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A Chain Of Inferences Proving Discrimination, Michael J. Zimmer
A Chain Of Inferences Proving Discrimination, Michael J. Zimmer
University of Colorado Law Review
There are three elements in a plaintiff's prima facie case of individual disparate treatment discrimination: (1) the plaintiff suffered an adverse employment action, (2) the action was linked to the defendant, and (3) the defendant's action was motivated by a protected characteristic of the plaintiff. The third element-the defendant's intent to discriminateis the most challenging to prove. Thus, most individual disparate treatment discrimination cases, and this Article, focus on this inquiry. Part of the difficulty is that the second element-the level of linkage between the plaintiff's harm and the defendant's action-has been tied up in the discussion of intent. After …
Accommodating The Female Body: A Disability Paradigm Of Sex Discriminatio, Jessica L. Roberts
Accommodating The Female Body: A Disability Paradigm Of Sex Discriminatio, Jessica L. Roberts
University of Colorado Law Review
This Article presents a novel approach for understanding sex discrimination in the workplace by integrating three distinct areas of scholarship: disability studies, employment law, and architectural design. Borrowing from disabilities studies, I argue that the built environment serves as a situs of sex discrimination. In the first Part, I explain how the concept of disability has progressed from a problem located within the body of an individual with a disability to the failings of the built environment in which that person functions. Using this paradigm, in the next Part, I reframe workplaces constructed for male workers as instruments of sex …