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Articles 61 - 88 of 88
Full-Text Articles in Law
Misunderestimating Dastar: How The Supreme Court Unwittingly Revolutionized Copyright Preemption, Tom W. Bell
Misunderestimating Dastar: How The Supreme Court Unwittingly Revolutionized Copyright Preemption, Tom W. Bell
Maryland Law Review
No abstract provided.
Refusals To Deal With Competitors By Owners Of Patents And Copyrights: Reflections On The Image Technical And Xerox Decisions, Joseph P. Bauer
Refusals To Deal With Competitors By Owners Of Patents And Copyrights: Reflections On The Image Technical And Xerox Decisions, Joseph P. Bauer
Journal Articles
Under the patent and copyright laws, the owner of a patent for an invention or of a copyright for a work has the right to sell, license or transfer it, to exploit it individually and exclusively, or even to decide to withhold it from the public. By contrast, under the antitrust laws, a unilateral refusal to deal may constitute an element of a violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Act, and the courts may then impose a duty on the violator to deal with others, including possibly with its actual or would-be competitors.
The central question addressed by this …
Not All Copyright Infringers Are Created Equal: Why Federal Income Tax Is A Proper Deductible Expense For Non-Willful Copyright Infringers, Christine Ballard
Not All Copyright Infringers Are Created Equal: Why Federal Income Tax Is A Proper Deductible Expense For Non-Willful Copyright Infringers, Christine Ballard
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
Case law is sparse on the issue of tax deductibility for non-willful infringers and, as such, cases representing copyright, patent, and trademark infringement have been used interchangeably in an attempt to develop a rule. It is necessary to point out, however, that there are different standards for obtaining and protecting these three different types of intellectual property. As such, this Note will first analyze the remedies available for copyrights, patents, and trademarks to determine whether different standards should apply regarding the deductibility of taxes from gross infringing revenue when determining actual damage awards. Next, this Note analyzes arguments that have …
Equal Protection In The World Of Art And Obscenity: The Art Photographer's Latent Struggle With Obscenity Standards In Contemporary America, Elaine Wang
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
Part I of this article describes the initial hurdles that all visual art forms, including photography, face with respect to First Amendment protection given the power of visual imagery and the three-pronged test for obscenity set forth in Miller v. California. Of particular relevance is the "serious artistic value" prong of the Miller test and the problems inherent in determining who is to judge as well as how one might judge whether a work, particularly a photograph that may be construed to have a non-artistic function, possesses "serious artistic value."
Part II addresses the overall approach to photography in three …
A Winner Is Who? Fair Use And The Online Distribution Of Manga And Video Game Fan Translations, Jaime E. Muscar
A Winner Is Who? Fair Use And The Online Distribution Of Manga And Video Game Fan Translations, Jaime E. Muscar
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
This note examines the legality of fan translations of Japanese comic books, known as manga, and video games distributed over the Internet, with special consideration given to the application of the fair use doctrine. Technology related to the distribution of media online grows exponentially compared to the law governing this technology. Although much recent litigation has limited the online distribution of traditional media, both copyright holders and courts have largely ignored a fringe segment of this distribution. This fringe includes manga and video games. Manga can be easily shared online by scanning images, and video games are now frequently converted …
Video Game Music: Where It Came From, How It Is Being Used Today, And Where It Is Heading Tomorrow, Michael Cerrati
Video Game Music: Where It Came From, How It Is Being Used Today, And Where It Is Heading Tomorrow, Michael Cerrati
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
This article addresses the many facets of the video game industry and the exceptional role that music has played and continues to play in this expanding industry. Part I tracks the history of music's role as video games developed over the years. Part II discusses the manner in which music is obtained for use in video games and the contractual setting in which this takes place. Part III comments on the current state of the video game industry, exploring ways to shift the paradigm from one that is publicity-driven, to one that recognizes the importance of music. The final section, …
Frozen In Time? New Technologies, Fixation, And The Derivative Work Right, Patrick W. Ogilvy
Frozen In Time? New Technologies, Fixation, And The Derivative Work Right, Patrick W. Ogilvy
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
This note will explore the adequacy of the scope of the derivative work right as it applies to new technologies and discuss how that right should be expanded to compensate for technological developments not foreseen when the current Copyright Act was enacted in 1976. The note will also provide a recommendation that could resolve all of the issues raised throughout. Part I provides a more detailed background of the jump-and-skip technology being used as an example to represent all referencing works. Part II first discusses and analyzes the present state of the derivative work right. It then addresses the purposes …
Open Access, Law, Knowledge, Copyrights, Dominance And Subordination, Ann Bartow
Open Access, Law, Knowledge, Copyrights, Dominance And Subordination, Ann Bartow
Law Faculty Scholarship
The concept of open access to legal knowledge is at the surface a very appealing one. A citizenry that is well informed about the law may be more likely to comply with legal dictates and proscriptions, or at a minimum, will be aware of the consequences for not doing so. What is less apparent, however, is whether an open access approach to legal knowledge is realistically attainable without fundamental changes to the copyright laws that would recalibrate the power balance between content owners and citizens desiring access to interpretive legal resources. A truly useful application of open access principles would …
Fair Use And The Fairer Sex: Gender, Feminism, And Copyright Law, Ann Bartow
Fair Use And The Fairer Sex: Gender, Feminism, And Copyright Law, Ann Bartow
Law Faculty Scholarship
Copyright laws are written and enforced to help certain groups of people assert and retain control over the resources generated by creative productivity. Because those people are predominantly male, the copyright infrastructure plays a role, largely unexamined by legal scholars, in helping to sustain the material and economic inequality between women and men. This essay considers some of the ways in which gender issues and copyright laws intersect, proposes a feminist critique of the copyright legal regime which advocates low levels of copyright protections, and asserts the importance of considering the social and economic disparities between women and men when …
The Secret Life Of Legal Doctrine: The Divergent Evolution Of Secondary Liability In Trademark And Copyright Law, Mark Bartholomew, John Tehranian
The Secret Life Of Legal Doctrine: The Divergent Evolution Of Secondary Liability In Trademark And Copyright Law, Mark Bartholomew, John Tehranian
Journal Articles
The recent explosion in intellectual property litigation has witnessed increasing recourse to secondary liability theories. The courts have responded favorably to plaintiffs by enunciating substantial reinterpretations of extant principles, thereby precipitating a veritable secondary liability revolution. Numerous commentators have bemoaned this trend, contending that judicial recasting of liability rules expands intellectual property rights beyond their intended scope, thereby resulting in an overprotective regime that stifles innovation. Yet one of the most striking aspects of the secondary liability revolution has been all but ignored in the literature: While the courts have broadened the scope of secondary liability principles with respect to …
Copyright, Commodification, And Culture: Locating The Public Domain, Julie E. Cohen
Copyright, Commodification, And Culture: Locating The Public Domain, Julie E. Cohen
Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works
The relationship between increased commodification and the public domain in copyright law is the subject of considerable controversy, both political and theoretical. The paper argues that beliefs about what legal definition the public domain requires depend crucially on implicit preconceptions about what a public domain is. When considered in broader historical context, the term public domain has a specific set of denotative and connotative meanings that constitute the artistic, intellectual, and informational public domain as a geographically separate place, portions of which are presumptively eligible for privatization. This idea meshes well with the current push toward commodification in copyright. The …
My Library: Copyright And The Role Of Institutions In A Peer-To-Peer World, Rebecca Tushnet
My Library: Copyright And The Role Of Institutions In A Peer-To-Peer World, Rebecca Tushnet
Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works
Today's technology turns every computer - every hard drive - into a type of library. But the institutions traditionally known as libraries have been given special consideration under copyright law, even as commercial endeavors and filesharing programs have begun to emulate some of their functions. This Article explores how recent technological and legal trends are affecting public and school-affiliated libraries, which have special concerns that are not necessarily captured by an end-consumer-oriented analysis. Despite the promise that technology will empower individuals, we must recognize the crucial structural role of intermediaries that select and distribute copyrighted works. By exploring how traditional …
Copyright Lochnerism, Raymond Shih Ray Ku
Copyright Lochnerism, Raymond Shih Ray Ku
Faculty Publications
Part I of this essay outlines the conflict between copyright and the First amendment as well as, the complementary argument for reconciling copyright and free speech, as it has been formulated by scholars and the Supreme Court. Part II discusses what I have referred to as the Framers' copyright and the extent to which arguments based upon the Framers' intent in this area may reconcile copyright and free speech. Lastly, Part III argues that reliance upon the complementary argument to deny any role for heightened First Amendment review in copyright cases is subject to two interrelated criticisms of Lochner. By …
One For All: The Problem Of Uniformity Cost In Intellectual Property Law, Michael W. Carroll
One For All: The Problem Of Uniformity Cost In Intellectual Property Law, Michael W. Carroll
Articles in Law Reviews & Other Academic Journals
Intellectual property law protects the owner of each patented invention or copyrighted work of authorship with a largely uniform set of exclusive rights. In the modern context, it is clear that innovators' needs for intellectual property protection vary substantially across industries and among types of innovation. Applying a socially costly, uniform solution to problems of differing magnitudes means that the law necessarily imposes uniformity cost by underprotecting those who invest in certain costly innovations and overprotecting those with low innovation costs or access to alternative appropriability mechanisms.
This Article argues that reducing uniformity cost is the central problem for intellectual …
To Bootleg Or Not To Bootleg? Confusion Surrounding The Constitutionality Of The Anti-Bootlegging Act Continues, Andrew B. Peterson
To Bootleg Or Not To Bootleg? Confusion Surrounding The Constitutionality Of The Anti-Bootlegging Act Continues, Andrew B. Peterson
Oklahoma Law Review
No abstract provided.
Piracy: Twelve Year-Olds, Grandmothers, And Other Good Targets For The Recording Industry's File Sharing Litigation, Matthew Sag
Piracy: Twelve Year-Olds, Grandmothers, And Other Good Targets For The Recording Industry's File Sharing Litigation, Matthew Sag
Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property
No abstract provided.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer V. Grokster: Unpredictability In Digital Copyright Law, Kent Schoen
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer V. Grokster: Unpredictability In Digital Copyright Law, Kent Schoen
Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property
No abstract provided.
Coordination, Property & Intellectual Property: An Unconventional Approach To Anticompetitive Effects & Downstream Access, F. Scott Kieff
Coordination, Property & Intellectual Property: An Unconventional Approach To Anticompetitive Effects & Downstream Access, F. Scott Kieff
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
Countless high profile cases like the recent patent litigation threatening to shut down the BlackBerry® service have long drawn sharp criticism; and in response, most of the intellectual property (IP) literature argues for the use of weaker, or liability rule, enforcement as a tool for solving the problems of anticompetitive effects and downstream access while still providing sufficient rewards to IP creators. This paper takes an unconventional approach under which rewards don't matter much, but coordination does matter a great deal. The paper shows how stronger, or property rule, enforcement facilitates the good type of coordination that increases competition and …
Why Sell What You Can License?, Contracting Around Statutory Protection Of Intellectual Property, Elizabeth I. Winston
Why Sell What You Can License?, Contracting Around Statutory Protection Of Intellectual Property, Elizabeth I. Winston
Scholarly Articles
Historically, the transfer of goods has been through sale, a model regulated by public legislation. Increasingly, however, the transfer of goods is occurring through licensing, a model regulated by private legislation. Privately-legislated licenses - for such chattels as musical and written works and agricultural goods - are being used to circumvent publicly-legislated restrictions on intellectual property. Private legislation should not circumvent public legislation, and intellectual property owners should not be allowed to circumvent the statutory scheme for protection of intellectual property. Licenses that augment publicly-legislated protection of intellectual property support the traditional role of contracts and should be enforced. Licenses …
Pervasively Distributed Copyright Enforcement, Julie E. Cohen
Pervasively Distributed Copyright Enforcement, Julie E. Cohen
Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works
In an effort to control flows of unauthorized information, the major copyright industries are pursuing a range of strategies designed to distribute copyright enforcement functions across a wide range of actors and to embed these functions within communications networks, protocols, and devices. Some of these strategies have received considerable academic and public scrutiny, but much less attention has been paid to the ways in which all of them overlap and intersect with one another. This article offers a framework for theorizing this process. The distributed extension of intellectual property enforcement into private spaces and throughout communications networks can be understood …
Performance, Property, And The Slashing Of Gender In Fan Fiction , Sonia K. Katyal
Performance, Property, And The Slashing Of Gender In Fan Fiction , Sonia K. Katyal
Faculty Scholarship
Today, it is no secret that the regime of copyright law, once an often-overlooked footnote to our legal system of property, now occupies a central position in modern debates surrounding the relationship between freedom of expression, language, and ownership. Curiously, however, while contemporary scholarship on copyright now embraces a wide range of political and economic approaches, it has often failed to consider how intellectual property law - as it is owned, constituted, created, and enforced - both benefits and disadvantages segments of the population in divergent ways. This absence is both vexing and fascinating. While issues of distributive justice have …
Inducers And Authorisers: A Comparison Of The Us Supreme Court's Grokster Decision And The Australian Federal Court's Kazaa Ruling, Jane C. Ginsburg, Sam Ricketson
Inducers And Authorisers: A Comparison Of The Us Supreme Court's Grokster Decision And The Australian Federal Court's Kazaa Ruling, Jane C. Ginsburg, Sam Ricketson
Faculty Scholarship
On June 27, 2005, the US Supreme Court announced its much-awaited decision in MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster Ltd. A few months after this, the Federal Court of Australia handed down its decision at first instance in relation to parallel litigation in that country concerning the KaZaa file sharing system. Both decisions repay careful consideration of the way in which the respective courts have addressed the relationship between the protection of authors' rights and the advent of new technologies, particularly in relation to peer-to-peer networks.
In the Grokster case, songwriters, record producers and motion picture producers alleged that two popular …
The Copyright Paradox, Tim Wu
The Copyright Paradox, Tim Wu
Faculty Scholarship
Copyright law has become an important part of American industrial policy. Its rules are felt by every industry that touches information, and today that means quite a bit. Like other types of industrial policy, copyright in operation purposely advantages some sectors and disadvantages others. Consequently, today's copyright courts face hard problems of competition management, akin to those faced by the antitrust courts and the Federal Communications Commission.
How should courts manage competition using copyright? Over the last decade, writers have begun to try to understand the "other side" of copyright, variously called its innovation policy, communications policy, or regulatory side.Here …
Unravelling The Myth Around Open Source Licences - An Analysis From A Dutch And European Law Perspective, Lucie Guibault, Ot Van Daalen
Unravelling The Myth Around Open Source Licences - An Analysis From A Dutch And European Law Perspective, Lucie Guibault, Ot Van Daalen
Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press
Open source software licences are based on two fundamental principles: the possibility for users to use the software for any purpose and the possibility to modify and redistribute it without prior authorisation from the initial developer. Some open source software licences, like the General Public Licence (GPL), also impose a corollary obligation on the licensee: to make the source code available to other developers. The idea behind this form of licensing is that when programmers can read, redistribute and modify the source code for a piece of software, the software evolves. A number of legal challenges need to be addressed …
A Technological Theory Of The Arms Race, Lee B. Kovarsky
A Technological Theory Of The Arms Race, Lee B. Kovarsky
Lee Kovarsky
Although the 'technological arms race' has recently emerged as a vogue-ish piece of legal terminology, scholarship has quite conspicuously failed to explore the phenomenon systematically. What are 'technological' arms races? Why do they happen? Does the recent spike in scholarly attention actually reflect their novelty? Are they always inefficient? How do they differ from military ones? What role can legal institutions play in slowing them down? In this Article I seek to answer these questions. I argue that copyright enforcement and self-help represent substitutable tactics for regulating access to expressive assets, and that the efficacy of each tactic depends on …
Freedom Of Expression (R): Overzealous Copyright Bozos And Other Enemies Of Creativity (Book Review), Matthew Rimmer
Freedom Of Expression (R): Overzealous Copyright Bozos And Other Enemies Of Creativity (Book Review), Matthew Rimmer
Matthew Rimmer
Dmca Anti-Circumvention Provisions In A Different Light: Perspectives From Transnational Observation Of Five Jurisdictions, Richard Li-Dar Wang
Dmca Anti-Circumvention Provisions In A Different Light: Perspectives From Transnational Observation Of Five Jurisdictions, Richard Li-Dar Wang
Richard Li-dar Wang
In order to cope with the challenge posed by high-quality digital copying of copyrightable works, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and a number of its members have determined to incorporate anticircumvention provisions in 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and their domestic copyright laws. Even though these countries adopted this brand new regulation close in time, they approached the same problem in quite different manners, especially divergent with regard to public domain and fair use privileges. Since the two limitations on copyright play a key role in preserving free dissemination of information and preventing authors from over-asserting their exclusive rights, …
Creative Commons And The New Intermediaries, Michael W. Carroll
Creative Commons And The New Intermediaries, Michael W. Carroll
Michael W. Carroll
This symposium contribution examines the disintermediating and reintermediating roles played by Creative Commons licenses on the Internet. Creative Commons licenses act as a disintermediating force because they enable end-to-end transactions in copyrighted works. The licenses have reintermediating force by enabling new services and new online communities to form around content licensed under a Creative Commons license. Intermediaries focused on the copyright dimension have begun to appear online as search engines, archives, libraries, publishers, community organizers, and educators. Moreover, the growth of machine-readable copyright licenses and the new intermediaries that they enable is part of a larger movement toward a Semantic …