Law Commons^™

Between Legitimacy And Control: Challenges And Recusals Of Arbitrators And Judges In International Courts And Tribunals, Chiara Giorgetti

Law Faculty Publications

Challenges of judges and arbitrators in international courts and tribunals is a vastly understudied subject. To correct this imbalance, this Article makes three novel contributions. First, and for the first time, it details and compares challenge procedures across a variety of international courts and tribunals, including both permanent and ad hoc institutions. Second, it provides unique data on challenges and provides a detailed analysis of their outcomes. Third, it makes two concrete recommendations that should be adopted as baseline requirements to improve and harmonize existing challenge procedures: (1) it proposes that an external or semi-external institution take decisions on challenges, …

Mastering A Two-Edged Sword: Lessons From The Rules And Litigation On Safeguards In The World Trade Organization, Julien Chaisse, Debashis Chakraborty, Animesh Kumar

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Chinese Foreign Direct Investment Into Africa In The Context Of Brics And Sino-African Bilateral Investment Treaties, Catherine Elkemann, Oliver C. Ruppel

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

China is now the second largest economy in the world after the United States of America and is deemed to be the most influential member of the group of leading emerging economies, the so called BRICS partnership consisting of Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa. According to the latest World Investment Report published by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (“UNCTAD”), China is also the second largest recipient of inward foreign direct investment (“IFDI”) and the third in terms of outward foreign direct investment (“OFDI”). In this context, Africa is emerging as an important destination …

Too Many Cooks In The Kitchen: Battling Corporate Corruption In Brazil And The Problems With A Decentralized Enforcement Model, Michelle A. Winters

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Freedom From Official Corruption As A Human Right, Andrew B. Spalding

Law Faculty Publications

International law does not currently regard an act of official corruption as the violation of a human right. But as recent steps by Chinese leaders, political shifts in India, the EuroMaidan in Ukraine, and the Arab Spring all reflect, an international consensus is emerging that corruption is a pervasive and pernicious social problem, structural obstacle to economic growth and threat to global security.

The Extraterritorial Reach Of United States Securities Actions After Morrison V. National Australian Bank, Nathan Lee

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Of Trucks, Trains, & Ships: Relative Liability In Multimodal Shipping, Amir H. Khoury

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

The Surprising Acquittals In The Gotovina And Perišić Cases: Is The Icty Appeals Chamber A Trial Chamber In Sheep’S Clothing?, Mark A. Summers

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Recognition And Enforcement Of Foreign Judgments - A Second Attempt In The Hague?, Justyna Regan

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

An Experiment On The Role Of Penalty Clauses And The Level Of Legal Remedies For Breach Of Contract On The Prevention Of The Hold-Up Problem In Colombian Contract Law, Juan Antonio Gaviria

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

This article analyzes the results of an experiment with Colombian students testing the theories thatpenalty clauses and a high level of legal remedies for breach of contract prevent the hold-up problem. While the results of this experiment failed to statistically confirm the predictions of the theory, they did not reject them. Furthermore,the results show that held-up parties were better off after the parties renegotiated the contract when either a penalty clause was provided or the law increased the level of legal remedies in comparison with a benchmark scenario. On the other hand, the results are a contribution to the field …

Corporate Governance In Search Of The Shareholder-Manager Balance Of Power, Razeen Sappideen

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Restorative Justice For Multinational Corporations, Andrew B. Spalding

Law Faculty Publications

Deterrence theory, rooted in the methodology of law and economics, continues to dominate both the theory and practice of white-collar crime. By manipulating the disincentives of prospective wrongdoers, deterrence aims to efficiently reduce crime and maximize taxpayers’ utility. However, the rise of international commerce presents a challenge it cannot meet. Using a combination of empirical evidence and quantitative modeling, this Article shows that deterrence will tend to increase, rather than decrease, net levels of corporate crime in developing countries. The ever-increasing power of multinational corporations thus calls for a new theory of punishment, one that uses criminal enforcement to address …

Hong Kong's Failure To Extradite Edward Snowden: More Than Just A Technical Defect, Mark D. Kielsgard, Ken Gee-Kin Ip

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

As the Edward Snowden case takes legs and exhibits all the earmarks of official misconduct and scandal, the U.S. government continues efforts aimed at extraditing this "whistleblower," characterizing him as a traitor and doing damage control in the NSA. Part of this strategy includes intimidating those sovereign states that refuse to coooperate in returning Snowden to face trial.Yet, the legal basis for these U.S. efforts is highly contentious. If Snowden had stayed in Hong Kong and fought extradition, in all likelihood he would have prevailed. Thus, the U.S. is left with not credible basis for complaint, and its retaliatory diplomatic …

Rethinking Social Ventures In Hong Kong, Damian Alexander Bethke, Jedrzej Gorski

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

Hong Kong has experienced a significant transformation in its understanding of business, which concerns the phenomenon of social ventures that attempt to combine a make money and do good approach and to apply business skills to address social needs. Social ventures live a mystical existence, as they are fully ignored from a legal perspective despite the recent reform of laws on charitable activities. This causes problems as to their general understanding, which the authors try to address with their own typology, systematically characterizing social ventures. Then the authors examine the legal environment of social ventures in Hong Kong and identify …

Transplanting And Customizing
 Legal Systems: Lessons From
 Namibian Legal History, Martin Cai Lockert

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Endangered Element Of Icsid Arbitral Practice: Investment Treaty Arbitration, Foreign Direct Investment, And The Promise Of Economic Development In Host States, Felix O. Okpe

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

The omission to define the term "investment" in the ICSID Convention is one of the most critical decisions that has led to inconsistent jurisprudence and the resulting debate regarding the propriety of the ICSID Convention and investment treaty arbitration. The legislative history and the circumstances leading to the birth of the ICSID Convention strongly suggest that its main objective is the protection and promotion of economic development in the host State. Most of the propositions aimed at giving a meaning to the term "investment" in ICSID arbitral practice have focused more on whether the scope of the meaning of "investment" …

The Genealogy Of Prosecutorial Discretion In Latin America: A Comparative And Historical Analysis Of The Adversarial Reforms In The Region, Daniel Pulecio-Boek

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

A New Affirmative Defense To The Fcpa For Countries Exiting Major Internal Strife, Chris Rohde

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

The Penumbra Of The United States’
 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Brazil’S Clean Companies Act And 
Implications For The Pharmaceutical
 Industry, Beverley Earle, Anita Cava

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Will What Happened In Ecuador 
Stay In Ecuador? How The Existing
 International Due Process
 Analysis May Be Ineffective In 
Keeping Fraudulent Foreign 
Judgments Out Of U.S. Courts, Christopher Lento

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

Recent evidence in the decades-old Chevron/Ecuador litigation suggests that the $18 billion judgment rendered against Chevron by an Ecuadorian court may have been a product of conspiracy and fraud on an almost unprecedented scale. However, these allegations overshadow fundamental problems in the method by which U.S. courts determine whether judgments rendered in foreign jurisdictions may be enforced against defendants in the United States.

Under the current jurisprudential regime, courts that are faced with the question of whether a foreign judgment is enforceable in the United States follow what is termed the “international due process analysis.” In this analysis, the court …

Assessing Effectiveness Of International Private Regulations In The Csr Arena, Martijn W. Scheltema

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

New Affirmative Defense To The Fcpa For Countries Exiting Major Internal Strife, Chris Rohde

Law Student Publications

This paper examines whether the current exception to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), or the affirmative defenses provided by the FCPA, allow American companies to be this positive influence. Part I examines the background of the FCPA, the current exception and affirmative defenses, and the recent increase in enforcement. Part II examines the issue of whether the current exceptions and affirmative defenses permit US companies to invest in countries currently exiting major internal strife. 4 Unfortunately, neither the exception nor the affirmative defenses provide companies the leeway necessary to enter these markets without serious risk of running afoul of …

Private Enforcement Of Trips By Applying The Eu Law Principles Of Direct Effect And State Liability, Saud Aldawsari

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Universal Anti-Bribery Legislation 
Can Save International Business: A Comparison Of The Fcpa And The Ukba In An Attempt To Create 
Universal Legislation To Combat
 Bribery Around The Globe, Lindsey Hills

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

The Surprising Acquittals In The Gotovina And Perisic Cases: Is The Icty Appeals Chamber A Trial Chamber In Sheep's Clothing?, Mark A. Summers

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Managing Conflicts Of Interest In China's Public Sector: Fighting Corruption At The Early Stage, Hao (Victor) Wu, Xiaoqi (Claudia) Sun

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Corruption, Corporations, And The New Human Right, Andrew B. Spalding

Law Faculty Publications

We should no longer expect the Alien Tort Statute to be the principal federal statute that deters overseas corporate rights violations. That distinction rightly belongs to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, an antibribery statute that rests on undisputed principles of corporate liability, contains a clear congressional statement of extraterritorial application, and routinely collects penalties from multinational corporate defendants. Scholars have not associated the FCPA with human rights, owing principally to a thin understanding of rights theory. But freedom from corruption can and should be understood as a human right, one that is as old as social contract theory but new …

The Rule Of Law, Constitutional Reform, And The Death Penalty In The Gambia, Andrew Novak

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

International Covergence On The Need For Third Parties To Become Internet Copyright Police (But Why?), Dennis S. Karjala

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

No abstract provided.

Legal Stability Contracts In Colombia: An Appropriate Incentive For Investments? Historical Causes And Impact Analysis Of Law 963 To 2005, Alvaro Pereira

Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business

Current global economic order is openly dependent on foreign direct investment (FDI). At least since the 1990’s, developing countries have competed to attract FDI because it is considered the best source of technology, employment, and financial resources. Colombian Law 963 of 2005, which is a response to said competition, allows the signature of Legal Stability Contracts (LSCs) between the State and investors for the purpose of stabilizing the rules guiding investment decisions, for up to 20 years. Legal stabilization has successfully proven to increase FDI inflows. Nevertheless, incentives for FDI have been subject to several critiques that stress the excess …