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Articles 61 - 90 of 20142
Full-Text Articles in Law
Relentless Atrocities: The Persecution Of Hazaras, Mehdi J. Hakimi
Relentless Atrocities: The Persecution Of Hazaras, Mehdi J. Hakimi
Michigan Journal of International Law
As one of the main ethnic groups in Afghanistan, Hazaras are Farsi-speaking and mostly Shi’a Muslims in a predominantly Sunni Muslim country. They are also distinguishable by their Asiatic appearance. Throughout Afghanistan’s history, Hazaras have suffered considerably under different regimes, enduring recurring massacres, enslavement, and forced displacement. Despite Afghanistan’s accession to the Rome Statute in 2003, the plight of Hazaras has not improved. Indeed, the assaults on Hazaras have only intensified in recent years, impacting virtually every aspect of their lives.
This article argues that the recent and ongoing attacks against Hazaras constitute a crime against humanity. In particular, I …
An Intelligent Path For Improving Diversity At Law Firms (Un)Artificially, Rimsha Syeda
An Intelligent Path For Improving Diversity At Law Firms (Un)Artificially, Rimsha Syeda
Michigan Technology Law Review
Most law firms are struggling when it comes to diversity and inclusion. There are fewer women in law firms compared to men. The majority of lawyers—81%—are White, despite White people making up only about 65% of the law school population. Lawyers of color remain underrepresented with the historic high being only 28.32%. By comparison, 13.4% of the United States population is Black and 5.9% is Asian. The biases that perpetuate this lack of diversity in law firms begin during the hiring process and extend to associate retainment. For example, an applicant’s resume reveals a lot, including the prestige of the …
Regulatory Paralysis: The Answer To The Unanswerable Question Of Fcc Minority Ownership Policy, Christopher Terry
Regulatory Paralysis: The Answer To The Unanswerable Question Of Fcc Minority Ownership Policy, Christopher Terry
Michigan Technology Law Review
For five decades, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has struggled to implement policies that promote minority ownership of broadcast stations. Four “Prometheus” decisions from the Third Circuit span a seventeen-year legal impasse that highlighted the agency’s shortcomings on effective minority ownership policies. Now, after the Supreme Court’s 2021 decision in FCC v. Prometheus Radio Project, the FCC is required to relaunch its media ownership policy in 2022. This paper explores how the FCC has interpreted diversity in media ownership policymaking by examining a range of diversity policies and assessment methodologies particularly regarding minority ownership. The paper then presents data from …
Coca-Cola Curses: Hate Speech In A Post-Colonial Context, Brittan Heller
Coca-Cola Curses: Hate Speech In A Post-Colonial Context, Brittan Heller
Michigan Technology Law Review
Hate speech is a contextual phenomenon. What offends or inflames in one context may differ from what incites violence in a different time, place, and cultural landscape. Theories of hate speech, especially Susan Benesch’s concept of “dangerous speech” (hateful speech that incites violence), have focused on the factors that cut across these paradigms. However, the existing scholarship is narrowly focused on situations of mass violence or societal unrest in America or Europe.
This paper discusses how online hate speech may operate differently in a postcolonial context. While hate speech impacts all societies, the global South—Africa in particular—has been sorely understudied. …
The Securities Law Disclosure Conundrum For Publicly Traded Litigation Finance Companies, Robert F. Weber
The Securities Law Disclosure Conundrum For Publicly Traded Litigation Finance Companies, Robert F. Weber
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The Article examines a peculiar legal dilemma—implicating securities law, legal ethics, and evidence law—that arises when litigation finance companies (LFCs) become public companies. LFCs provide funding to litigants and law firms for prosecuting lawsuits in exchange for a share of the lawsuit recoveries. In recent years, LFCs have significantly altered the landscape of the civil justice system in common law jurisdictions. But their assets, which are just rights to proceeds from lawsuits, are notoriously opaque— who really can predict what a jury will do when it comes to liability and damages? When LFCs go public, this opacity frustrates public investors’ …
The Short Unhappy Life Of The Negotiation Class, Linda S. Mullenix
The Short Unhappy Life Of The Negotiation Class, Linda S. Mullenix
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
On September 11, 2019, Judge Dan Aaron Polster of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, approved a novel negotiation class certification in the massive Opiate multidistrict litigation (MDL). Merely one year later on September 24, 2020, the Sixth Circuit reversed Judge Polster’s certification order. While the Opiate MDL has garnered substantial media and academic attention, less consideration has been directed to analyzing the significance of the negotiation class model and the appellate repudiation of this innovative procedural mechanism.
This Article focuses on the development and fate of the negotiation class and considers the …
Giving The Fourth Amendment Meaning: Creating An Adversarial Warrant Proceeding To Protect From Unreasonable Searches And Seizures, Ben Mordechai-Strongin
Giving The Fourth Amendment Meaning: Creating An Adversarial Warrant Proceeding To Protect From Unreasonable Searches And Seizures, Ben Mordechai-Strongin
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
For at least the past 40 years, police and prosecutors have had free reign in conducting illegal searches and seizures nominally barred by the Fourth Amendment. The breadth of exceptions to the warrant requirement, the lax interpretation of probable cause, and especially the “good faith” doctrine announced in U.S. v. Leon have led to severe violations of privacy rights, trauma to those wrongly searched or seized, and a court system overburdened by police misconduct cases. Most scholars analyzing the issue agree that the rights guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment—to be free from unreasonable search and seizure—have been severely eroded or …
Carceral Socialization As Voter Suppression, Danieli Evans
Carceral Socialization As Voter Suppression, Danieli Evans
Michigan Journal of Race and Law
In an era of mass incarceration, many people are socialized through interactions with the carceral state. These interactions are powerful learning experiences, and by design, they are contrary to democratic citizenship. Citizenship is about belonging to a community of equals, being entitled to mutual respect and concern. Criminal punishment deliberately harms, subordinates, and stigmatizes. Encounters with the carceral system are powerful experiences of anti-democratic socialization, and they impact peoples’ sense of citizenship and trust in government. Accordingly, a large body of social science research shows that eligible voters who have carceral contact are significantly less likely to vote or to …
Racism Pays: How Racial Exploitation Gets Innovation Off The Ground, Daria Roithmayr
Racism Pays: How Racial Exploitation Gets Innovation Off The Ground, Daria Roithmayr
Michigan Journal of Race and Law
Recent work on the history of capitalism documents the key role that racial exploitation played in the launch of the global cotton economy and the construction of the transcontinental railroad. But racial exploitation is not a thing of the past. Drawing on three case studies, this Paper argues that some of our most celebrated innovations in the digital economy have gotten off the ground by racially exploiting workers of color, paying them less than the marginal revenue product of their labor for their essential contributions. Innovators like Apple and Uber have been able to racially exploit workers of color because …
A System Out Of Balance: A Critical Analysis Of Philosophical Justifications For Copyright Law Through The Lenz Of Users' Rights, Mitchell Longan
A System Out Of Balance: A Critical Analysis Of Philosophical Justifications For Copyright Law Through The Lenz Of Users' Rights, Mitchell Longan
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Ultimately, this Article has three goals. The first is to offer an analysis of users’ rights under copyright law from four commonly used theoretical perspectives. These are labor, personality, economic and utilitarian theories. In doing so, this Article will demonstrate that the philosophies that underpin modern copyright law support a broad and liberal set of rights for derivative creativity. It will argue that current treatment of derivative works is unnecessarily conservative from a theoretical perspective. Second, this Article will demonstrate how, in spite of theory that supports a healthy community of derivative creativity, those who practice it have been further …
Answering The Call For Telephone Consumer Protection Act Reform: Effectuating Congressional Intent Within 47 U.S.C. § 227(B)(1)(A), Justice M. Hubbard
Answering The Call For Telephone Consumer Protection Act Reform: Effectuating Congressional Intent Within 47 U.S.C. § 227(B)(1)(A), Justice M. Hubbard
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note analyzes the current state of the civil law surrounding the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) and highlights a glaring flaw within the current practice of assigning liability to telephonic solicitors utilizing an automatic telephone dialing system (autodialer): solicitors can be subjected to liability even though their actions are not what Congress intended to prevent. Congress enacted the TCPA in response to unique consumer privacy and public safety concerns. For example, the use of an autodialer created a substantial likelihood that autodialers would call emergency services and could “seize” their telephone lines and prevent those lines from being utilized …
Nft For Eternity, Hadar Y. Jabotinsky, Michal Lavi
Nft For Eternity, Hadar Y. Jabotinsky, Michal Lavi
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are unique tokens stored on a digital ledger – the blockchain. They are meant to represent unique, non-interchangeable digital assets, as there is only one token with that exact data. Moreover, the information attached to the token cannot be altered as on a regular database. While copies of these digital items are available to all, NFTs are tracked on blockchains to provide the owner with proof of ownership. This possibility of buying and owning digital assets can be attractive to many individuals.
NFTs are presently at the stage of early adoption and their uses are expanding. In …
Philanthropic Justice: The Role Of Private Foundations In Transitional Justice Processes, Julia Emtseva
Philanthropic Justice: The Role Of Private Foundations In Transitional Justice Processes, Julia Emtseva
Michigan Journal of International Law
In recent years, political transitions have become a major area of interest to private actors, including philanthropies. More and more philanthropic foundations have chosen to donate money to support transitional justice processes across the globe. However, philanthropies often take on not only the role of a funder but also the role of an active participant in transitional justice (TJ) mechanisms. They push for the building of long-lasting partnerships with state authorities and international organizations, and, sometimes, take over and administer certain transitional justice processes. As a result, philanthropic foundations wield considerable power in transitional justice, especially when the state cannot …
Mandating Repair Scores, Aaron Perzanowski
Mandating Repair Scores, Aaron Perzanowski
Articles
Restrictions on the repair of consumer goods have generated no shortage of policy proposals. This Article considers the empirical and legal case for one particular intervention—requiring firms to calculate and disclose their products’ scores on a uniform reparability index. These repair scores would provide consumers with salient information at or before the point of sale, enabling them to compare products on the basis of the ease and cost of repair. There is considerable empirical research, including assessments of France’s implementation of a similar requirement in recent years, suggesting that repair scores would both inform and empower consumers. Despite likely First …
98th Henry M. Campbell Moot Court Competition: Final Round, University Of Michigan Law School
98th Henry M. Campbell Moot Court Competition: Final Round, University Of Michigan Law School
Event Materials
Henry Munroe Campbell was a distinguished lawyer who served as legal counsel to the University of Michigan's Board fo Regents for several years.
Following Mr. Campbell's death in 1926, his law partners met with then University of Michigan Law School Dean Henry M. Bates to discuss a fitting memorial. They decided to establish a case club competition to foster training for law students in appellate advocacy in his honor. The first Henry M. Campbell competition was held in the 1927-28 academic year.
A trust fund to finance the competition was established in 1927 and has been periodically augmented with gifts …
The Historical Origins Of The Multilateral Tax Convention, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Eran Lempert
The Historical Origins Of The Multilateral Tax Convention, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Eran Lempert
Law & Economics Working Papers
This paper will survey the efforts to create a multilateral tax convention (MTC) from the beginnings of the international tax regime to the present day. The paper’s main contribution is to provide a historical analysis of the (failed) efforts to create a MTC from the beginnings of the ITR until the League of Nations (as contained in Part 1 to this paper). Part 2 of the paper serves to provide a brief modern context to the historical analysis from Part 1, covering why the multilateral instrument (MLI) that was included in BEPS 1.0 is not a true MTC, and secondly …
A Response To Professor Choi’S Beyond Purposivism In Tax Law, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
A Response To Professor Choi’S Beyond Purposivism In Tax Law, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
Law & Economics Working Papers
This response to Professor Choi’s excellent article questions whether the proposals made by the article can solve the tax shelter problem, and argues that a better response is to bolster purposivism with a statutory general anti-abuse rule (GAAR).
After Pillar One, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
After Pillar One, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
Law & Economics Working Papers
Pillar One is unlikely to succeed for three reasons. First, it requires an MTC to be implemented because Amount A requires overriding Articles 5 (Permanent Establishment, PE), 7 (Business Profits) and 9 (Associated Enterprises) of every tax treaty to abolish the PE and Arm’s Length Principle (ALP) limits enshrined therein. But negotiating an MTC is hard, especially when over 100 countries are involved and there are fundamental disagreements among them.
Second, because Pillar One (despite its October 2021 expansion) is still aimed primarily at taxing the US digital giants (Big Tech), it is hard to envisage it being implemented without …
Capograssi, Imperdonabile, Andrew J. Cecchinato
Capograssi, Imperdonabile, Andrew J. Cecchinato
Fellow, Adjunct, Lecturer, and Research Scholar Works
When reviewing the history of early twentieth century thought, it is not uncommon to read reflections concerning the crisis of contemporary states. Less frequent – but not unheard of – is coming across meditations regarding the very end of the state. Among the latter, those of Giuseppe Capograssi (1889-1956) stand out like a lightning flash, for the eschatological meaning they flare upon the relationship between statehood and the law. «All true research on the state is a profound meditation on its ending», he writes concluding the introduction of his first book in 1918. Like a seal yet to be broken, …
Love Hertz: Corporate Groups And Insolvency Forum Selection, John A. E. Pottow
Love Hertz: Corporate Groups And Insolvency Forum Selection, John A. E. Pottow
Law & Economics Working Papers
The Hertz bankruptcy got a lot of attention, including for its bizarre equity trading. A less heralded but more significant legal aspect of that insolvency, however, was its complex interaction of cross-border insolvency proceedings.
This article discusses the “centripetal” and “centrifugal” forces in the Hertz case that counselled a U.S.-based centralized solution for an international enterprise comprising over 10,000 branches centripetally but also accommodated centrifugal European resistance to subject directors to the consequences of filing their entities in a foreign jurisdiction. This not uncommon constellation of incentives required not a COMI shift but what this article terms a jurisdiction shift …
What Would Surrey Say? The Long Reach Of Stanley S. Surrey, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Nir Fishbien
What Would Surrey Say? The Long Reach Of Stanley S. Surrey, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Nir Fishbien
Law & Economics Working Papers
This essay examines the extent of Surrey’s influence on developments in tax law after his death. It argues that his ideas clearly impacted the tax reform of 1986, but can even be seen in later enactments like the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and contemporary developments in international taxation. This in turn enables us to get a clearer perspective on what Surrey aimed to achieve and what the goals of these later developments are.
Justice Without Power: Yemen And The Global Legal System, Amulya Vadapalli
Justice Without Power: Yemen And The Global Legal System, Amulya Vadapalli
Michigan Law Review
The war in Yemen has remained the world’s worst humanitarian crisis since 2015, and yet it is shockingly invisible. The global legal system fails to offer a clear avenue through which the Yemeni people can hold the state actors responsible for their harm accountable. This Note analyzes international legal mechanisms for vindicating war crimes and human rights abuses perpetrated in Yemen. Through the lens of Yemen’s humanitarian crisis, it highlights gaps in the global legal structure, proposes alternative accountability processes, and uses a variety of sources—including interviews with practitioners and Arabic language legal scholarship—to explicate a victim-centered transitional justice process …
Privatizing Copyright, Xiyin Tang
Privatizing Copyright, Xiyin Tang
Michigan Law Review
Much has been written, and much is understood, about how and why digital platforms regulate free expression on the internet. Much less has been written— and even much less is understood—about how and why digital platforms regulate creative expression on the internet—expression that makes use of others’ copyrighted content. While § 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act regulates user-generated content incorporating copyrighted works, just as § 230 of the Communications Decency Act regulates other user speech on the internet, it is, in fact, rarely used by the largest internet platforms—Facebook and YouTube. Instead, as this Article details, creative speech …
Pocket Police: The Plain Feel Doctrine Thirty Years Later, Kelly Recker
Pocket Police: The Plain Feel Doctrine Thirty Years Later, Kelly Recker
Michigan Law Review
The idea that a police officer can park in a low-income neighborhood, pull someone over because of their race, frisk everyone in the car, let them go if their pockets are empty, and do the whole thing over and over again until the officer finds something illegal seems deeply upsetting and violative, to say the least. And yet, pretextual traffic stops are constitutional per a unanimous Supreme Court in Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996), as is seizing obvious contraband during a frisk per Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366 (1993). In the thirty years since …
Error Aversions And Due Process, Brandon L. Garrett, Gregory Mitchell
Error Aversions And Due Process, Brandon L. Garrett, Gregory Mitchell
Michigan Law Review
William Blackstone famously expressed the view that convicting the innocent constitutes a much more serious error than acquitting the guilty. This view is the cornerstone of due process protections for those accused of crimes, giving rise to the presumption of innocence and the high burden of proof required for criminal convictions. While most legal elites share Blackstone’s view, the citizen jurors tasked with making due process protections a reality do not share the law’s preference for false acquittals over false convictions.
Across multiple national surveys sampling more than 12,000 people, we find that a majority of Americans consider false acquittals …
Outsourcing Agency Rulemaking, Christopher J. Walker
Outsourcing Agency Rulemaking, Christopher J. Walker
Reviews
When it comes to understanding the political dynamics of agency rulemaking, the place to start is Rachel Potter’s book Bending the Rules: Procedural Politicking in the Bureaucracy, about which the Yale Journal on Regulation published a blog symposium in 2019. Through a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, Potter explores how agency officials—both career civil servants and political appointees—play a role in the rulemaking process and leverage procedural rules to help advance their preferred policy outcomes.
All Stick And No Carrot? Reforming Public Offerings, Stephen J. Choi, Adam C. Pritchard
All Stick And No Carrot? Reforming Public Offerings, Stephen J. Choi, Adam C. Pritchard
Law & Economics Working Papers
The SEC heavily regulates the traditional initial public offering. Those regulatory burdens fuel interest in alternative paths for private companies to go public, “regulatory arbitrage.” The SEC’s response to the emergence of alternatives, most recently SPACs and direct listings, has been to suppress them by imposing heightened liability under Section 11 of the Securities Act. The SEC’s treatment of the traditional IPO regulatory process as a one-size-fits-all regime ignores the weaknesses of this process, in particular the informational inefficiency of the book-building process. In this essay we argue that the agency’s focus in regulating issuers going public should be on …
Legitimacy And Online Proceedings: Procedural Justice, Access To Justice, And The Role Of Income, Avital Mentovich, J.J. Prescott, Orna Rabinovich-Einy
Legitimacy And Online Proceedings: Procedural Justice, Access To Justice, And The Role Of Income, Avital Mentovich, J.J. Prescott, Orna Rabinovich-Einy
Law & Economics Working Papers
Courts have long struggled to bridge the access-to-justice gap associated with in-person hearings, which makes the recent adoption of online legal proceedings potentially beneficial. Online proceedings hold promise for better access: they occur remotely, can proceed asynchronously, and often rely solely on written communication. Yet these very qualities may also undermine some of the well-established elements of procedural-justice perceptions, a primary predictor of how people view the legal system’s legitimacy. This paper examines the implications of shifting legal proceedings online for both procedural-justice and access-to-justice perceptions. It also investigates the relationship of both types of perceptions with system legitimacy, as …
Using Odr Platforms To Level The Playing Field: Improving Pro Se Litigation Through Odr Design, J.J. Prescott
Using Odr Platforms To Level The Playing Field: Improving Pro Se Litigation Through Odr Design, J.J. Prescott
Book Chapters
Court-connected ODR has already shown itself capable of dramatically improving access to justice by eliminating barriers rooted in the fact that courts traditionally resolve disputes only during certain hours, in particular physical places, and only through face-to-face proceedings. Given the centrality of courthouses to our system of justice, too many Americans have discovered their rights are too difficult or costly to exercise. As court-connected ODR systems spread, offering more inclusive types of dispute resolution services, people will soon find themselves with the law and the courts at their fingertips. But robust access to justice requires more than just raw, low-cost …
Shedding New Light On Multinational Corporations And Human Rights: Promises And Limits Of “Blockchainizing” The Global Supply Chain, Chang-Hsien Tsai, Ching-Fu Lin
Shedding New Light On Multinational Corporations And Human Rights: Promises And Limits Of “Blockchainizing” The Global Supply Chain, Chang-Hsien Tsai, Ching-Fu Lin
Michigan Journal of International Law
Over the last few decades, advances in transportation and production technology, in conjunction with economic globalization and the emergence of multinational corporations, have consolidated fragmented production processes into long and complex supply chains across jurisdictions. While there are benefits to such global supply chains (“GSCs”), the prevalence of human rights violations attributable to information asymmetry, as well as rule of law gaps between different jurisdictions, has been a constant challenge. Modern slavery, child abuse, harsh working conditions, low wages, and other problems have reoccurred in the factories of upstream suppliers in the global South and have been systemically ignored by …