’s constitutional history are, for both better and worse, no longer part of our political language.[1] These concepts may be so alien to us that they would remain invisible without carefully reexamining the past in order to challenge the received narratives of America’s constitutional development.[2] Should constitutional theorists undertake this kind of historical reexamination? If so, to what extent should they be willing to stray from the disciplinary norms that govern intellectual history? And what normative aims can they reasonably expect to achieve by exploring ideas in our …
The Speedy Trial Right And National Security Detentions: Critical Comments On United States V. Ghailani, Anthony O'Rourke
The Speedy Trial Right And National Security Detentions: Critical Comments On United States V. Ghailani, Anthony O'Rourke
Anthony O'Rourke
No abstract provided.
Statutory Constraints And Constitutional Decisionmaking, Anthony O'Rourke
Statutory Constraints And Constitutional Decisionmaking, Anthony O'Rourke
Anthony O'Rourke
Although constitutional scholars frequently analyze the relationships between courts and legislatures, they rarely examine the relationship between courts and statutes. This Article is the first to systematically examine how the presence or absence of a statute can influence constitutional doctrine. It analyzes pairs of cases that raise similar constitutional questions, but differ with respect to whether the court is reviewing the constitutionality of legislation. These case pairs suggest that statutes place significant constraints on constitutional decisionmaking. Specifically, in cases that involve a challenge to a statute, courts are less inclined to use doctrine to regulate the behavior of nonjudicial officials. …
Structural Overdelegation In Criminal Procedure, Anthony O'Rourke
Structural Overdelegation In Criminal Procedure, Anthony O'Rourke
Anthony O'Rourke
In function, if not in form, criminal procedure is a type of delegation. It requires courts to select constitutional objectives, and to decide how much discretionary authority to allocate to law enforcement officials in order to implement those objectives. By recognizing this process for what it is, this Article identifies a previously unseen phenomenon that inheres in the structure of criminal procedure decision-making. Criminal procedure’s decision-making structure, this Article argues, pressures the Supreme Court to delegate more discretionary authority to law enforcement officials than the Court’s constitutional objectives can justify. By definition, this systematic “overdelegation” does not result from the …
The "Public Uses" Of Eminent Domain: History And Policy, Errol E. Meidinger
The "Public Uses" Of Eminent Domain: History And Policy, Errol E. Meidinger
Errol Meidinger
This paper examines the effects and implications of the ‘public use’ requirement for the exercise of eminent domain in the United States. It is part of an ongoing inquiry the consequences of eminent domain in the United States. The first part examines the history of the public use requirement, both how the doctrine has been articulated and logically extended and what purposes have been accomplished under it. The second part of the paper is an analytic critique of the public use doctrine. After considering whether any principled standard can be developed to delimit the proper uses of eminent domain, it …
Facing The Ghost Of Cruikshank In Constitutional Law, Martha T. Mccluskey
Facing The Ghost Of Cruikshank In Constitutional Law, Martha T. Mccluskey
Martha T. McCluskey
For a symposium on Teaching Ferguson, this essay considers how the standard introductory constitutional law course evades the history of legal struggle against institutionalized anti-black violence. The traditional course emphasizes the drama of anti-majoritarian judicial expansion of substantive rights. Looming over the doctrines of equal protection and due process, the ghost of Lochner warns of dangers of judicial leadership in substantive constitutional change. This standard narrative tends to lower expectations for constitutional justice, emphasizing the virtues of judicial modesty and formalism. By supplementing the ghost of Lochner with the ghost of comparably infamous and influential case, United States v. Cruikshank …
Autonomy And Isomorphism: The Unfulfilled Promise Of Structural Autonomy In American State Constitutions, James A. Gardner
Autonomy And Isomorphism: The Unfulfilled Promise Of Structural Autonomy In American State Constitutions, James A. Gardner
James Gardner
In the American system of federalism, states have almost complete freedom to adopt institutions and practices of internal self-governance that they find best-suited to the needs and preferences of their citizens. Nevertheless, states have not availed themselves of these opportunities: the structural provisions of state constitutions tend to converge strongly with one another and with the U.S. Constitution. This paper examines two important periods of such convergence: the period from 1776 through the first few decades of the nineteenth century, when states were inventing institutions of democratic governance and representation; and the period following the Supreme Court’s one person, one …
A Retrospective On Lucas V. South Carolina Coastal Council: Public Policy Implications For The 21st Century, Kim Diana Connolly
A Retrospective On Lucas V. South Carolina Coastal Council: Public Policy Implications For The 21st Century, Kim Diana Connolly
Kim Diana Connolly
No abstract provided.
Laws Of Image: Privacy And Publicity In America, Samantha Barbas
Laws Of Image: Privacy And Publicity In America, Samantha Barbas
Samantha Barbas
Americans have long been obsessed with their images—their looks, public personas, and the impressions they make. This preoccupation has left its mark on the law. The twentieth century saw the creation of laws that protect your right to control your public image, to defend your image, and to feel good about your image and public presentation of self. These include the legal actions against invasion of privacy, libel, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. With these laws came the phenomenon of "personal image litigation"—individuals suing to vindicate their image rights. Laws of Image tells the story of how Americans came …
Measuring The Chilling Effect, Brandice Canes-Wrone, Michael C. Dorf
Measuring The Chilling Effect, Brandice Canes-Wrone, Michael C. Dorf
Michael C. Dorf
Supreme Court doctrine grants special protection against laws that “chill” protected speech, most prominently via the overbreadth doctrine. The overbreadth doctrine permits persons whose own speech is unprotected to challenge laws that infringe the protected speech of third parties. The Court has not generally applied overbreadth and the other speech-protective doctrines to other constitutional rights even though other rights could also be subject to a chilling effect. The case law simply assumes that the chilling effect only acts on the exercise of speech, and that this justifies treating speech differently from other rights. We tested these assumptions with respect to …
End The Confidentiality Agreements That Help Perpetuate Abuse, Alan E. Garfield
End The Confidentiality Agreements That Help Perpetuate Abuse, Alan E. Garfield
Alan E Garfield
No abstract provided.
Plea Bargain Negotiations: Defining Competence Beyond Lafler And Frye, Cynthia Alkon
Plea Bargain Negotiations: Defining Competence Beyond Lafler And Frye, Cynthia Alkon
Cynthia Alkon
In the companion cases of Lafler v. Cooper and Missouri v. Frye the U.S. Supreme Court held that there is a right to effective assistance of counsel during plea bargaining. However, the Court defined effective assistance of counsel in only one narrow phase of plea bargaining: the client counseling phase. The Court said it would not look more broadly at the negotiation process itself as "[b]argaining is, by its nature, defined to a substantial degree by personal style.” This statement indicates that the Court does not fully understanding developments in the field of negotiation over the last thirty years. Negotiation …
Balancing Security And Liberty In Germany, Russell A. Miller
Balancing Security And Liberty In Germany, Russell A. Miller
Russell A. Miller
Scholarly discourse over America’s national security policy frequently invites comparison with Germany’s policy. Interest in Germany’s national security jurisprudence arises because, like the United States, Germany is a constitutional democracy. Yet, in contrast to the United States, Germany’s historical encounters with violent authoritarian, anti-democratic, and terrorist movements have endowed it with a wealth of constitutional experience in balancing security and liberty. The first of these historical encounters – with National Socialism – provided the legacy against which Germany’s post-World War II constitutional order is fundamentally defined. The second encounter – with leftist domestic radicalism in the 1970s and 1980s – …
Discretionary Dockets, Randy J. Kozel, Jeffrey Pojanowski
Discretionary Dockets, Randy J. Kozel, Jeffrey Pojanowski
Randy J Kozel
The Supreme Court’s workload and its method for selecting cases have drawn increasing critical scrutiny. Similarly, and separately, recent commentary has focused on the disparate approaches the Court has taken to resolving cases on its (historically small) docket. In this Essay we draw these two lines of inquiry together to argue that the Court’s case selection should align with its approach to constitutional adjudication. In doing so, we discuss four modes of constitutional decisionmaking and then examine the interplay between those modes, the Court’s management of its docket, and its sense of institutional role. The Court, we argue, has neither …
In Defense Of Judicial Supremacy, Erwin Chemerinsky
In Defense Of Judicial Supremacy, Erwin Chemerinsky
Erwin Chemerinsky
“Judicial supremacy” is the idea that the Supreme Court should be viewed as the authoritative interpreter of the Constitution and that we should deem its decisions as binding on the other branches and levels of government, until and unless constitutional amendment or subsequent decision overrules them. This is desirable because we want to have an authoritative interpreter of the Constitution and the Court is best suited to play this role. Under this view, doctrines which keep federal courts from enforcing constitutional provisions—such as denying standing for generalized grievances, the political question doctrine, and the state secrets doctrine—are misguided and should …
Free Speech And The Limits Of Legislative Discretion: The Example Of Specialty License Plates, Leslie Gielow Jacobs
Free Speech And The Limits Of Legislative Discretion: The Example Of Specialty License Plates, Leslie Gielow Jacobs
Leslie Gielow Jacobs
No abstract provided.
Bush, Obama And Beyond: Observations On The Prospect For Fact Checking Executive Department Threat Claims Before The Use Of Force, Leslie Gielow Jacobs
Bush, Obama And Beyond: Observations On The Prospect For Fact Checking Executive Department Threat Claims Before The Use Of Force, Leslie Gielow Jacobs
Leslie Gielow Jacobs
This piece looks at the recurring problem of inflated threat claims offered by executive branch actors to persuade the Nation to consent to the use of force. It sets out the experience of the Bush Administration’s use of incorrect threat claims to persuade the country to consent to the use of force in Iraq as a backdrop to evaluating the President Obama’s use of threat claims to support the continuing use of force in Afghanistan. Although comparison of threat advocacy by the Bush and Obama administrations must be imperfect, it allows for some observations about the extent to which the …
Government Identity Speech Programs: Understanding And Applying The New Walker Test, Leslie Gielow Jacobs
Government Identity Speech Programs: Understanding And Applying The New Walker Test, Leslie Gielow Jacobs
Leslie Gielow Jacobs
In Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans, Inc., the Court extended its previous holding in Pleasant Grove City, Utah v.Summum that a city’s donated park monuments were government speech to the privately proposed designs that Texas accepts and stamps onto its specialty license plates. The placement of the program into the new doctrinal category is significant because the selection criteria for government–private speech combinations that produce government speech are “exempt from First Amendment scrutiny.” By contrast, when the government selects private speakers to participate in a private speech forum, its criteria must be reasonable in light of the …
Sexuality And Sovereignty: The Global Limits And Possibilities Of A Lawrence, Sonia K. Katyal
Sexuality And Sovereignty: The Global Limits And Possibilities Of A Lawrence, Sonia K. Katyal
Sonia Katyal
No abstract provided.
Eclecticism, Nelson Tebbe
Eclecticism, Nelson Tebbe
Nelson Tebbe
This short piece comments on Kent Greenawalt's new book, Religion and the Constitution: Establishment and Fairness. It argues that although Greenawalt's eclectic approach carries certain obvious costs, his theory cannot be evaluated without comparing its advantages and disadvantages to those of its competitors. It concludes by giving some sense of what that comparative calculus might look like.
Smith In Theory And Practice, Nelson Tebbe
Smith In Theory And Practice, Nelson Tebbe
Nelson Tebbe
Employment Division v. Smith controversially held that general laws that were neutral toward religion would no longer be presumptively invalid, regardless of how much they incidentally burdened religious practices. That decision sparked a debate that continues today, twenty years later. This symposium Essay explores the argument that subsequent courts have in fact been less constrained by the principal rule of Smith than advocates on both sides of the controversy usually assume. Lower courts administering real world disputes often find they have all the room they need to grant relief from general laws, given exceptions written into the decision itself and …
How To Think About Religious Freedom In An Egalitarian Age, Nelson Tebbe
How To Think About Religious Freedom In An Egalitarian Age, Nelson Tebbe
Nelson Tebbe
No abstract provided.
Nonbelievers, Nelson Tebbe
Nonbelievers, Nelson Tebbe
Nelson Tebbe
How should courts handle nonbelievers who bring religious freedom claims? Although this question is easy to grasp, it presents a genuine puzzle because the religion clauses of the Constitution, along with many contemporary statutes, protect only religion by their terms. From time to time, judges and lawyers have therefore struggled with the place of nonbelievers in the American scheme of religious freedom. Today, this problem is gaining prominence because of nonbelievers’ rising visibility. New lines of social conflict are forming around them, generating disputes that have already gone legal. In this Article, I argue that no wholesale response will do. …
Government Nonendorsement, Nelson Tebbe
Government Nonendorsement, Nelson Tebbe
Nelson Tebbe
What are the constitutional limits on government endorsement? Judges and scholars typically assume that when the government speaks on its own account, it faces few restrictions. In fact, they often say that the only real restriction on government speech is the Establishment Clause. On this view, officials cannot endorse, say, Christianity, but otherwise they enjoy wide latitude to promote democracy or denigrate smoking. Two doctrines and their accompanying literatures have fed this impression. First, the Court’s recent free speech cases have suggested that government speech is virtually unfettered. Second, experts on religious freedom have long assumed that there is no …
Associations And The Constitution: Four Questions About Four Freedoms, Nelson Tebbe
Associations And The Constitution: Four Questions About Four Freedoms, Nelson Tebbe
Nelson Tebbe
No abstract provided.
Constitutional Borrowing, Nelson Tebbe, Robert Tsai
Constitutional Borrowing, Nelson Tebbe, Robert Tsai
Nelson Tebbe
No abstract provided.
Is The Constitution Special?, Nelson Tebbe, Christopher Serkin
Is The Constitution Special?, Nelson Tebbe, Christopher Serkin
Nelson Tebbe
No abstract provided.