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Articles 1 - 30 of 70
Full-Text Articles in Law
Fighting For Whiteness In Ukraine, Marissa Jackson Sow
Fighting For Whiteness In Ukraine, Marissa Jackson Sow
Law Faculty Publications
Teri McMurtry-Chubb’s Race Unequals: Overseer Contracts, White Masculinities, and the Formation of Managerial Identity in the Plantation Economy offers groundbreaking insights into the gendered economic hierarchies internal to the body politic of whiteness through its examination of the limitations that plantation overseers’ contracts in the American Deep South placed on their ability to exercise the proprietorship and contracting authority prerequisite to white identity. This Essay uses the Ukrainian campaign to be recognized as a liberal white nation, and formally become a member of the West, as a contemporary case study of how whiteness remains hegemonized and subject to the ability …
An Interdisciplinary Approach To The Legal History Of Northern Ireland (1921-1948): Methods And Sources, Molly Lentz-Meyer
An Interdisciplinary Approach To The Legal History Of Northern Ireland (1921-1948): Methods And Sources, Molly Lentz-Meyer
Law Faculty Publications
Approaches from legal scholarship include primary sources such as statutes and case law, as well as legislative histories which legal scholars rarely consider ‘history’ in the same way as historians. Rather, legal scholars often look to legislative histories to discern the intent of the legislature in enacting laws for the sole purpose of interpreting a statute’s meaning. This study utilises the research tools employed by legal scholars – statutory law, case law, and legislative histories – to examine the establishment of the legal system in Northern Ireland. The study will focus on the early period of devolution (1921 – 1948) …
“Fundamental Fairness”: Finding A Civil Right To Counsel In International Human Rights Law, Meredith Elliot Hollman
“Fundamental Fairness”: Finding A Civil Right To Counsel In International Human Rights Law, Meredith Elliot Hollman
Law Student Publications
Every other Western democracy now recognizes a right to counsel in at least some kinds of civil cases, typically those involving basic human rights. The World Justice Project’s 2021 Rule of Law Index ranked the United States 126th of 139 countries for “People Can Access and Afford Civil Justice.” Within its regional and income categories, the United States was dead last. The United Nations and other international treaty bodies have urged the United States to improve access to justice by providing civil legal aid. How did we fall behind, and what can we learn from the rest of the world? …
Implementing War Torts, Rebecca Crootof
Implementing War Torts, Rebecca Crootof
Law Faculty Publications
Under the law of armed conflict, no entity is accountable for lawful acts in war that cause harm, and accountability mechanisms for unlawful acts (like war crimes) rarely create a right to compensation for victims. Accordingly, states now regularly create bespoke institutions, like the proposed International Claims Commission for Ukraine, to resolve mass claims associated with international crises. While helpful for specific and politically popular populations, these one-off institutions have limited jurisdiction and thus limited effect. Creating an international “war torts” regime—which would establish route to compensation for civilians harmed in armed conflict—would better address this accountability gap for all …
War Torts, Rebecca Crootof
War Torts, Rebecca Crootof
Law Faculty Publications
The law of armed conflict has a built-in accountability gap. Under international law, there is no individualized remedy for civilians whose property, bodies, or lives are destroyed in war. Accountability mechanisms for civilian harms are limited to unlawful acts: Individuals who willfully target civilians or otherwise commit serious violations of international humanitarian law may be prosecuted for war crimes, and states that commit internationally wrongful acts must make reparations under the law of state responsibility. But no entity is liable for lawful but unintended harmful acts—regardless of how many or how horrifically civilians are hurt.
This Article proposes developing an …
Evaluating A Permanent Court Solution For International Investment Disputes, Emily Palombo
Evaluating A Permanent Court Solution For International Investment Disputes, Emily Palombo
Law Student Publications
Despite the original objective of investor state dispute settlement (“ISDS”)—to create an unbiased arbitration mechanism to resolve conflicts between states and foreign investors—ISDS tribunals have gained the reputation of being one-sided, nontransparent, and inconsistent in decisions rendered. A major reform proposed to address the criticism of ISDS is the creation of one permanent tribunal, rather than numerous ad hoc tribunals constituted separately for each investment dispute. Discussion of ISDS reform in light of its historical context poses the question: is ISDS really a broken system, or have our global priorities and concerns changed over time? While improvements can be made, …
Rethinking The Individual In International Law, Chiara Giorgetti
Rethinking The Individual In International Law, Chiara Giorgetti
Law Faculty Publications
The acceptance of the individual as a subject of international law has been gradual and asymmetrical. Individuals have become international law subjects in their own rights in some international legal areas, including human rights and international criminal law. This affords individuals substantive rights and obligations, as well as procedural rights. In most legal areas, however, individuals acquired substantive rights, but not direct procedural rights. In those instances, individuals need the filter of a nationality to enforce their claim and remedy in international proceedings. This Article criticizes the nationality-based approach and argues that there are better and alternative ways to provide …
Ex Pluribus Unum? On The Form And Shape Of A Common Code Of Ethics In International Litigation, Chiara Giorgetti, Jeffrey L. Dunoff
Ex Pluribus Unum? On The Form And Shape Of A Common Code Of Ethics In International Litigation, Chiara Giorgetti, Jeffrey L. Dunoff
Law Faculty Publications
In April 2019, member-states of UNCITRAL Working Group III requested the UNCITRAL Secretariat to undertake preparatory work for a Code of Conduct for Investor-State Dispute Settlement focusing on the implementation and enforceability of such a code. This groundbreaking development signals that, for the first time, a consensus exists that a code of ethics for Investor-State dispute settlement is desirable and needed. This contribution addresses three threshold questions that such preparatory work raises, namely: the preferred form of the code, the code's substantive reach, and the optimal process for bringing a code to fruition. As set out below, we urge that …
Introduction To The Symposium: A Focus On Ethics In International Courts And Tribunals, Chiara Giorgetti, Jeffrey L. Dunoff
Introduction To The Symposium: A Focus On Ethics In International Courts And Tribunals, Chiara Giorgetti, Jeffrey L. Dunoff
Law Faculty Publications
Alarming developments in a recent arbitration between Croatia and Slovenia catapulted ethical issues to the center of debates over the functioning of international dispute settlement. On July 22, 2015, a Croatian newspaper published transcripts and audio files of ex parte communications between the arbitrator Slovenia appointed and Slovenia's agent in the case. In these discussions, the arbitrator disclosed the Tribunal's preliminary conclusions (which allegedly favored Slovenia) and discussed ways to influence the other arbitrators on the panel. Following the revelation of these conversations, Slovenia's Prime Minister demanded and received the resignations of both individuals and stated that the Slovenian Government …
International Cybertorts: Expanding State Accountability In Cyberspace, Rebecca Crootof
International Cybertorts: Expanding State Accountability In Cyberspace, Rebecca Crootof
Law Faculty Publications
States are not being held accountable for the vast majority of their harmful cyberoperations, largely because classifications created in physical space do not map well onto the cyber domain. Most injurious and invasive cyberoperations are not cybercrimes and do not constitute cyberwarfare, nor are states extending existing definitions of wrongful acts permitting countermeasures to cyberoperations (possibly to avoid creating precedent restricting their own activities). Absent an appropriate label, victim states have few effective and nonescalatory responsive options, and the harms associated with these incidents lie where they fall.
This Article draws on tort law and international law principles to construct …
Our Oceans Need Sharks: A Comparative Analysis Of Shark And Turtle Conservation Law In Australia And The United States, Gabrielle Stiff Heim
Our Oceans Need Sharks: A Comparative Analysis Of Shark And Turtle Conservation Law In Australia And The United States, Gabrielle Stiff Heim
Law Student Publications
The model used for turtle conservation and recovery would be an accurate model for conserving and recovering the endangered shark species, as well. As sharks are crucial to the marine environment, action needs to be taken in the form of policies that parallel those that protect turtles. Specifically, the models of protection for turtles in both Australia and the United States can serve as examples for shark conservation and recovery policies. As sharks are migratory species like turtles, international efforts and treaties are also crucial to providing boundaries and regulations for sharks in the global arena. The future of sharks …
International Adjudicative Bodies, Chiara Giorgetti
International Adjudicative Bodies, Chiara Giorgetti
Law Faculty Publications
The past fifty years have seen a tremendous rise in international litigation. There are more parties who are more prone to use international law mechanisms to resolve their disputes, and more international actors have more forums available to them to which they can bring their disputes. Indeed, the multifaceted growth of international dispute resolution is one of international law's most important and interesting recent developments.
At the heart of this development are international adjudicative bodies, a diverse group of international bodies that have a common dispute settlement function, the outcome of which is binding on the parties. This chapter examines …
Brazil's Olympic-Era Anti-Corruption Reforms, Andrew B. Spalding
Brazil's Olympic-Era Anti-Corruption Reforms, Andrew B. Spalding
Law Faculty Publications
A country once renowned for glorifying corruption now leads what may be the furthest-reaching anti-corruption investigation in history. Brazil, once typified by its "Brazilian jeitinho" way of creatively navigating social problems,' now executes "Operation Car Wash," bringing down political and business leaders by the dozens. So too has Brazil's Congress adopted a series of dramatic, and effective, new anti-corruption laws, in response to public outcries for reform. It is deeply ironic, but not at all coincidental, that Brazil concurrently hosted the Summer Olympics. This paper chronicles the extraordinary series of events that connect - in a line that is straight …
3.14 Rio 2016 And The Birth Of Brazilian Transparency, Pat Barr, Albert Flores, Kat Gavin, Shaun Freiman, Tyler Klink, Carter Nichols, Ann Reid, Rina Van Orden
3.14 Rio 2016 And The Birth Of Brazilian Transparency, Pat Barr, Albert Flores, Kat Gavin, Shaun Freiman, Tyler Klink, Carter Nichols, Ann Reid, Rina Van Orden
Law Student Publications
Brazil’s modern democracy is but three decades old. With the Brazilian people now taking to the streets in protest at public corruption, the government is enacting new laws and learning to effectively enforce them. The nation is thus feeling the growing pains of an emergent commitment to transparency. In this, the window between Brazil’s hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics, it is timely to ask what the spotlight of these two events has revealed about the nation’s anti-corruption measures. How is the government responding to exposed corruption risk? Will the Olympics ultimately make good …
3.14 Rio 2016 And The Birth Of Brazilian Transparency, Andrew B. Spalding
3.14 Rio 2016 And The Birth Of Brazilian Transparency, Andrew B. Spalding
Law Faculty Publications
Brazil’s modern democracy is but three decades old. With the Brazilian people now taking to the streets in protest at public corruption, the government is enacting new laws and learning to effectively enforce them. The nation is thus feeling the growing pains of an emergent commitment to transparency. In this, the window between Brazil’s hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics, it is timely to ask what the spotlight of these two events has revealed about the nation’s anti-corruption measures. How is the government responding to exposed corruption risk? Will the Olympics ultimately make good …
Between Legitimacy And Control: Challenges And Recusals Of Arbitrators And Judges In International Courts And Tribunals, Chiara Giorgetti
Between Legitimacy And Control: Challenges And Recusals Of Arbitrators And Judges In International Courts And Tribunals, Chiara Giorgetti
Law Faculty Publications
Challenges of judges and arbitrators in international courts and tribunals is a vastly understudied subject. To correct this imbalance, this Article makes three novel contributions. First, and for the first time, it details and compares challenge procedures across a variety of international courts and tribunals, including both permanent and ad hoc institutions. Second, it provides unique data on challenges and provides a detailed analysis of their outcomes. Third, it makes two concrete recommendations that should be adopted as baseline requirements to improve and harmonize existing challenge procedures: (1) it proposes that an external or semi-external institution take decisions on challenges, …
Change Without Consent: How Customary International Law Modifies Treaties, Rebecca Crootof
Change Without Consent: How Customary International Law Modifies Treaties, Rebecca Crootof
Law Faculty Publications
In 1903, Panama ceded its sovereign rights over the Panama Canal to the United States in perpetuity. The 1930 London Naval Treaty required submarines to comply with the contemporary law of war, including the prohibition on neutralizing enemy merchant vessels without having first ensured the safety of their passengers and crew. In 1945, the United Nations Charter prohibited its members from threatening or using force against another state, save for two limited exceptions. And, in 1969, Spain and Morocco concluded a permanent fisheries convention, setting the limit of their territorial seas at twelve miles.
Some of these treaties were bilateral …
Between Flexibility And Stability: Ad Hoc Procedures And/Or Judicial Institutions?, Chiara Giorgetti
Between Flexibility And Stability: Ad Hoc Procedures And/Or Judicial Institutions?, Chiara Giorgetti
Law Faculty Publications
The choice between the flexibility offered by ad hoc procedures and the stability proper of established judicial institutions poses many interesting questions for those interested in international dispute resolution. This chapter seeks to assess some of these questions and, possibly, to offer suggestions to future parties and their counsel on how to select the most appropriate resolution mechanism to resolve their international inter-state dispute. To begin with, it is worth noting two important and related trends that characterize contemporary international dispute resolution: first, the increased use of international litigation by diverse international actors, and second, the multiplication of dispute resolution …
A Red Card For Fifa: Corruption And Scandal In The World’S Foremost Sports Association, Chance Esposito
A Red Card For Fifa: Corruption And Scandal In The World’S Foremost Sports Association, Chance Esposito
Law Student Publications
On a global scale, soccer (or as it is commonly called in most other countries “football”) is the most popular sport based on its numbers alone with over 250 million players. In recent years, the sport has become increasingly popular in nations or territories such as the United States. As a result of this increased interest, the sport and its governing organization, The Federation Internationale de Football Association (“FIFA”), has been thrown into the global media arena in the past two decades. Recently unearthed information, however, has put the actions of the organization at the center of controversy for alleged …
Consent Is Not Enough: Why States Must Respect The Intensity Threshold In Transnational Conflict, Rebecca Crootof
Consent Is Not Enough: Why States Must Respect The Intensity Threshold In Transnational Conflict, Rebecca Crootof
Law Faculty Publications
It is widely accepted that a state cannot treat a struggle with an organized non-state actor as an armed conflict until the violence crosses a minimum threshold of intensity. For instance, during the recent standoff at the Oregon wildlife refuge, the U.S. government could have lawfully used force pursuant to its domestic law enforcement and human rights obligations, but President Obama could not have ordered a drone strike on the protesters. The reason for this uncontroversial rule is simple—not every riot or civil disturbance should be treated like a war.
But what if President Obama had invited Canada to bomb …
The Challenge And Recusal Of Judges Of The International Court Of Justice, Chiara Giorgetti
The Challenge And Recusal Of Judges Of The International Court Of Justice, Chiara Giorgetti
Law Faculty Publications
The rules and mechanisms to challenge and recuse a judge of the International Court of Justice ("ICJ") are unique and pertain to the control mechanisms proper to permanent international dispute resolution bodies, characterized by a plurality of representative, elected judges. Indeed, the Statute of the ICJ ("Statute") provides a series of control mechanisms aimed at ensuring the independence and impartiality of its judges. The drafters of the Statute adopted a multi-tiered approach, relying first on self-control of each judge, and then envisaging a subsidiary control role for the President and the Court as a whole. Third-party requests for recusals are …
At Play In The Field Of Law: Symbolic Capital And Foreign Attorneys In Ll.M. Programs, Jan Hoffman French
At Play In The Field Of Law: Symbolic Capital And Foreign Attorneys In Ll.M. Programs, Jan Hoffman French
Sociology and Anthropology Faculty Publications
The article under consideration in this symposium issue, “Foreign Attorneys in U.S. LL.M. Programs: Who’s In, Who’s Out, and Who They Are,” by Mindie Lazarus-Black and Julie Globokar, comes at a critical moment for law schools, especially those below the top tier. Many schools are reducing class size, offering unprecedented financial aid and scholarship packages, and entering a general retrenchment mode. This most recent crisis in law school applications and enrollment (applications are down at some schools by over 30 percent) has led to an increase in the popularity of Master of Laws (LL.M.) programs for foreign attorneys. The steep …
Book Review: Robert Kolb, The International Court Of Justice, Chiara Giorgetti
Book Review: Robert Kolb, The International Court Of Justice, Chiara Giorgetti
Law Faculty Publications
Robert Kolb's The International Court of Justice is a monumental tribute to the enormous historical and legal contributions of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and its predecessor. the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), as well as an excellent resource about the complex procedural provisions of both institutions. Kolb, a professor of public international law at the University of Geneva, wrote the original version in French (La Cour internntionale de justice (published by Pedone in 2013)), and he slightly updated it for the English version reviewed here. Alan Perry, solicitor of The Senior Courts of England and Wales, translated …
Cross-Fertilisation Of Procedural Law Among International Courts And Tribunals: Methods And Meanings, Chiara Giorgetti
Cross-Fertilisation Of Procedural Law Among International Courts And Tribunals: Methods And Meanings, Chiara Giorgetti
Law Faculty Publications
The proliferation of international courts and tribunals has resulted in interesting instances of cross-fertilisation of procedural law among international courts. This chapter provides a framework to assess specific techniques of cross-fertilisation, used in support of specific conclusions reached by the deciding tribunal Techniques used include general references to decisions by other tribunals, specific citations to one or more decisions by other international courts and tribunals and references to a standard adopted by other international courts and tribunals explained in a dissenting or separate opinion and differing from the conclusion supported by the majority of the deciding tribunal. Continuous instances of …
From The 2014 World Cup To The 2016 Olympics: Brazil's Role In The Global Anti-Corruption Movement, Andrew B. Spalding
From The 2014 World Cup To The 2016 Olympics: Brazil's Role In The Global Anti-Corruption Movement, Andrew B. Spalding
Law Faculty Publications
This Comment is the first in a series of publications on Brazil's efforts and, we hope, its successes in reducing corruption in the 2016 Olympic Games. It is written as part of a course at the University of Richmond School of Law entitled "Brazil, Corruption, and the 2016 Summer Olympics"-the co-authors are eight students and their pro- fessor. While the ultimate product will be a comprehensive analysis of the role of Brazilian law in controlling corruption, this Comment has a more modest purpose. It will discuss the various trends and forces that have converged on Brazil's hosting of the Games, …
Using International Law In Somalia’S Post- Conflict Reconstruction, Chiara Giorgetti
Using International Law In Somalia’S Post- Conflict Reconstruction, Chiara Giorgetti
Law Faculty Publications
For the first time since 1991, Somalia has an internationally- recognized government. Established in August 2012, the Somali Federal Government (SFG) has been officially recognized by many nations and international organizations. The process of bringing Somalia fully back into the international community, however, remains long and complex. This Article argues that, in order to be successful, Somalia’s reconstruction must include a robust international law component. By mandating frameworks for action and establishing best practices, international law should guide and strengthen reconstruction efforts.
The Arbitral Tribunal: Selection And Replacement Of Arbitrators, Chiara Giorgetti
The Arbitral Tribunal: Selection And Replacement Of Arbitrators, Chiara Giorgetti
Law Faculty Publications
The great majority of international investment arbitrations are decided by a three-member arbitral panel, where each party selects one arbitrator, and the presiding arbitrator is selected either by agreement of the parties, the party-appointed arbitrators, or, more often, by a neutral appointing authority. Their selection is not only a characteristic feature of international investment arbitration, but also one of the most important and delicate acts taken by the parties during the proceedings. Indeed, as frequent arbitrator Professor William W. Park noted, while “in real estate the three key elements are ‘location, location, location,’ . . . in arbitration the applicable …
Private Enforcement Of Trips By Applying The Eu Law Principles Of Direct Effect And State Liability, Saud Aldawsari
Private Enforcement Of Trips By Applying The Eu Law Principles Of Direct Effect And State Liability, Saud Aldawsari
Law Student Publications
This comment is divided into three sections. Part I introduces the World Trad Organization (WTO) generally and analyzes the Trade Related Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement specifically. Part II discusses the proposed theory and its basis. It then introduces Novartis. The comment then explores the relevant EU laws and analyzes the jurisprudence of Direct Effect and State Liability. Part III applies EU law to Novartis.
The Problem Of Deterring Extraterritorial White-Collar Crime, Andrew B. Spalding
The Problem Of Deterring Extraterritorial White-Collar Crime, Andrew B. Spalding
Law Faculty Publications
Recent reports of egregious labor practices in China and Bangladesh have called public attention to the potential harms of foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries. The best, or at least most obvious, tool for reducing destructive overseas business practices would seem to be the extraterritorial application of white-collar criminal law. The "holy grail" of contemporary criminal law is deterrence, and the deterrence literature is largely shaped by the paradigm of law and economics. Prominent within that literature is Polinsky and Shavell's "enforcement authority," which seeks to maximize social utility through the efficient deterrence of crime.a Guided by the principles …
Is The Truth In The Eyes Of The Beholder? The Perils And Benefits Of Empirical Research In International Investment, Chiara Giorgetti
Is The Truth In The Eyes Of The Beholder? The Perils And Benefits Of Empirical Research In International Investment, Chiara Giorgetti
Law Faculty Publications
Empirical research is the new hot trend in international law. An increasing number of publications include empirical data that aim at strengthening their author's argument. Indeed, empirical data are used to make an argument less fallible, as the author's conclusions are transformed from subjective to objectively proven by the empirical wrap. Professor Catherine Rogers' novel article, The Politics and Empirics of International Investment Arbitrators, highlights important limitations that empirical data may produce in international investment law research.a As such, it is a needed and important contribution to the understanding and development of this type of scholarship, and generally to the …