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Articles 181 - 210 of 299
Full-Text Articles in Law
Regulation Of Indecency In Political Broadcasting, Jonathan Golomb
Regulation Of Indecency In Political Broadcasting, Jonathan Golomb
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The article considers both the constitutional and statutory aspects of the regulation of indecency in political broadcasting. The discussion is limited to considering "indecency," a term excluding obscenity or incitement to violence, because the government's power to regulate these types of speech is well established. Indecent speech would be protected if used in the print media, since it does not fall within the established First Amendment exceptions. The basic constitutional question, therefore, is whether the broadcast media are inherently different from the print media, so as to justify different treatment of indecent political speech. This article will contend that they …
Political Broadcasting After The Aspen Ruling: Legislative Reform Of Section 315(A) Of The Communications Act Of 1934, Stuart N. Brotman
Political Broadcasting After The Aspen Ruling: Legislative Reform Of Section 315(A) Of The Communications Act Of 1934, Stuart N. Brotman
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The FCC's new interpretation of section 315(a) in the Aspen ruling greatly reduced its inhibitory effect on broadcasters. The ruling, however, has created further interpretive problems regarding the broadcast debate format, and has not completely resolved the more general problem of giving the electorate greater and more direct exposure to candidates during campaigns through programming that forces candidates to confront each other on the major issues. This article will discuss the. background of section 315(a), then explain each of its exemptions. Finally, it will propose possible reforms in the area of political broadcasting in light of the Aspen ruling.
Fairness And Unfairness In Television Product Advertising, Michigan Law Review
Fairness And Unfairness In Television Product Advertising, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The first section of this Note explores the impact of television product advertising on viewer attitudes. The next two sections set forth the statutory basis on which the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission could provide for the effective presentation of contrasting points of view on controversial issues implicitly or explicitly raised by television product advertising, could ensure that the implicit messages of such advertisements are delivered fairly and without deception, and could counter the adverse effects of such advertising. The purpose of these sections is not to predict actual regulatory behavior, for in fact the FCC and …
The Power Of The Fcc To Regulate Newspaper-Broadcast Cross-Ownership: The Need For Congressional Clarification, Michigan Law Review
The Power Of The Fcc To Regulate Newspaper-Broadcast Cross-Ownership: The Need For Congressional Clarification, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The controversy surrounding the FCC's Second Report and . Order, its appeal, and the subsequent decision in NCCB raises basic questions concerning the statutory authority of the FCC to promulgate rules concerning newspaper-broadcast cross-ownership. This Note suggests that the FCC, notwithstanding judicial affirmation in NCCB of the Commission's authority to adopt such rules, might well be exercising more authority than Congress intended it to possess under the Communications Act of 1934. This Note therefore concludes that, irrespective of the merits of the Second Report and Order, Congress should reexamine and clarify the scope of the FCC's power in this regard.
Injury To Reputation And The Constitution: Confusion Amid Conflicting Approaches, George C. Christie
Injury To Reputation And The Constitution: Confusion Amid Conflicting Approaches, George C. Christie
Michigan Law Review
It is the thesis of this article that the long-run implications of Firestone and Paul v. Davis will force a radical reformulation of the circumstances under which an individual may obtain legal redress for injury to his reputation brought about by falsehoods. The Court will eventually be obliged to abandon its fragmented treatment of the subject: At present, some injured persons have no chance of recovery; others are faced with requirements of proof that make recovery very difficult; still others can recover under significantly more relaxed standards of proof. The nature of the Court's likely reformulation will be developed later …
Freedom Of The Press And Public Access: Toward A Theory Of Partial Regulation Of The Mass Media, Lee C. Bollinger Jr.
Freedom Of The Press And Public Access: Toward A Theory Of Partial Regulation Of The Mass Media, Lee C. Bollinger Jr.
Michigan Law Review
The purpose of this article is to examine critically these decisions and to explore whether there is any rational basis for limiting to one sector of the media the legislature's power to impose access regulation. The article takes the position that the Court has pursued the right path for the wrong reasons. There is a powerful rationality underlying the current decision to restrict regulatory authority to broadcasting, but it is not, as is commonly supposed, that broadcasting is somehow different in principle from the print media and that it therefore is not deserving of equivalent first amendment treatment. As will …
Public Broadcasting And The Problem Of Government Influence: Towards A Legislative Solution, Oscar G. Chase
Public Broadcasting And The Problem Of Government Influence: Towards A Legislative Solution, Oscar G. Chase
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This article will explore the problems raised by the emergence of the federal government as a television "sponsor." It will argue that fundamental structural reform is needed to promote the constitutional values at issue, that such reform will also promote the interests of local control sought by the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, and that legislative action in furtherance of this structural solution is desirable. In this context this article will consider the proposed Public Broadcasting Financing Act of 1974 and will argue that any bill modeled on it would not eliminate the problems despite its salutary innovations. Not considered, …
Immunity Under The Speech Or Debate Clause For Republican And From Questioning About Sources, Michigan Law Review
Immunity Under The Speech Or Debate Clause For Republican And From Questioning About Sources, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Gravel v. United States, which arose out of Senator Mike Gravel's attempt to publicize the Pentagon Papers, concerned the scope of the immunity conferred upon a legislator and his aide under article I, section 6, of the United States Constitution. This provision, commonly called the "speech or debate clause," provides that "for any Speech or Debate in either House, [United States Senators or Representatives] shall not be questioned in any other Place." Gravel is one of the few Supreme Court interpretations of this clause.
Tort Liability Of A University For Libelous Material In Student Publications, Michigan Law Review
Tort Liability Of A University For Libelous Material In Student Publications, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
While attention will occasionally be drawn to the impact of the New York Times privilege, this Note largely assumes that a defamed plaintiff is capable of overcoming the constitutional barriers imposed by New York Times and its progeny. In other words, the assumption is made that libelous statements either fall outside the constitutional privilege or that the plaintiff can demonstrate actual malice in the student authors or editors. The Note will analyze the traditional theories which may be invoked to establish the university's liability for defamatory material in student publications. First, a range of student newspaper-university relationships will be examined …
The Fcc Computer Inquiry: Interfaces Of Competitive And Regulated Markets, Michigan Law Review
The Fcc Computer Inquiry: Interfaces Of Competitive And Regulated Markets, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Since the advent of computer technology, data processing and communication services have become increasingly interdependent. In 1966, the Federal Communications Commission launched the Computer Inquiry to explore the broad range of regulatory and policy problems generated by this technological development.2
The Expanding Constitutional Protection For The News Media From Liability For Defamation: Predictability And The New Synthesis, Michigan Law Review
The Expanding Constitutional Protection For The News Media From Liability For Defamation: Predictability And The New Synthesis, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The tort of defamation has a long and complex history dating back to the sixteenth century. Though this tort from the very beginning did not find favor with the law courts, it has managed to survive into the second half of the twentieth century. But this survival may not endure much longer since the Supreme Court has found a deep conflict between the law of defamation and the first amendment. The reasons for this conflict and the Supreme Court's basic resolution of it in favor of first amendment values have been the subject of much scholarly comment, but the Court's …
Broadcasting, The Reluctant Dragon: Will The First Amendment Right Of Access End The Suppressing Of Controversial Ideas?, Donald M. Malone
Broadcasting, The Reluctant Dragon: Will The First Amendment Right Of Access End The Suppressing Of Controversial Ideas?, Donald M. Malone
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The scope of this article will be limited to one aspect of electronic media programming-the extent to which the public is and should be exposed to an accurate cross section of public opinion and a broad range of controversial ideas. Many people, including the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), have acknowledged that a desirable goal for the broadcast media, particularly television, is to provide a marketplace for controversial ideas. Part II of this article will identify the principal reasons why that goal has not been achieved. Part III will examine the fairness doctrine, the antecedents of which have been traced back …
Drug Songs And The Federal Communications Commission, Sammuel Bufford
Drug Songs And The Federal Communications Commission, Sammuel Bufford
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
A "public notice" concerning the broadcasting of drug-related popular songs by radio stations issued from the Federal Communications Commission on March 5, 1971. While this notice could be generally taken to prohibit the playing of such songs, its actual message, upon further analysis, is more complex and less direct. This article will examine the notice to ascertain its likely meaning, determine its legal status, and examine three constitutional issues it raises: whether the songs are protected as speech under the first amendment; whether the statement of the prohibition (if that be the import of the notice) is sufficiently precise to …
Corrective Advertising And The Ftc: No, Virginia, Wonder Bread Doesn't Help Build Strong Bodies Twelve Ways, Michigan Law Review
Corrective Advertising And The Ftc: No, Virginia, Wonder Bread Doesn't Help Build Strong Bodies Twelve Ways, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note will outline the development and theory of corrective advertising. In particular, it will discuss the residual effects of deceptive advertising, which are the basis for a corrective remedy. The Commission's statutory authority to require corrective advertising will then be explored: the analysis will compare corrective advertising with other types of affirmative disclosure required by the Commission and relate it to the present use of divestiture as a trade regulation remedy. Finally, the possible public benefit accruing from corrective advertising will be considered, along with some thoughts on what policies the FTC should pursue in order to maximize that …
The Newsman's Privilege: An Empirical Study, Vince Blasi
The Newsman's Privilege: An Empirical Study, Vince Blasi
Michigan Law Review
Today, the statutory, common-law, and constitutional aspects of the long-dormant problem are being re-examined by many legislators, judges, and academicians. The Supreme Court is scheduled to address the constitutional question some time this term. I propose to enter this fray. In this article, I will report the results of an empirical survey that I have undertaken. In subsequent articles, I will analyze the eighteen state statutes that grant newsmen a privilege, consider whether protection for the reporter-news source relationship is compelled by existing common-law principles, and address the question whether a newsman's privilege is properly to be inferred from the …
Prior Restraints On Demonstrations, Vince Blasi
Prior Restraints On Demonstrations, Vince Blasi
Michigan Law Review
The starting point for the analysis that follows is the belief that new constitutional doctrine--both substantive and procedural--is urgently needed. That conclusion rests on two critical assumptions--assumptions which may not be shared by others who read history differently, or who have had different personal experiences regarding prior restraints on demonstrations, or who have different behavioral impressions based on observation and conversation, or best of all, who have quantitative data on the problem.
A Requiem For Requiems: The Supreme Court At The Bar Of Reality, Stanley K. Laughlin Jr.
A Requiem For Requiems: The Supreme Court At The Bar Of Reality, Stanley K. Laughlin Jr.
Michigan Law Review
It is true that the test set out in Roth v. United States is moribund. In a sense it was stillborn. While five Justices, only one of whom remains on the Court, joined in the majority opinion in Roth, that case only adumbrated certain considerations that later were forged into what has come to be known as the Roth test. No sooner did the forging process begin than the Court became fragmented on this issue, and a majority of the Justices has never since concurred in the test-certainly not in a compatible formulation of it. Today, it is not …
Gillmor & Barron: Mass Communications Law: Cases And Comment, Nicholas Johnson
Gillmor & Barron: Mass Communications Law: Cases And Comment, Nicholas Johnson
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Mass Communications Law: Cases and Comment by Donald M. Gillmor and Jerome A. Barron
The Newsman's Privilege: Protection Of Confidential Associations And Private Communications, Wayne C. Dabb Jr., Peter A. Kelly
The Newsman's Privilege: Protection Of Confidential Associations And Private Communications, Wayne C. Dabb Jr., Peter A. Kelly
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The purpose of this comment is to determine whether the confidential associations and-or private communications of a newsman are privileged.
The News And The Accused, Lawrence W. Schad
The News And The Accused, Lawrence W. Schad
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The author believes that the Reardon Standards, if implemented, would provide an effective solution to the problem of prejudicial information, and that this potential can be best realized through adoption and enforcement of the Standards by the courts. This conclusion is based upon analysis of the following issues: (1) The nature of the problem, including an examination of (a) the nature of prejudicial information, (b) those who create the problem either by initially releasing or subsequently disseminating such information, and (c) the related effect of courtroom procedure upon the impact of such information. An analysis of these issues suggests …
Requiem For Roth: Obscenity Doctrine Is Changing, David E. Engdahl
Requiem For Roth: Obscenity Doctrine Is Changing, David E. Engdahl
Michigan Law Review
In 1957, the Supreme Court decided Roth v. United States and Alberts v. California, and thereby commenced what has proved to be one of the most perplexing and politically sensitive tasks the Court has ever undertaken-determining the constitutional limitations on the power of state and federal governments to regulate obscenity. After twelve years of decisions in the obscenity field, the regrettable truth is that "no stable approach to the obscenity problem has yet been devised by [the] Court." The unreconciled conflicts among the several opinions of Supreme Court Justices ·written since 1957, and the new uncertainties created by the …
"Uninhibited, Robust, And Wide-Open"--A Note On Free Speech And The Warren Court, Harry Kalven Jr.
"Uninhibited, Robust, And Wide-Open"--A Note On Free Speech And The Warren Court, Harry Kalven Jr.
Michigan Law Review
There are several ways to give at the outset, in quick summary, an over-all impression of the Warren Court in the area of the first amendment. The quotation in the title can for many reasons be taken as its trademark. The quotation comes, of course, from a statement about public debate made in the Court's preeminent decision, New York Times v. Sullivan, and it carries echoes of Alexander Meiklejohn. We have, according to Justice Brennan, "a profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide-open .... " What catches the eye is …
The Warren Court And The Press, John P. Mackenzie
The Warren Court And The Press, John P. Mackenzie
Michigan Law Review
The conventional wisdom about the relationship between the ·warren Court and the news media runs something like this: With a few exceptions, the press corps is populated by persons with only a superficial understanding of the Court, its processes, and the values with which it deals. The Court has poured out pages of legal learning, but its reasoning has been largely ignored by a result-oriented news industry interested only in the superficial aspects of the Court's work. The Court can trace much of its "bad press," its "poor image," to the often sloppy and inaccurate work of news gatherers operating …
Friendly & Goldfarb: Crime An Publicity: The Impact Of News On The Administration Of Justice, Francis C. Sullivan
Friendly & Goldfarb: Crime An Publicity: The Impact Of News On The Administration Of Justice, Francis C. Sullivan
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Crime and Publicity: The Impact of News on the Administration of Justice by Alfred Friendly and Ronald L. Goldfarb
The United States Post Office, Incorporated: A Blueprint For Reform, Stanley Siegel
The United States Post Office, Incorporated: A Blueprint For Reform, Stanley Siegel
Michigan Law Review
For several generations, the United States Post Office has been the textbook demonstration of the inefficiency of the government in business. To some, the solution to its problems lies only in turning over its functions to free enterprise. A more constructive and politic approach is to inquire whether a structural arrangement falling somewhere between that of a governmental department and that of a privately owned business would permit the Post Office to achieve some of the efficiencies of private enterprise without compromising the most essential elements of public responsibility. This approach has been given new timeliness by the proposal of …
Jurisdiction--Libel--First Amendment's Role In Determining Place Of Trial In Libel Actions, Michigan Law Review
Jurisdiction--Libel--First Amendment's Role In Determining Place Of Trial In Libel Actions, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The seeming unfairness of basing jurisdiction solely on such ordinarily inconsequential acts as mailing a newspaper into another state has troubled some courts. Traditionally, the validity of such a jurisdictional basis would be judged against the fourteenth amendment standard of "fair play." In several recent cases, however, courts have brought to bear constitutional standards of free speech as well as of fairness in dealing with the problem of jurisdiction over the out-of- state defendant in a libel action. The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, in deciding New York Times Co. v. Connor, ruled that "First Amendment considerations …
Actual Expenses Of Ohio Utility Are Considered In Computing Rates Even Though The Hypothetical Company Technique Is Used-General Tel. Co. V. Public Util. Comm'n, Michigan Law Review
Actual Expenses Of Ohio Utility Are Considered In Computing Rates Even Though The Hypothetical Company Technique Is Used-General Tel. Co. V. Public Util. Comm'n, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The Public Utilities Commission of Ohio established rates for plaintiff telephone company. In determining the gross annual revenues to which the company was entitled, the Commission allowed, as an item of expense, 112 thousand dollars less for federal income tax than the company would actually be required to pay during the year in question. The allowance for taxes was calculated by following the so-called "hypothetical company" formula as apparently required by a recent line of Ohio Supreme Court decisions. On direct appeal to the Ohio Supreme Court, held, order reversed, two judges dissenting. The utility company should be allowed …
Prejudicial In11uence On Jury Of Newspaper Published During Trial-People V. Purvis, Michigan Law Review
Prejudicial In11uence On Jury Of Newspaper Published During Trial-People V. Purvis, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Defendant had been paroled after serving four years of a sentence for second degree murder. While on parole, he was tried for another homicide and convicted of murder in the first degree. In separate penalty trials, juries had twice assessed the death sentence, which, on both occasions, had been set aside by the reviewing court. During the third trial, the Sunday newspaper in the local county published a front-page article attacking the leniency of the parole system, attributing the area's high crime rate partly to the recidivist tendencies of parolees, and quoting the county sheriff's opinion that defendant should be …
Securities Regulation-Applicability Of Exchange Act Section 10(B) To Transaction Effected By Means Of Intrastate Telephone Call, Michael A. Warner
Securities Regulation-Applicability Of Exchange Act Section 10(B) To Transaction Effected By Means Of Intrastate Telephone Call, Michael A. Warner
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff alleged that he had been defrauded in a sale of securities to the defendant. Plaintiff attempted to invoke section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1984, which prohibits various fraudulent practices in securities trading. In order to state a cause of action under 10(b), it was necessary for plaintiff to allege that a means or instrumentality of interstate commerce had been used directly or indirectly in connection with the sale. The sale in this case had been effected through telephone conversations over wires located within the city of Philadelphia. However, the wires carrying the calls could be used …
Administrative Law--Procedure--Right Of Interention In Fcc Rate-Making Proceeding, Jon E. Denney
Administrative Law--Procedure--Right Of Interention In Fcc Rate-Making Proceeding, Jon E. Denney
Michigan Law Review
In response to a petition of the Western Union Telegraph Company, the Federal Communications Commission began an investigation of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company's tariff charges on its "telpak" service. The American Communications Association, a trade union representing Western Union workers in the New York City area, petitioned to intervene. The hearing examiner's decision to deny intervention was affirmed by the Commission. A motion for reconsideration was also denied by the FCC because the union failed to show how its intervention in the proceeding would assist the Commission in determining the issues, as required by the rule reserving to …