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Articles 1 - 30 of 105
Full-Text Articles in Law
Truth Bounties: A Market Solution To Fake News, Yonathan A. Arbel, Michael D. Gilbert
Truth Bounties: A Market Solution To Fake News, Yonathan A. Arbel, Michael D. Gilbert
Articles
False information poses a threat to individuals, groups, and society. Many people struggle to judge the veracity of the information around them, whether that information travels through newspapers, talk radio, TV, or social media. Concerned with the spread of misinformation and harmful falsehoods, much of the policy, popular, and scholarly conversation today revolves around proposals to expand the regulation of individuals, platforms, and the media. While more regulation may seem inevitable, it faces constitutional and political hurdles. Furthermore, regulation can have undesirable side effects and be ripe for abuse by powerful actors, public and private.
This Article presents an alternative …
Crying Wolf: Neo-Patriots, Critical Race Theory, And The Constitutional Protection Of "Dangerous" Ideas, Bryan K. Fair
Crying Wolf: Neo-Patriots, Critical Race Theory, And The Constitutional Protection Of "Dangerous" Ideas, Bryan K. Fair
Articles
Most Americans do not realize that, notwithstanding the First Amendment's free speech guarantee, for most of our nation's history, judges sent men and women to prison for expressing ideas considered too "dangerous." It was not until the late 1960s that the Supreme Court rejected the clear and present danger doctrine, insisting that statutes banning speech must draw a distinction between advocacy of ideas and advocacy of imminent lawless action. The Court held that under that constitutional norm, the government could not send a Klansman to prison for expressing racist, anti-Semitic, or otherwise dangerous or offensive ideas. Since then, banning the …
The Public Voice Of The Defender,, Russell M. Gold, Kay L. Levine
The Public Voice Of The Defender,, Russell M. Gold, Kay L. Levine
Articles
For decades, police and prosecutors have controlled the public narrative about criminal law. The news landscape features salacious stories of violent crimes while ignoring the more mundane but far more prevalent minor cases that clog the court dockets. Defenders, faced with overwhelming caseloads and fear that speaking out may harm their clients, have largely ceded the opportunity to offer a counternarrative based on what they see every day. Defenders tell each other about the overuse of pretrial detention, intensive pressure to plead guilty, overzealous prosecutors, cycles of violence, and rampant constitutional violations-all of which inflict severe harm on defendants and …
The (Tax) Policy Entrepreneur, Mirit Eyal-Cohen
Noncitizen Harboring And The Freedom Of Association, Shalini Bhargava Ray
Noncitizen Harboring And The Freedom Of Association, Shalini Bhargava Ray
Articles
The United States has long criminalized assistance to unauthorized migrants. It is a crime to smuggle, transport, harbor, or encourage unauthorized migrants to remain in the country, regardless of the reasons for such aid. In response to recent federal harboring prosecutions of humanitarians assisting migrants at the U.S.- Mexico border, scholars and advocates have shown tremendous interest in a defense to liability under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act and the First Amendment's Free Speech Clause. But a comparative analysis of harboring law reveals that some foreign jurisdictions conceptualize harboring law and defenses to liability in terms of citizen-migrant associations rather …
Defamation With Bayesian Audiences, Yonathan A. Arbel, Murat C. Mungan
Defamation With Bayesian Audiences, Yonathan A. Arbel, Murat C. Mungan
Articles
How strictly should the law regulate false defamatory statements? We first show that the presence of judicial errors often puts defamation law on a Laffer curve: regulation that is too lax or too strict is inferior to moderate regulation. While moderate regulation is ideal, it is not always attainable because of practical and legal constraints. With these constraints, we consider a Bayesian audience that takes the strictness of defamation law into account when evaluating statements. The optimal standard is then taxer than is prescribed by standard models with naive audiences. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for audience effects …
At The Nexus Of Antitrust & Consumer Protection, Luke Herrine
At The Nexus Of Antitrust & Consumer Protection, Luke Herrine
Articles
This Essay uses Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act to examine the theoretical and practical relationship between antitrust and consumer protection law. It argues that, since roughly 1980, there has been a hegemonic "neoliberal"framework, one that has in recent years been challenged by an emerging "moral economy" framework. The neoliberal framework conceptualizes antitrust as preventing firms from conspiring to throttle output, with a focus primarily on consumers' interests in low prices, and consumer protection as making consumers informed, rational, and able to switch between competitors with relatively low cost. The moral economy framework conceptualizes both areas of law …
From Cannabis To Crypto: Federal Reserve Discretion In Payments, Julie Andersen Hill
From Cannabis To Crypto: Federal Reserve Discretion In Payments, Julie Andersen Hill
Articles
From its inception, the Federal Reserve has operated payment systems that let banks move money for their customers. Checks, wire transfers, and electronic consumer payments all happen thanks to the Federal Reserve. Congress by statute specified which banks get access to the Fed's payment services. For more than a century, the Federal Reserve provided services to all legally eligible banks. But when the Federal Reserve received requests for payments access from a cannabis-focused credit union and a cryptocurrency custody bank (both of whom are legally eligible), it denied them. The Fed also issued sweeping guidelines claiming discretion to conduct risk …
Opening A Federal Reserve Account, Julie Andersen Hill
Opening A Federal Reserve Account, Julie Andersen Hill
Articles
To open bank accounts, new customers provide personal information and make a deposit. Within a few minutes (or perhaps a few days), new customers get access to payment services. For many years, the process financial institutions used to open accounts at FederalReserve Banks was similar. Eligible banks filled out a one-page form and within a week received an account allowing them access to the FederalReserve's payment systems. Recently, however, Federal Reserve Banks have spent years considering account requests from novel banks.
This Article examines the Federal Reserve's process for evaluating requests for accounts. Using interviews, court documents, and other sources, …
Time To Heal: Trauma's Impact On Rape & Sexual Assault Statutes Of Limitations, Fredrick E. Vars, Jillian Miller Purdue
Time To Heal: Trauma's Impact On Rape & Sexual Assault Statutes Of Limitations, Fredrick E. Vars, Jillian Miller Purdue
Articles
Short statutes of limitations for sex crimes ask the impossible of many vic- tims: report the crime before they have recovered from the trauma. Perpetra- tors go free as a direct result of the injury they caused. Nearly a third of victims of rape and sexual assaulthave PTSD during their lifetimes. PTSD is associated with three symptoms pertinent to reporting a crime: avoidance cop- ing (avoidingdistressing thoughts, feelings, or reminders of the attack), disso- ciative amnesia (forgetting important or all aspects of the attack), and depression. These symptoms all affect a victim's psychological ability to report a crime before a …
The Credibility Effect: Defamation Law And Audiences, Yonathan A. Arbel
The Credibility Effect: Defamation Law And Audiences, Yonathan A. Arbel
Articles
What should be the legal response to false statements? In the context of defamation law, courts try to set a standard that balances the interests of speakers and their potential targets. This article empirically demonstrates an unappreciated effect of such decisions on third parties: a credibility effect. Using a series of lab experiments, I find that defamation law makes individuals more trusting of reports from various media. This credibility effect is desirable when the report is true but can lead to unintended consequences in the case of misinformation. In particular, the credibility effect is shown to cast a stigma on …
Disarmament Is Good, But What We Need Now Is Arms Control, Daniel H. Joyner
Disarmament Is Good, But What We Need Now Is Arms Control, Daniel H. Joyner
Articles
This article aims to correct a number of misconceptions held by both scholars and activists about the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), and international nuclear weapons law generally. It first reviews the development of international law related to nuclear weapons, and provides a novel taxonomy of legal obligations divided into three substantive categories. It then examines the TPNW within that taxonomy, and considers how it should be understood to fit within this legal context. It concludes that the TPNW is essentially a nuclear disarmament treaty. While it should be welcomed as a contribution to nuclear …
Policing Protest: Speech, Space, Crime, And The Jury, Jenny E. Carroll
Policing Protest: Speech, Space, Crime, And The Jury, Jenny E. Carroll
Articles
Speech is more than just an individual right-it can serve as a catalyst for democratically driven revolution and reform, particularly for minority or marginalized positions. In the past decade, the nation has experienced a rise in mass protests. However, dissent and disobedience in the form of such protests is not without consequences. While the First Amendment promises broad rights of speech and assembly, these rights are not absolute. Criminal law regularly curtails such rights - either by directly regulating speech as speech or by imposing incidental burdens on speech as it seeks to promote other state interests. This Feature examines …
The Public Voice Of The Defender, Russell M. Gold, Kay L. Levine
The Public Voice Of The Defender, Russell M. Gold, Kay L. Levine
Articles
For decades police and prosecutors have controlled the public narrative about criminal law. The news landscape features salacious stories of violent crimes while ignoring the more mundane but far more prevalent minor cases that clog the court dockets. Defenders, faced with overwhelming caseloads and fear that speaking out may harm their clients, have largely ceded the opportunity to offer a counternarrative based on what they see every day. Defenders tell each other about the overuse of pretrial detention, intensive pressure to plead guilty, overzealous prosecutors, cycles of violence, and rampant constitutional violations-all of which inflict severe harm on defendants and …
Beyond Bristol-Myers: Personal Jurisdiction Over Class Actions, Adam Steinman
Beyond Bristol-Myers: Personal Jurisdiction Over Class Actions, Adam Steinman
Articles
The Supreme Court's 2017 decision in Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Court threatens a sea change in the relationship between personal jurisdiction and aggregate litigation. The most crucial concern has been what the decision means for class actions. Must a court subject the claims of every unnamed class member to separate jurisdictional scrutiny? If so, it could be impossible for a plaintiff who sues in her home state to represent class members outside that state; instead, the Constitution would permit multistate or nationwide class actions only in states where the defendant is subject to general jurisdiction. For claims against a …
Federalism By Deception: The Implied Limits On Congressional Power, Bryan K. Fair
Federalism By Deception: The Implied Limits On Congressional Power, Bryan K. Fair
Articles
The purpose of this Article is to lay bare federalism by deception and the theory of implied limits on federal power. Other scholars have recently noted the rise of anti-federalist viewpoints in modern cases. I go a step further to demonstrate how Supreme Court Justices have embraced anti-federal ideology, but have cited Federalist sources, including Marshall, to announce unenumerated limits on federal legislative power.
What Is Consumer Protection For?, Luke Herrine
What Is Consumer Protection For?, Luke Herrine
Articles
When law and economics barreled its way into consumer protection scholarship two score years ago, it brought with it the consumer sovereignty framework: an approach to analysis in which actual markets are compared to an ideal market in which consumers optimize exogenous welfare functions by choosing between optimally competitive sellers. Even after two decades of behavioralist critique and even with increasingly critical perspectives taking root since the Global Financial Crisis, this consumer sovereignty ideal continues to serve as both a descriptive and normative baseline for consumer protection scholarship.
This Article argues that it is time to reconsider the consumer sovereignty …
Assessing Amateurism In College Sports, Casey E. Faucon
Assessing Amateurism In College Sports, Casey E. Faucon
Articles
College sports generate approximately $8 billion each year for the National C[artel] Athletic Association and its member institutions. Most of this revenue flows from lucrative television broadcasting deals, which often incorporate the right to commercialize and sell the names, images, and likenesses of college athletes. Under its current revenue scheme, student-athletes-85 percent of whom live below the poverty line-receive a share of zero. For over a century, we've justified this exploitative distribution scheme under a cloak of student-athlete "amateurism." Antitrust challenges to the NCAA's amateurism rules clash with the assumption that "amateurism" is a revered tradition and an important tenet …
Immigration Law's Arbitrariness Problem, Shalini Ray
Immigration Law's Arbitrariness Problem, Shalini Ray
Articles
Despite deportation’s devastating effects, the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) specifies deportation as the penalty for nearly every immigration law violation. Critics have regularly decried the INA’s lack of proportionality, contending that the penalty often does not fit the offense. The immigration bureaucracy’s implementation of the INA, however, involves a spectrum of penalties short of deportation. Using tools such as administrative closure, orders of supervision, and deferred action, agency bureaucrats decide who is deported and who stays, and on what terms, on a purely ad hoc basis. In this “shadow system,” immigrants, their advocates, and the broader public lack basic …
Contaminated Relationships In The Opioid Crisis, Benjamin Mcmichael, Elissa Philip Gentry
Contaminated Relationships In The Opioid Crisis, Benjamin Mcmichael, Elissa Philip Gentry
Articles
Unlike past public health crises, the opioid crisis arose from within the healthcare system itself. Entities within that system, particularly opioid manufacturers, may bear some liability in sparking and perpetuating the current crisis. Unsurprisingly, the allegations underlying the thousands of claims filed in connection with the opioid crisis differ substantially. However, almost all of those claims rely, to some degree, on the strength of the relationship between opioid manufacturers and the healthcare providers who prescribed their products.
This Article argues that the underlying relationship is the heart of the crisis and that this problematic relationship is by no means a …
Appellate Courts And Civil Juries, Adam Steinman
Appellate Courts And Civil Juries, Adam Steinman
Articles
In federal civil litigation, decisionmaking power is shared by juries, trial courts, and appellate courts. This Article examines an unresolved tension in the different doctrines that allocate authority among these institutions, one that has led to confusion surrounding the relationship between appellate courts and civil juries. At base, the current uncertainty stems from a longstanding lack of clarity regarding the distinction between matters of law and matters of fact. The high-stakes Oracle-Google litigation - which is now before the Supreme Court - exemplifies this. In that case, the Federal Circuit reasoned that an appellate court may assert de novo review …
Treat Every Defendant Equally And Fairly: Political Interference And The Challenges Facing The U.S. Attorneys' Offices As The Justice Department Turns 150 Years Old, Joyce Vance
Essays, Reviews, and Shorter Works
The US Attorneys' Offices are the flagships of the federal government's law-enforcement work. But as the Department of Justice (DOJ) approaches its 150th anniversary, there are deep concerns for their future. The four years of the Trump Administration have shaken public confidence in DOJ, and during his tenure, Attorney General William Barr all too often took on the role of the President's lawyer rather than upholding the integrity and credibility of line prosecutors to work free from political interference. This Essay, written in the weeks leading up to the 2020 presidential election, argues that, in a new administration, there must …
Sacrificing Legitimacy In A Hierarchical Judiciary, Tara Leigh Grove
Sacrificing Legitimacy In A Hierarchical Judiciary, Tara Leigh Grove
Essays, Reviews, and Shorter Works
Scholars have long worried about the legitimacy of the Supreme Court. But commentators have largely overlooked the inferior federal judiciary - and the potential tradeoffs between Supreme Court and lower court legitimacy. This Essay aims to call attention to those tradeoffs. When the Justices are asked to change the law in high-profile areas - such as abortion, affirmative action, or gun rights - they face a conundrum: To protect the legitimacy of the Court, the Justices may be reluctant to issue the broad precedents that will most effectively clarify the law - and thereby guide the lower courts. The Justices …
Squaring A Circle: Advice And Consent, Faithful Execution, And The Vacancies Reform Act, Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr., Atticus Deprospo
Squaring A Circle: Advice And Consent, Faithful Execution, And The Vacancies Reform Act, Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr., Atticus Deprospo
Articles
Successive presidents have interpreted the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998 to authorize the appointment of principal officers on a temporary basis. Despite serving in a mere "acting" capacity and without the Senate's approval, these acting principal officers nevertheless wield the full powers of the office. The best argument in favor of this constitutionally dubious practice is that an acting principal officer is not really a "principal officer" under the U.S. Constitution because she only serves for a limited period. Although not facially specious, this claim elides the most important legal fact: an acting principal officer may exercise the full …
Against Congressional Case Snatching, Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr., Atticus Deprospo
Against Congressional Case Snatching, Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr., Atticus Deprospo
Articles
Congress has developed a deeply problematic habit of aggrandizing itself by snatching cases from the Article III courts. One form of contemporary case snatching involves directly legislating the outcome of pending litigation by statute. These laws do not involve generic amendments to existing statutes but rather dictate specific rulings by the Article III courts in particular cases. Another form of congressional case snatching involves rendering ongoing judicial proceedings essentially advisory by unilaterally permitting a disgruntled litigant to transfer a pending case from an Article III court to an executive agency for resolution. Both practices involve Congress reallocating the business of …
Redliking: When Redlining Goes Online, Allyson Gold
Redliking: When Redlining Goes Online, Allyson Gold
Articles
Airbnb's structure, design, and algorithm create a website architecture that allows user discrimination to prevent minority hosts from realizing the same economic benefits from short-term rental platforms as White hosts, a phenomenon this Article refers to as "redliking." For hosts with an unused home, a spare room, or an extra couch, Airbnb provides an opportunity to create new income streams and increase wealth. Airbnb encourages prospective guests to view host photographs, names, and personal information when considering potential accommodations, thereby inviting bias, both implicit and overt, to permeate transactions. This bias has financial consequences. Empirical research on host earning rates …
Incentivized Torts: An Empirical Analysis, John Shahar Dillbary, Cherie Metcalf, Brock Stoddard
Incentivized Torts: An Empirical Analysis, John Shahar Dillbary, Cherie Metcalf, Brock Stoddard
Articles
Courts and scholars assume that group causation theories deter wrongdoers. This Article empirically tests, and rejects, this assumption, using a series of incentivized laboratory experiments. Contrary to common belief and theory, data from over 200 subjects show that group liability can encourage tortious behavior and incentivize individuals to act with as many tortfeasors as possible. We find that subjects can be just as likely to commit a tort under a liability regime as they would be when facing no tort liability. Group liability can also incentivize a tort by making subjects perceive it as fairer to victims and society. These …
Against Equality: A Critical Essay For The Naacp And Others, Richard Delgado, Jean Stefancic
Against Equality: A Critical Essay For The Naacp And Others, Richard Delgado, Jean Stefancic
Essays, Reviews, and Shorter Works
We address a recurring problem in movement scholarship and activism: why do some civil rights organizations persist in promoting themselves as advocates of equal protection when street activists rarely mention it, and lawyers know that litigation brought under that clause almost always loses? Try to recall the last time you heard of a street protest by a group -- say Mexican-American school children in Tucson, Arizona, Black victims of police violence, or military women subjected to sexual harassment -- proceeding under the banner of equal protection. Or think when you last read of a lawyer who brought and won a …
The Case Against Collective Liability, J. Shahar Dillbary
The Case Against Collective Liability, J. Shahar Dillbary
Articles
Collective liability-defined as the imposition of liability on a group that may include innocent actors-is commonplace. From ancient to modem times, legislators, regulators, and courts have imposed such liability when they believe that the culprit is a member of the group. Examples of collective liability abound: from surgical teams held jointly liable for a misplaced sponge to entire families evicted from their homes for the drug-related activity of a single person under the "One Strike Rule." Courts recognize, of course, that collective liability punishes the innocent, but they view it as a necessary evil to smoke out and punish an …
State-Created Fetal Harm, Benjamin Mcmichael, Meghan Boone
State-Created Fetal Harm, Benjamin Mcmichael, Meghan Boone
Articles
Half a century of state-level restrictions on abortion access might cause a casual observer to conclude that state governments have a long-standing commitment to protecting fetal life. And yet, over the last several decades, state governments and local law enforcement are increasingly taking steps that actively undermine fetal health. Through the passage of state fetal endangerment laws and the prosecution of pregnant women under stretched interpretations of existing criminal laws, states are actively creating conditions that result in poorer fetal health outcomes-including an increase in fetal and infant death.
This Article seeks to make three important contributions to the scholarly …