Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library, The George Washington University (341)
- State University of New York College at Buffalo - Buffalo State College (285)
- University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law (134)
- University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School (120)
- Georgetown University Law Center (105)
-
- Western Michigan University (104)
- Maurer School of Law: Indiana University (77)
- University of South Florida (68)
- The University of Maine (61)
- Saint Louis University School of Law (55)
- University of Colorado Law School (53)
- William & Mary Law School (43)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (41)
- University of Pittsburgh School of Law (41)
- Cleveland State University (40)
- Singapore Management University (40)
- The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law (38)
- Montclair State University (37)
- University of New Hampshire (33)
- Columbia Law School (31)
- University of Michigan Law School (30)
- Duke Law (28)
- University of Central Florida (27)
- Emory University School of Law (26)
- University of Georgia School of Law (26)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (22)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (21)
- Roger Williams University (19)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (19)
- Aga Khan University (15)
- Keyword
-
- Bioethics (118)
- COVID-19 (102)
- Ethics (93)
- Public health (92)
- Law (91)
-
- Health care (90)
- Medicine (79)
- Nursing (71)
- Pandemic (61)
- Women's health (53)
- Domestic violence (47)
- Maine women's serial pubs (46)
- Women's shelters (46)
- Global health (33)
- Abortion (32)
- Health (31)
- Hydraulic fracturing (28)
- Fracking (27)
- Fracing (25)
- Mental health (25)
- Singapore (24)
- Affordable Care Act (22)
- Coronavirus (21)
- Mental illness (19)
- Medicaid (18)
- Reproductive rights (18)
- COVID-19 pandemic (17)
- Health law (17)
- Legal education (17)
- Research (17)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- National Health Policy Forum (288)
- Juanita Hunter, RN & NYSNA Papers [1973-1990] (285)
- All Faculty Scholarship (180)
- Faculty Scholarship (110)
- Center for the Study of Ethics in Society Papers (103)
-
- Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works (98)
- Mid-Atlantic Ethics Committee Newsletter (79)
- Articles by Maurer Faculty (74)
- Mental Health Law & Policy Faculty Publications (68)
- Articles (63)
- Maine Women's Publications - All (46)
- Scholarly Articles (39)
- Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law (37)
- Faculty Publications (35)
- Law Faculty Scholarship (32)
- Faculty Articles (27)
- EGS Content (26)
- Water and Air Quality Issues in Oil and Gas Development: The Evolving Framework of Regulation and Management (Martz Summer Conference, June 5-6) (21)
- Law Faculty Articles and Essays (20)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (19)
- Publications and Research (19)
- Scholars and Artists Bibliographies (18)
- ThinkWork! Publications (18)
- Department of Justice Studies Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works (17)
- Health Policy and Management Issue Briefs (17)
- Law Library Newsletters/Blog (17)
- COVID-19 Pandemic Archive (16)
- Department of Public Health Scholarship and Creative Works (15)
- Center for Gender & Sexuality Law (14)
- Faculty Publications By Year (14)
Articles 61 - 90 of 2339
Full-Text Articles in Law
The Rise And Fall Of A Reproductive Right: Dobbs V. Jackson Women’S Health Organization, Carol Sanger
The Rise And Fall Of A Reproductive Right: Dobbs V. Jackson Women’S Health Organization, Carol Sanger
Faculty Scholarship
Although the phrase “Post-Roe Era” is still used by those who want to underscore the loss wrought last June by Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, it is only a matter of time before the present state of reproductive constitutionalism solidifies into the more authoritarian “Dobbs Era.” In these early days of transition, states are still figuring out what they want the legal status of abortion to be, ever since Dobbs overruled both Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, thus tossing the issue of abortion’s legality back to the states for …
The Neuroscience Of Trauma Supports Diminished Capacity As A Nuanced Approach To The Icc Case Of An Ex-Child Soldier, Lee Hiromoto, Ramail Siddiqui, Landy F. Sparr
The Neuroscience Of Trauma Supports Diminished Capacity As A Nuanced Approach To The Icc Case Of An Ex-Child Soldier, Lee Hiromoto, Ramail Siddiqui, Landy F. Sparr
JCLC Online
The 2021 conviction of former child soldier Dominic Ongwen by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for war crimes committed as an adult commander in the Lord’s Resistance Army in Uganda raises questions about the ICC’s approach to mental illness. During his trial, the defendant unsuccessfully raised defenses of insanity and duress, based on his kidnapping into the militant group as a child. The court rejected not only those defenses, but also the claim that he had mental illness at all, in spite of his traumatic childhood. Integrating scientific research, we argue that both the ICC and the defense failed to …
Public Health Product Hops, Michael S. Sinha
Public Health Product Hops, Michael S. Sinha
All Faculty Scholarship
Pharmaceutical product hops are anticompetitive maneuvers that often represent a last-ditch effort by brand manufacturers to preserve market share in the face of generic competition. An integral part of product life cycle management strategies, product hops may offer marginal benefits to patients but can substantially increase costs to payers and patients alike. Yet industry advocates maintain that this is essential follow-on research and development, resulting in the development of novel products that would otherwise never reach the market.
Is there a middle ground between these two diametrically opposed views? Might certain product hops be considered beneficial, perhaps if they furthered …
The Promise Of Telehealth For Abortion, Greer Donley, Rachel Rebouché
The Promise Of Telehealth For Abortion, Greer Donley, Rachel Rebouché
Book Chapters
The COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed a transformation of abortion care. For most of the last half century, abortion was provided in clinics outside of the traditional healthcare setting. Though a medication regimen was approved in 2000 that would terminate a pregnancy without a surgical procedure, the Food & Drug Administration required, among other things, that the drug be dispensed in person. This requirement dramatically limited the medication’s promise to revolutionize abortion because it subjected medication abortion to the same physical barriers of procedural care.
Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, however, that changed. The pandemic’s early days exposed how the …
How Ai Can Learn From The Law: Putting Humans In The Loop Only On Appeal, I. Glenn Cohen, Boris Babic, Sara Gerke, Qiong Xia,, Theodoros Evgeniou, Klaus Wertenbroch
How Ai Can Learn From The Law: Putting Humans In The Loop Only On Appeal, I. Glenn Cohen, Boris Babic, Sara Gerke, Qiong Xia,, Theodoros Evgeniou, Klaus Wertenbroch
Faculty Scholarly Works
While the literature on putting a “human in the loop” in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has grown significantly, limited attention has been paid to how human expertise ought to be combined with AI/ML judgments. This design question arises because of the ubiquity and quantity of algorithmic decisions being made today in the face of widespread public reluctance to forgo human expert judgment. To resolve this conflict, we propose that human expert judges be included via appeals processes for review of algorithmic decisions. Thus, the human intervenes only in a limited number of cases and only after an …
Public Health Law’S Digital Frontier: Addictive Design, Section 230, And The Freedom Of Speech, Matthew B. Lawrence
Public Health Law’S Digital Frontier: Addictive Design, Section 230, And The Freedom Of Speech, Matthew B. Lawrence
Faculty Articles
This Article argues that, even if courts are unpersuaded by the broadest arguments in favor of a public health approach to regulation of addictive design, they should nonetheless reject the platforms’ efforts to make addictive design a public-health-law-free zone. The public health and internet paradigms can be reconciled as a policy matter because addictive design threatens both public health and innovation online. The public health and internet paradigms can also be reconciled as a legal matter be-cause even strong theories of section 230 and the First Amendment, properly understood, leave states a safe harbor in which to regulate much addictive …
Protecting Low-Income Consumers In The Era Of Digital Grocery Shopping: Implications For Wic Online Ordering, Qi Zhang, Priyanka Patel, Caitlin M. Lowery
Protecting Low-Income Consumers In The Era Of Digital Grocery Shopping: Implications For Wic Online Ordering, Qi Zhang, Priyanka Patel, Caitlin M. Lowery
Community & Environmental Health Faculty Publications
The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is now expected to allow participants to redeem their food benefits online, i.e., via online ordering, rather than only in-store. However, it is unclear how this new benefit redemption model may impact participants’ welfare since vendors may have an asymmetric information advantage compared with WIC customers. The WIC online ordering environment may also change the landscape for WIC vendors, which will eventually affect WIC participants. To protect WIC consumers’ rights in the new online ordering model, policymakers need an appropriate legal and regulatory framework. This narrative review provides that …
The Psychology Of Science Denialism And Lessons For Public Health Authorities, Brenna Moreno, Molly J. Walker Wilson
The Psychology Of Science Denialism And Lessons For Public Health Authorities, Brenna Moreno, Molly J. Walker Wilson
All Faculty Scholarship
As it wreaked tragedy on the world, the outbreak of COVID-19 helped expose a pandemic of a different kind, one steeped in distrust and contrarianism. This movement, termed science denialism, has been lurking and undermining public health efforts for decades. Specifically, it is “the employment of rhetorical arguments to give the appearance of legitimate debate where there is none, an approach that has the ultimate goal of rejecting a proposition on which a scientific consensus exists.” Unlike skepticism, which is “doubt as to the truth of something” and works to progress both science and society, denialism is characterized by individuals’ …
Drug Strategy: The City Of Marshall, Arif Akgul
Drug Strategy: The City Of Marshall, Arif Akgul
2022 Fall Reports (Marshall, IL)
This course introduces the students the main themes and elements of intelligence. Specifically, the students will identify the intelligence community, intelligence cycle, policy making process, and critical issues about intelligence discipline. According to Clark (2016, p.294) “strategic intelligence is about the production of intelligence that is required for forming policy, strategy and plans in government, the military, law enforcement, and industry. Strategic Intelligence is typically a product of intelligence research.” This course is divided into three parallel tracks covering strategic theory, the practice of strategic intelligence, and the application of those principles to “real life” problems. Students will participate throughout …
Public Ownership And The Wto In A Post Covid-19 Era: From Trade Disputes To A 'Social' Function, Paolo Davide Farah, Davide Zoppolato
Public Ownership And The Wto In A Post Covid-19 Era: From Trade Disputes To A 'Social' Function, Paolo Davide Farah, Davide Zoppolato
Articles
Public ownership is closely bound to the need of the government to protect and guarantee the well-being of its citizens. Where the market cannot, or does not want to, provide goods and services, the State uses different tools to intervene, influence, and control some aspects of the private sphere of expression of its citizens in the name and interest of the collectivity. Although, in the past century, this behavior was accepted as one of the expressions of the public authority and part of the social contract, this perception has shifted partially in accordance with the wave of privatization programs initiated …
Affirmatively Furthering Health Equity, Mary Crossley
Affirmatively Furthering Health Equity, Mary Crossley
Articles
Pervasive health disparities in the United States undermine both public health and social cohesion. Because of the enormity of the health care sector, government action, standing alone, is limited in its power to remedy health disparities. This Article proposes a novel approach to distributing responsibility for promoting health equity broadly among public and private actors in the health care sector. Specifically, it recommends that the Department of Health and Human Services issue guidance articulating an obligation on the part of all recipients of federal health care funding to act affirmatively to advance health equity. The Fair Housing Act’s requirement that …
Fair Domestic Allocation Of Monkeypox Virus Countermeasures, Govind C. Persad, R. J. Leland, Trygve Ottersen, Henry S. Richardson, Carla Saenz, G. Owen Schaefer, Ezekiel J. Emanuel
Fair Domestic Allocation Of Monkeypox Virus Countermeasures, Govind C. Persad, R. J. Leland, Trygve Ottersen, Henry S. Richardson, Carla Saenz, G. Owen Schaefer, Ezekiel J. Emanuel
Sturm College of Law: Faculty Scholarship
Countermeasures for mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), primarily vaccines, have been in limited supply in many countries during outbreaks. Equitable allocation of scarce resources during public health emergencies is a complex challenge. Identifying the objectives and core values for the allocation of mpox countermeasures, using those values to provide guidance for priority groups and prioritisation tiers, and optimising allocation implementation are important. The fundamental values for the allocation of mpox countermeasures are: preventing death and illness; reducing the association between death or illness and unjust disparities; prioritising those who prevent harm or mitigate disparities; recognising contributions to combating an outbreak; …
Designing A Fulfilling Life In The Law, Bridgette Carr, Vivek Sankaran, Taylor J. Wilson
Designing A Fulfilling Life In The Law, Bridgette Carr, Vivek Sankaran, Taylor J. Wilson
Articles
There is a mental health crisis in the legal profession. This isn’t news; in 2017, the National Task Force on Lawyering Well-Being acknowledged that the profession has failed to give adequate regard to the well-being of lawyers. High rates of chronic stress, depression, and substance use suggest that “the current state of lawyers’ health cannot support a profession dedicated to client service and dependent on the public trust.”
Advocates’ Perspectives On The Canadian Prison Mother Child Program, Martha Paynter, Clare Heggie, Ruth Martin-Misener, Adelina Iftene, Gail Tomblin Murphy
Advocates’ Perspectives On The Canadian Prison Mother Child Program, Martha Paynter, Clare Heggie, Ruth Martin-Misener, Adelina Iftene, Gail Tomblin Murphy
Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press
Over twenty years ago, Correctional Services Canada launched the Mother Child Program (MCP) to mitigate harms of separating incarcerated mothers from their babies. It has never been subjected to internal evaluation or independent study. The aim of the qualitative study was to explore the experiences of advocates employed by Elizabeth Fry Societies (EFS), community organizations dedicated to the support of incarcerated women, with respect to supporting people who were pregnant or had young children while federally incarcerated and did or did not participate in the MCP.
Law Library Blog (October 2022): Legal Beagle's Blog Archive, Roger Williams University School Of Law
Law Library Blog (October 2022): Legal Beagle's Blog Archive, Roger Williams University School Of Law
Law Library Newsletters/Blog
No abstract provided.
Era Project Summary Of Argument Before Pa Supreme Court On Whether Medicaid Abortion Ban Amounts To Sex Discrimination, Center For Gender And Sexuality Law
Era Project Summary Of Argument Before Pa Supreme Court On Whether Medicaid Abortion Ban Amounts To Sex Discrimination, Center For Gender And Sexuality Law
Center for Gender & Sexuality Law
This morning, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Allegheny Reproductive Health Center v. Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, a case in which reproductive rights advocates have challenged the state’s ban on Medicaid funding for abortion (Coverage Ban), arguing that the ban violates the state constitution’s explicit prohibitions against sex discrimination.
Of Landlords And Tenants: Property In The Midst Of A Pandemic, Seng Wei, Edward Ti
Of Landlords And Tenants: Property In The Midst Of A Pandemic, Seng Wei, Edward Ti
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Described as the crisis of our generation, the coronavirus pandemic has had a profound effect on consumption behaviour, in turn devastating businesses globally. Marking a departure from the sanctity of contract and causing perceived incursions to accrued legal rights, the Coronavirus Act 2020 and related legislation provide business tenancies protection, among others, against forfeiture for non-payment of rent. While this regulation of commercial tenancies appears to be justified on the basis of pragmatic utility, I suggest that Honoré’s incident of ownership prohibiting harmful use also allows for these emergency laws to be vindicated from a property perspective. This provides an …
Flint Michigan Drinking Water Crisis, J. David Aiken
Flint Michigan Drinking Water Crisis, J. David Aiken
Cornhusker Economics
Briefly covers the Flint, Michigan drinking water crisis including providing some background, a timeline of events, and key takeaways from the perspective of public policy.
This article was originally prepared for distribution to students in Aiken's AECN 357 environmental and natural resources law course.
A Multicenter Weighted Lottery To Equitably Allocate Scarce Covid-19 Therapeutics, Douglas B. White, Erin K. Mccreary, Chung-Chou H. Chang, Mark Schmidhoffer, J. Ryan Bariola, Naudia N. Jonassaint, Govind C. Persad, Robert D. Truog, Parag A. Pathak, Tayfun Sönmez, M. Utku Unver
A Multicenter Weighted Lottery To Equitably Allocate Scarce Covid-19 Therapeutics, Douglas B. White, Erin K. Mccreary, Chung-Chou H. Chang, Mark Schmidhoffer, J. Ryan Bariola, Naudia N. Jonassaint, Govind C. Persad, Robert D. Truog, Parag A. Pathak, Tayfun Sönmez, M. Utku Unver
Sturm College of Law: Faculty Scholarship
Shortages of new therapeutics to treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have forced clinicians, public health officials, and health systems to grapple with difficult questions about how to fairly allocate potentially life-saving treatments when there are not enough for all patients in need. Shortages have occurred with remdesivir, tocilizumab, monoclonal antibodies, and the oralantiviral Paxlovid.
Ensuring equitable allocation is especially important in light of the disproportionate burden experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic by disadvantaged groups, including Black, Hispanic/Latino and Indigenous communities, individuals with certain disabilities, and low-income persons. However, many health systems have resorted to first-come, first-served approaches to allocation, which tend …
Fair Allocation Of Scarce Therapies For Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19), Govind C. Persad, Monica E. Peek, Seema K. Shah
Fair Allocation Of Scarce Therapies For Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19), Govind C. Persad, Monica E. Peek, Seema K. Shah
Sturm College of Law: Faculty Scholarship
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued emergency use authorizations (EUAs) for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for nonhospitalized patients with mild or moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and for individuals exposed to COVID-19 as postexposure prophylaxis. EUAs for oral antiviral drugs have also been issued. Due to increased demand because of the Delta variant, the federal government resumed control over the supply and asked states to ration doses. As future variants (e.g., the Omicron variant) emerge, further rationing may be required. We identify relevant ethical principles (i.e., benefiting people and preventing harm, equal concern, and mitigating health inequities) …
Gender-Based Violence In Pakistan And Public Health Measures: A Call To Action, Azza Sarfraz, Zouina Sarfraz, Muzna Sarfraz, Zul Qarnain
Gender-Based Violence In Pakistan And Public Health Measures: A Call To Action, Azza Sarfraz, Zouina Sarfraz, Muzna Sarfraz, Zul Qarnain
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health
No abstract provided.
Student Self-Grading Form, Brett Whysel
Student Self-Grading Form, Brett Whysel
Open Educational Resources
This is a word document that students use at the beginning, midpoint, and end of a semester to set relevant goals, measure progress towards goals, and self-grade. It is intended to build motivation, metacognition, and accountability. Instructors may use it on its own or to supplement other assessment tools, and improve the accuracy, validity, and fairness of final grades.
Criminal, Legal, And Ethical Kidney Donation And Transplantation: A Conceptual Framework To Enable Innovation, Alvin E Roth, Ignazio R Marino, Kimberly D Krawiec, Michael A Rees
Criminal, Legal, And Ethical Kidney Donation And Transplantation: A Conceptual Framework To Enable Innovation, Alvin E Roth, Ignazio R Marino, Kimberly D Krawiec, Michael A Rees
Department of Surgery Faculty Papers
No abstract provided.
The Politics Of The Self: Psychedelic Assemblages, Psilocybin, And Subjectivity In The Anthropocene, Joshua Falcon
The Politics Of The Self: Psychedelic Assemblages, Psilocybin, And Subjectivity In The Anthropocene, Joshua Falcon
FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation examines how psychedelic substances become drawn into particular sociohistorical and political arrangements, and how psychedelic experiences with psilocybin ‘magic mushrooms’ are used as tools of subjectivation. Guided by literatures in philosophy, critical theory, and the social sciences that focus on subjectivity, assemblage theory, and critical posthumanism, I argue that psychedelics are drawn into variegated assemblages, each of which conceptualizes the nature of psychedelics in highly specific ways that reflect implicit conceptions of the world and the self. In developing the concept of psychedelic assemblages, this research provides a window onto the politics of the self in the Anthropocene. …
Assessing The Contribution Of Immigrants To Canada's Nursing And Health Care Support Occupations: A Multi-Scalar Analysis, Rafael Harun, Margaret Walton-Roberts
Assessing The Contribution Of Immigrants To Canada's Nursing And Health Care Support Occupations: A Multi-Scalar Analysis, Rafael Harun, Margaret Walton-Roberts
Social Work and Urban Studies Faculty Research
Background
The World Health Organization adopted the Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health Workforce 2030 in May 2016. It sets specific milestones for improving health workforce planning in member countries, such as developing a health workforce registry by 2020 and ensuring workforce self-sufficiency by halving dependency on foreign-trained health professionals. Canada falls short in achieving these milestones due to the absence of such a registry and a poor understanding of immigrants in the health workforce, particularly nursing and healthcare support occupations. This paper provides a multiscale (Canada, Ontario, and Ontario’s Local Health Integration Networks) overview of immigrant participation in …
Statement From Columbia Law School’S Center For Gender And Sexuality Law On The Supreme Court Decision Overruling The Constitutional Right To Abortion, Center For Gender And Sexuality Law
Statement From Columbia Law School’S Center For Gender And Sexuality Law On The Supreme Court Decision Overruling The Constitutional Right To Abortion, Center For Gender And Sexuality Law
Center for Gender & Sexuality Law
The Supreme Court opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization signals a major break with at least three generations of constitutional law. This opinion eliminates not only constitutional protections for abortion, but well-settled legal principles on which fundamental rights have rested for over 60 years. “Within a 24-hour period the Supreme Court ruled on the one hand that abortion rights are a local issue to be decided by each state independently, while on the other, states are barred from making local decisions about how to regulate guns,” said Katherine Franke, James L. Dohr Professor of Law and Director of …
Columbia Law School’S Center For Gender And Sexuality Law On Leaked Dobbs Opinion, Center For Gender And Sexuality Law
Columbia Law School’S Center For Gender And Sexuality Law On Leaked Dobbs Opinion, Center For Gender And Sexuality Law
Center for Gender & Sexuality Law
The leaked Supreme Court opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, signals a major break with at least three generations of constitutional law. Should this opinion be officially issued by the Court, it will eliminate not only constitutional protections for abortion, but well-settled legal principles on which basic personal rights have rested for over 60 years.
What Comes Now? Religious Liberty And The End Of Roe, Law, Rights, And Religion Project
What Comes Now? Religious Liberty And The End Of Roe, Law, Rights, And Religion Project
Center for Gender & Sexuality Law
New York, NY – The Law, Rights, and Religion Project at Columbia Law School, an academic think tank that conducts research and policy analysis on the complex ways in which religious liberty rights interact with other fundamental rights, has a number of materials that can help to shed light on three key issues around the possible end of Roe v. Wade in light of the draft Supreme Court opinion released yesterday.
Narrative Capacity, James Toomey
Narrative Capacity, James Toomey
Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications
The doctrine of capacity is a fundamental threshold to the protections of private law. The law only recognizes private decision-making—from exercising the right to transfer or bequeath property and entering into a contract to getting married or divorced—made with the level of cognitive functioning that the capacity doctrine demands. When the doctrine goes wrong, it denies individuals, particularly older adults, access to basic private-law rights on the one hand and ratifies decision-making that may tear apart families and tarnish legacies on the other.
The capacity doctrine in private law is built on a fundamental philosophical mismatch. It is grounded in …
Public Policy And Religion In The Pandemic: U.S. Constitution And The First Amendment, Stephen Covell, Diane Riggs, Cameron Borg
Public Policy And Religion In The Pandemic: U.S. Constitution And The First Amendment, Stephen Covell, Diane Riggs, Cameron Borg
Modules for Teaching Pandemic Response and Religion in the USA
The following teaching module is designed for high school and college level instructors who seek to teach a lesson on the impact the COVID-19 pandemic had on the relationship between church and state. The teaching module features a lesson plan, case studies, and assignments that can be incorporated as the instructor sees fit. This teaching module was created by Western Michigan University's Department of Comparative Religion.