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Articles 181 - 210 of 211
Full-Text Articles in Law
Takings Law, Lucas, And The Growth Management Act, John M. Groen, Richard M. Stephens
Takings Law, Lucas, And The Growth Management Act, John M. Groen, Richard M. Stephens
Seattle University Law Review
In light of Lucas and the recent constitutionally questionable Washington decisions, government entities charged with implementing the GMA may have a more difficult time avoiding takings liability than previously thought. Accordingly, this Article first seeks to clarify the modern takings analysis as refined by Lucas. Second, Washington takings precedent is contrasted with the federal approach and several key changes are suggested to make state law consistent with controlling federal precedent. Third, key aspects of the GMA are identified that can be expected to raise takings implications. By identifying potential trouble spots in the GMA now, hopefully some takings will …
The Treatment Of Nominee Corporations For Income Tax Purposes, Norton L. Steuben
The Treatment Of Nominee Corporations For Income Tax Purposes, Norton L. Steuben
Seattle University Law Review
This Article traces the development of the nonentity and agency approaches to the treatment of nominee corporations. The nonentity approach had a short lifespan and is of little use today. The agency approach, in contrast, experienced a period of development that resulted in a complex six-factor test that was employed in at least three circuits. When a conflict in the application of the six-factor test developed, the Supreme Court in Commissioner v. Bollinger enunciated a different approach and established a new, more workable standard. This Article explores the limitations of that standard as well as its practical application for planners.
Economic Development And Public Transit: Making The Most Of The Washington Growth Management Act, Robert H. Freilich, Elizabeth A. Garvin, S. Mark White
Economic Development And Public Transit: Making The Most Of The Washington Growth Management Act, Robert H. Freilich, Elizabeth A. Garvin, S. Mark White
Seattle University Law Review
Rapid and unplanned urban growth in the urbanizing and rural fringe areas of the United States has led to numerous problems for state, local, and regional governments. In particular, six crises are readily identifiable, each of which threatens to undermine quality of life and local competitive economic advantage. These crises include the following: (1) deterioration of central cities, first-ring suburbs, and closer-in neighborhoods, resulting in depopulation and abandonment of housing and the employment base; (2) spiraling suburban sprawl, creating massive infrastructure as well as energy costs; (3) loss of prime agricultural lands; (4) environmental crises and threats to open space, …
The Growth Management Revolution In Washington: Past, Present, And Future, Richard L. Settle, Charles G. Gavigan
The Growth Management Revolution In Washington: Past, Present, And Future, Richard L. Settle, Charles G. Gavigan
Seattle University Law Review
Since near misses nearly twenty years ago, comprehensive reform of Washington land use regulatory legislation has been simmering on the back burner. In 1989, the pot began to boil. Central Puget Sound area motorists fumed in "gridlock" traffic. They denounced dense, downtown development, fretted over soaring housing prices, and lamented the loss of forests, farms, and salmon-spawning streams. Thus, the growth management revolution was fomented not by the poor and downtrodden, nor by academic theorists, but by the middle-class suburban masses who sensed escalating degradation of community, environment, and quality of life. They demanded change. The revolutionary battles were fought …
Regulation Of Wetlands In Western Washington Under The Growth Management Act, Alison Moss, Beverlee E. Silva
Regulation Of Wetlands In Western Washington Under The Growth Management Act, Alison Moss, Beverlee E. Silva
Seattle University Law Review
Wetlands protection has long been an important issue in the central Puget Sound. With the passage of the Growth Management Act (GMA), all counties and cities within the state are now required to adopt regulations "protecting" critical areas, including wetlands. This requirement furthers the GMA's environmental goal to "[p]rotect the environment and enhance the state's high quality of life, including air and water quality, and the availability of water." This Article will explore these and related issues arising under the wetlands regulatory scheme in Washington following the adoption of the GMA. It will show how this complex, multi-layered regulation scheme …
The Protection Of Wildlife Under Washington's Growth Management Act, Alan D. Copsey
The Protection Of Wildlife Under Washington's Growth Management Act, Alan D. Copsey
Seattle University Law Review
Will critical areas and resource lands, as implemented under the GMA, effectively contribute to the conservation of wildlife and wildlife habitat in Washington? The remainder of this Article will address that question. First, this Article briefly describes some aspects of biological diversity that must be understood before proceeding further. Second, it sets forth several central principles from modern conservation biology that are essential for maintaining habitat integrity and species viability and considers their applicability to critical areas and resource lands, as defined by the GMA. Third, it explains how these principles could be used to identify and protect habitat remnants …
Is The Growth Management Act Working? A Survey Of Resource Lands And Critical Areas Development Regulations, Gary Pivo
Seattle University Law Review
Section II of this Article begins with a summary of Washington's statutory requirements for both local resource land and critical area development regulations. Section II then reviews the circumstances under which those regulations have been adopted. Section III describes the methods used by the research team to collect and evaluate those regulations. Section IV examines whether Washington counties and cities have met their adoption deadlines. Section V describes the general approaches being taken for meeting those requirements. Section VI compares the regulations to one another in order to judge their consistency and relative restrictiveness throughout Washington. Section VII looks at …
Between Scylla And Charybdis: Growth Management Act Implementation That Avoids Takings And Substantive Due Process Limitations, Jeffrey M. Eustis
Between Scylla And Charybdis: Growth Management Act Implementation That Avoids Takings And Substantive Due Process Limitations, Jeffrey M. Eustis
Seattle University Law Review
This Article begins with an overview of the GMA. It then proceeds with a summary of recent case law under the Takings Clause and substantive due process doctrine. After laying this groundwork, this Article focuses on four particular areas of growth management control and explores how local legislation implementing these areas of control would be analyzed under the Takings Clause and substantive due process. These four areas of land use regulation include: critical area protections, resource land designations, development phasing requirements for concurrency and urban growth areas, and impact fees for public facilities and services. This Article then concludes with …
Dashed "Investment-Backed" Expectations: Will The Constitution Protect Property Owners From Excesses In Implementation Of The Growth Management Act?, Elaine Spencer
Seattle University Law Review
Section I briefly discusses the basic principles of takings law as enunciated by prior cases, as well as the United States Supreme Court's recent decision in Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, and the Washington Supreme Court's recent decisions in Sintra, Inc. v. Seattle and Robinson v. Seattle. Although the Lucas decision has received considerable publicity, it advanced the state of the law rather little. The real guidance for future decisions arising out of the GMA will come from earlier United States Supreme Court decisions and the Washington Supreme Court's decisions in Sintra, Robinson, and Lutheran …
Who Pays Reet On Your Street: Washington State's Real Estate Excise Tax In Light Of The 1991 Corporate Transfer Act And Beyond—How Can The Legislature Solve Deer Park Pine?, Georges H.G. Yates
Who Pays Reet On Your Street: Washington State's Real Estate Excise Tax In Light Of The 1991 Corporate Transfer Act And Beyond—How Can The Legislature Solve Deer Park Pine?, Georges H.G. Yates
Seattle University Law Review
This Comment aims to give the reader a complete understanding of Washington’s Real Estate Excise Tax. Further, this Comment advocates replacing the current law. Specifically, this Comment argues that REET is in desperate need of repair; it then considers the options available to the Washington State Legislature in 1993. The Comment concludes that, with a few important alternations, the solution lies in a proposal that died in the House Revenue Committee in 1992.
A Buyer's Catalogue Of Prepurchase Precautions To Minimize Cercla Liability In Commercial Real Estate Transactions, Geoffrey Douglas Patterson
A Buyer's Catalogue Of Prepurchase Precautions To Minimize Cercla Liability In Commercial Real Estate Transactions, Geoffrey Douglas Patterson
Seattle University Law Review
Because the cost and incidence of hazardous waste contamination are soaring and because the courts favor broad interpretations of CERCLA's liability provisions, counsel for prospective purchasers of commercial real estate must take certain prepurchase precautions to minimize potential CERCLA liability. This Comment pro- vides practical suggestions as to the aim and form of those precautions. In Part II, this Comment first examines the basic statutory framework and liability scheme of CERCLA. Part III discusses the common law principles of successor liability and their relation to CERCLA's liability mechanism. Finally, in Part IV, this Comment presents a variety of preventive law …
It Walks Like A Duck, Talks Like A Duck, . . . But Is It A Duck? Making Sense Of Substantial Similarity Law As It Applies To User Interfaces , Ellen M. Bierman
It Walks Like A Duck, Talks Like A Duck, . . . But Is It A Duck? Making Sense Of Substantial Similarity Law As It Applies To User Interfaces , Ellen M. Bierman
Seattle University Law Review
This Comment recommends how courts should apply the substantial similarity analysis to user interfaces. Specifically, this Comment (1) delineates the state of the law in the Ninth Circuit and explains how the recent changes should be interpreted with respect to user interfaces; (2) establishes an analytic framework for evaluating proposed substantial similarity tests through the enumeration of a set of goals specific to user interfaces; and (3) uses this analytic framework to evaluate and endorse a test that applies traditional copyright doctrine to a logical and consistent manner.
Death By Sepa: Substantive Denials Under Washington's State Environmental Policy Act, Roger Pearce
Death By Sepa: Substantive Denials Under Washington's State Environmental Policy Act, Roger Pearce
Seattle University Law Review
This Comment seeks to answer the question raised by West Main II and Cougar Mountain of what procedural processes and substantive policies may be used in SEPA-based denials. After examining the nature of substantive SEPA authority and the relationship between substantive SEPA and Washington's vested rights doctrine, the Comment will discuss West Main II and Cougar Mountain and will argue that the two cases are consistent. It will then provide an informative assessment of the current limits of substantive SEPA authority. The Comment concludes by suggesting the following legislative or judicial changes in SEPA law: earlier vesting of SEPA policies, …
The Implied Termination Of Community Property Agreements Upon Permanent Separation, William Oltman
The Implied Termination Of Community Property Agreements Upon Permanent Separation, William Oltman
Seattle University Law Review
This Article will assess the effect of living separate and apart in a defunct marriage on the typical community property agreement, including both inter-vivos and at-death elements. First, as background, this Article will explain and analyze the Washington law status of the concept of living separate and apart. Second, this Article will then review the facts and the holding of In re Estate of Lyman, an appeals court case illustrating the typical fact situation and setting forth the approach of the Washington Supreme Court in this area. It remains the best and most instructive example to date of this …
What Shelter Remains For Builder/Vendors Under Rcw 4.16.300-320 After Pfeifer V. Bellingham?, Peter Sandomire
What Shelter Remains For Builder/Vendors Under Rcw 4.16.300-320 After Pfeifer V. Bellingham?, Peter Sandomire
Seattle University Law Review
This Note criticizes Pfeifer's incomplete resolution of the apparent conflict between Wash. Rev. Code §§ 4.16.300-.320 and § 353 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts and calls for a reconsideration of the case. The Note is premised on the general validity of statutes of repose and the merit of the policies that they promote. The Note first reviews briefly the development of statutes of repose generally, how they operate, and how courts in Washington and in other jurisdictions have applied them. It then analyzes the development of the Restatement's § 353 and its policy. Next, it examines the Pfeifer court's …
Regulatory Taking Doctrine In Washington: Now You See It, Now You Don't, Richard L. Settle
Regulatory Taking Doctrine In Washington: Now You See It, Now You Don't, Richard L. Settle
Seattle University Law Review
Within a recent two-month period, the Washington Supreme Court issued decisions in two major regulatory taking cases, Orion Corporation v. State, and Allingham v. City of Seattle. In both cases, land use regulations were challenged on the basis of the taking clauses of the federal and state constitutions. This Article analyzes and critically assesses Orion's ambitious doctrinal initiative in light of the Allingham enigma and charts a tentative course toward more coherent regulatory taking doctrine. A pervasive and hopeful theme of the Article is that a latent, largely unarticulated or misstated doctrine exists, just waiting for explicit judicial …
The Public Trust Doctrine In Washington, A. Reid Allison Iii
The Public Trust Doctrine In Washington, A. Reid Allison Iii
Seattle University Law Review
This Article addresses questions of resource allocation and property rights, first, by presenting a brief description of the historical and legal foundation of coastal resource allocation in the United States: the “public trust doctrine.” Second, a survey of the Washington experience demonstrates, surprisingly, that a state whose 2,337 miles of marine coastline approximately equals the length of the entire remaining coastline of the contiguous western United States, has managed to establish a viable and responsive regulatory regime governing coastal resource use with scarcely a mention in its laws of the “public trust doctrine.”
The Effect Of Tax Foreclosure Sales On Servitudes: Olympia V. Palze, Daniel W. Galvin
The Effect Of Tax Foreclosure Sales On Servitudes: Olympia V. Palze, Daniel W. Galvin
Seattle University Law Review
This Note analyzes the historical position taken by Washington courts regarding servitudes and tax sales prior to and subsequent to the 1959 statute dealing with easements. The Note next examines the Palzer holding, the degree to which it aligns Washington's position with that of the majority, and its limited support for future litigation involving other forms of servitudes.
The Residential Tenant's Right To Freedom Of Political Expression, James E. Lobsenz, Timothy M. Swanson
The Residential Tenant's Right To Freedom Of Political Expression, James E. Lobsenz, Timothy M. Swanson
Seattle University Law Review
This Article outlines the arguments to be made on behalf of residential tenants who display political signs and who encounter threats of eviction, rent increases, and other forms of landlord opposition. In Section II, the Article describes the development of the general principles of constitutional law applicable to disputes between property owners and tenants who wish to use the property owners’ premises as a forum for the expression of the tenants’ ideas and beliefs. Tracing the history of the United States Supreme Court rulings in this area, the authors analyze the waxing and waning of first amendment speech rights, the …
Miotke V. City Of Spokane: Nuisance Or Inverse Condemnation—Theories For Government Environmental Liability, Gary L. Baker
Miotke V. City Of Spokane: Nuisance Or Inverse Condemnation—Theories For Government Environmental Liability, Gary L. Baker
Seattle University Law Review
A recent decision by the Washington State Supreme Court, Miotke v. City of Spokane, may broadly affect the right to and type of recovery that will be available to persons whose property rights are infringed either by an agent of the state or by private parties. Miotke involved the dumping of untreated sewage into a river, with the sewage flowing into a lake and interfering with lakefront property owners' enjoyment of their property. The court in Miotke faced a set of claims in property, tort, and state environmental law. The court recognized the significance of its decision and the …
Dependent Covenants In Commercial Leases: Hindquarter Corp. V. Property Development Corp., Tracy R. Antley Faust
Dependent Covenants In Commercial Leases: Hindquarter Corp. V. Property Development Corp., Tracy R. Antley Faust
Seattle University Law Review
This Note demonstrates that the Washington Supreme Court correctly applied contract principles to the Hindquarter lease dispute. The Note first reviews the historical development of dependent covenants in both residential and commercial contexts. After setting out this important background information, the Note examines Hindquarter and the three factors that influenced the Washington Supreme Court in following the dependent covenants trend: (1) material inducements to execute the lease; (2) the intent of the parties; and (3) equity and policy considerations. The Note concludes that, even though the landlord prevailed in Hindquarter, commercial tenants stand to gain most from the supreme …
Constitutional Review Of State Eminent Domain Legislation: Hawaii Housing Authority V. Midkiff, Stuart P. Kastner
Constitutional Review Of State Eminent Domain Legislation: Hawaii Housing Authority V. Midkiff, Stuart P. Kastner
Seattle University Law Review
The State of Hawaii has a unique land ownership problem directly affecting many of the state's homeowners: a handful of people own a large percentage of the land available for residential housing." Consequently, a significant proportion of homeowners rent, under long-term leases, the land on which their homes are built. In 1967 the Hawaii legislature took action to break up this concentration of ownership by enacting the Land Reform Act. The legislature declared that such ownership was a threat to the health, safety, and welfare of Hawaii's citizens because of its significant contribution to the spiraling inflation of land values. …
Cardozo Revisited: Liability To Third Parties; A Real Property Perspective, Robert Kratovil
Cardozo Revisited: Liability To Third Parties; A Real Property Perspective, Robert Kratovil
Seattle University Law Review
One of the most outstanding jurists of our time, Justice Benjamin Cardozo, articulated a principle spanning the "seamless web" of the law which, unfortunately, has been obscured by the attempts of courts, casebook writers, and law professors to pigeonhole the principle into familiar categories. Justice Cardozo established the principle that a person who undertakes a task is liable for injury to remote third parties, regardless of lack of privity, which arises from the person's negligent performance of the task. Cardozo also enunciated an exception to this rule which developed into a widely accepted opposing rule. This Article first traces the …
Real Estate Contracts And The Doctrine Of Equitable Conversion In Washington: Dispelling The Ashford Cloud, Linda S. Hume
Real Estate Contracts And The Doctrine Of Equitable Conversion In Washington: Dispelling The Ashford Cloud, Linda S. Hume
Seattle University Law Review
The principal thesis of this Article is that property and contract questions should not be solved independently and are most usefully approached in a distinct order. Because the installment contract divides the incidents of property ownership usually associated with legal title between the parties to the contract, it should be treated differently than the earnest money contract in which the incidents of ownership are not divided. In addition, it is important to first answer some remedial questions before proceeding to make decisions about the property interest of each party to the contract. To support this thesis, this Article explains in …
Forfeiture Clauses In Land Installment Contracts: Time For Equitable Foreclosure, Donna R. Roper
Forfeiture Clauses In Land Installment Contracts: Time For Equitable Foreclosure, Donna R. Roper
Seattle University Law Review
This Comment will trace the history of the Washington courts' decision to deny foreclosure by judicial sale in land installment contracts with forfeiture clauses and will demonstrate the viability and preferability of foreclosure by judicial sale as an equitable remedy for a defaulting buyer. The Comment will also describe how other states, either legislatively or judicially, have resolved the inequity of forfeitures.
Boundary Law: The Rule Of Monument Control In Washington, Jerry Broadus
Boundary Law: The Rule Of Monument Control In Washington, Jerry Broadus
Seattle University Law Review
The rule of monument control has developed as a necessary corollary to the Statute of Frauds as applied to land conveyances. Confusion in the application of the two rules can be avoided by examining their underlying equitable policies. A consideration of these policies is necessary for a reasoned approach to judging the admissibility and weight of evidence needed to prove a boundary monument. San Juan County v. Ayer illustrates the confusion which can result when a court attempts to apply these rules in a technical manner divorced from their historical background. Many boundary disputes could properly be resolved by using …
Alderwood Associatesv. Washington Environmental Council: State Action And The Washington State Constitution, Suzanne Lee Elliott, Jane Elizabeth Pearson
Alderwood Associatesv. Washington Environmental Council: State Action And The Washington State Constitution, Suzanne Lee Elliott, Jane Elizabeth Pearson
Seattle University Law Review
In Alderwood Associates v. Washington Environmental Council, the Washington Supreme Court reversed a temporary restraining order forbidding the defendant's solicitation or demonstration on plaintiff's privately owned shopping mall. Although there was no majority opinion because the court split four-one-four, the result of the several opinions is that the Washington constitution now bars private as well as state action that interferes with the gathering of initiative signatures on certain private property. However, four justices also concluded that the free speech sections of the Washington constitution restricts private as well as state action. The Alderwood result is desirable, but could have …
In Re Puget Sound Power And Light Company: Eminent Domain By Corporations Reevaluated, Julie Anderson
In Re Puget Sound Power And Light Company: Eminent Domain By Corporations Reevaluated, Julie Anderson
Seattle University Law Review
This note examines In re Puget Sound Power and Light Company and the court’s holding that due process requires a private condemnor to prove public use and necessity by a preponderance of the evidence. The note recognizes that the court correctly shifted the burden of proof to the condemnor, but argues that the court could have grounded its decision in the Washington procedural statute governing corporate condemnation and avoided the constitutional question. The note advocates for courts interpreting the statute for corporations to require strict judicial supervision of the eminent domain actions of private entities.
Retaliatory Eviction And Periodic Tenants In Washington, Phillip Raymond
Retaliatory Eviction And Periodic Tenants In Washington, Phillip Raymond
Seattle University Law Review
This comment evaluates the availability of the retaliatory eviction defense to periodic tenants in Washington State in light of a recent appellate court decision, Stephanus v. Anderson, denying periodic tenants the defense where the statutorily required twenty day termination notice is provided. An analysis of the basic policies underlying the Act, to ensure safe, sanitary housing conditions and to prohibit landlords' retaliatory actions against tenants exercising their rights to attain decent housing conditions, indicates periodic tenants be allowed to assert the retaliatory eviction defense. Additionally, the language of the retaliatory action provision of the statute supports an interpretation granting …
Enforceability Of Land Use Servitudes Benefiting Local Government In Washington, Stephen Phillabaum
Enforceability Of Land Use Servitudes Benefiting Local Government In Washington, Stephen Phillabaum
Seattle University Law Review
Washington courts are free to enforce publicland use servitudes. Of the elements required for a servitude to run with the land, form, notice, and touch and concern on the burden side do not bar running. Only the touch and concern element applied on the benefit side is a potential bar. Washington conceivably could allow public land use servitudes to run with the land by following the minority position of not requiring touch and concern on the benefit side. A less stringent theory, however, is available to enforce public land use servitudes. Washington has not adopted a rule that public servitudes …