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Full-Text Articles in Law

The Free Exercise Clause: Fealty To God Or Caesar, John O. Hayward Sep 2014

The Free Exercise Clause: Fealty To God Or Caesar, John O. Hayward

John O. Hayward

This essay furnishes a modest definition of “religion,” briefly reviews the historical background of the Free Exercise Clause, examines several significant U.S. Supreme Court decisions, including the controversial Hobby Lobby case, that have defined, expanded and limited this clause, and finally, argues that the Court in interpreting the Free Exercise clause should be mindful of the writings of seventeenth century political philosopher John Locke (1632-1704), who maintained that the state should allow all religions to pursue their own goals as long as they don’t produce civil harms. Lastly, the article concludes with a caveat that a country whose citizens have …


Exotic Dancing: Taxable Trash Or Exempt Art, John O. Hayward Apr 2014

Exotic Dancing: Taxable Trash Or Exempt Art, John O. Hayward

John O. Hayward

Exotic dancers usually embroil themselves in censorship battles with local authorities. But recently they have drawn the attention of tax authorities who have tussled with the owners of so-called “gentlemen’s clubs” over whether the exotic dancing performed in their establishments are subject to taxation. This paper examines two recent cases where state authorities choose to tax exotic dancing while at the same time exempting what some jurists regard as comparable choreographic performances. In the opinion of these commentators, the tax authorities exhibited a bias against low-brow artistic expression, thus engaging in impermissible content discrimination. It advances the proposition that judges …


Police Cell Phone Searches: Where's The Privacy?, John O. Hayward Sep 2012

Police Cell Phone Searches: Where's The Privacy?, John O. Hayward

John O. Hayward

Legal academicians are in a dither that law enforcement, using the exception of a search incident to a lawful arrest, are conducting warrantless searches of cell phones found on the person of those they take into custody. They regard such searches as violating the arrestees’ expectation of privacy, although courts that have considered the matter, by an overwhelming majority, have found lawful arrest trumps any expectation of privacy. This paper examines the legal precedent for searches incident to a lawful arrest being an exception to the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures, inquires into the expectation of privacy …


Police Cell Phone Searches: Where's The Privacy, John O. Hayward Sep 2012

Police Cell Phone Searches: Where's The Privacy, John O. Hayward

John O. Hayward

Legal academicians are in a dither that law enforcement, using the exception of a search incident to a lawful arrest, are conducting warrantless searches of cell phones found on the person of those they take into custody. They regard such searches as violating the arrestees’ expectation of privacy, although courts that have considered the matter, by an overwhelming majority, have found lawful arrest trumps any expectation of privacy. This paper examines the legal precedent for searches incident to a lawful arrest being an exception to the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures, inquires into the expectation of privacy …


Hysteria Over Sexting: A Plea For A Common Sense Approach, John O. Hayward Mar 2012

Hysteria Over Sexting: A Plea For A Common Sense Approach, John O. Hayward

John O. Hayward

Teenagers have enthusiastically embraced digital technology and its myriad assortment of electronic devices and gadgets. But unfortunately they often find themselves the target of numerous laws criminalizing their use. Sending sexy photos of themselves in various stages of undress to their favorite boyfriend or girlfriend earns them unwanted attention from school administrators as well as criminal complaints from the local district attorney accusing them of trafficking in child pornography! This article deals with “sexting,” the practice of “sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, photos, or images via cell phone, computer, or other digital device.” (The term is a combination …


Is Sexting The New Witchcraft? A Plea For A Common Sense Approach., John O. Hayward Sep 2011

Is Sexting The New Witchcraft? A Plea For A Common Sense Approach., John O. Hayward

John O. Hayward

Teenagers have enthusiastically embraced digital technology and its myriad assortment of electronic devices and gadgets. But unfortunately they often find themselves the target of numerous laws criminalizing their use. Sending sexy photos of themselves in various stages of undress to their favorite boyfriend or girlfriend earns them unwanted attention from school administrators as well as criminal complaints from the local district attorney accusing them of trafficking in child pornography! This article deals with “sexting,” the practice of “sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, photos, or images via cell phone, computer, or other digital device.” (The term is a combination …