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Table Of Contents Volume 2 No. 1, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

No abstract provided.

Front Matter Volume 2 No. 1, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

No abstract provided.

China And Asia Space Policy Update, John D. Wolf

Space and Defense

You can’t believe everything you hear about the Chinese space program. I worked in Beijing in the late 1990s, and there I encountered a man named Mr. Li. Mr. Li spoke good English, appeared well educated, and claimed to have been in the Chinese Air Force. He would sometimes talk with me about the Chinese space program, particularly about the Chinese space launch facility in Tibet where they were preparing for a mission to the Moon some time before the end of 1999. The purpose of the mission, he said, was to crack open the Moon to allow the Earth …

European Space Policy Update, Richard Buenneke

Space and Defense

Four decades after the first autonomous European satellite launch, Europe found itself at a crossroads regarding the course of its security space programs. Facing continued struggles to develop dedicated military satellites at the national level, Europe considered a strategy based on dual-use technology and past successes in civilian launch and satellite programs. This approach centered on a series of “great projects” for navigation, global monitoring, and space situational awareness.

Russian Space Policy Update, William P. Barry

Space and Defense

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1992, the Russian Federation found itself the inheritor of much of the Soviet space program. However, this “new”country also had a new leadership that had little interest in a space effort that was viewed as tainted by its close association with the leadership of the Communist Party and its management through the Soviet defense industry bureaucracy. In addition, the extraordinary budgets and priorities assigned to resources designated for space efforts were a luxury that Russia could now little afford. In the face of these enormous challenges, the Russian Space Agency was created …

United States Policy Update, James Vedda

Space and Defense

This first installment of the Journal’s U.S. space policy update will recap significant developments since the beginning of the George W. Bush administration. The formal mechanism chosen by the administration to deal with policy issues is the Policy Coordinating Committee (PCC) system, composed of high-level officials from throughout the executive branch. This system was established by National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD)-1, dated 13 February 2001, which set up 6 regional and 11 topic area PCCs, none of which addressed space issues.

Space Control, Diplomacy, And Strategic Integration, R. Joseph Desutter

Space and Defense

As U.S. space capability came of age in the early 1960s it made substantive arms control negotiations possible. Arms control proponents like to argue that treaties, in turn, legitimated spy satellites by acknowledging their existence and sanctioning their use for verification. But the half-century old relationship between satellite technology and arms control has hardly been marked by such reciprocity. While satellite technology has enabled arms control, arms control has imposed nontrivial constraints on America’s strategic exploitation of outer space. In bureaucratic terms, Department of Defense (DOD) exploitation of outer space has been retarded by State Department instruments that were only …

Establishing Space Security: A Prescription For A Rules-Based Approach, Theresa Hitchens, Michael Katz-Hyman

Space and Defense

The question of what constitutes the proper military uses of space is not just a debate over space weapons and attacks on satellites. It is a debate that sheds light on the fundamental decisions that states and their citizens will have to make over the next century as we both explore and exploit space for its scientific, strategic, and economic value. Furthermore, the context of this debate changes year to year as the physical and political environment of space changes.

An Inchoate Process For The International Regulation Of Military Activities In Space, Baker Spring

Space and Defense

As the breadth and depth of military activities in space expand, demands are growing to regulate these activities at the international level. In some cases, these demands stem from the recognition that broader national security operations in space are moving away from a legacy of being dominated by secret intelligence activities and in the direction of more open military activities.1 In other cases, they are driven by the efforts of arms control advocates to roll back the “weaponization of space.”2 Regardless of the underlying motivations, the demands for international regulation are going to grow, and the debate will turn increasingly …

Introduction To The First Issue, Roger G. Harrison

Space and Defense

No abstract provided.

Table Of Contents Volume 1 No. 1, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

No abstract provided.

Front Matter Volume 1 No. 1, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

No abstract provided.

Transatlantic Space Cooperation Workshop, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

In 2008, the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies established the Transatlantic Space Cooperation Workshop series. This workshop series brings together a community of scholars and experts from the United States and Europe, including the European Union (EU), European Space Agency (ESA), and NATO, to share lessons learned, debate, and network on joint priorities in the civil, security, and commercial space.

Asia, Space, And Strategy Workshop, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

In 2006, the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies held its first Asia, Space, and Strategy workshop. This effort brought together US, Canadian, and European experts and policy makers from the military, civilian government, universities, think-tanks, and the private sectors to discuss the implications of current and future Chinese space policy and investigate areas of possible Sino-U.S. cooperation and competition in space. Beginning in 2007, an invitation was extended to include Chinese academics in the discussions. Chinese participation has increased each year since then, with four attendees from China at the 2009 workshop in Vancouver, Canada.

Summer Space Seminar, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

The Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies organized the Summer Space Seminar since 2007 to advance two principal goals: (1) to foster an education and interest in the interdisciplinary areas of space with the intent to develop space professionals; and (2) to develop a network of relations across civil, commercial, and military space professionals that will likely emerge from the participants

Space Situational Awareness Workshop, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

The goal of the Space Situational Awareness workshops is to bring together stakeholders interested in space situational awareness (SSA). This includes practitioners, users of data, representatives of industry and the military, the scientific community, international organizations, and the satellitetracking community. These stakeholders discussed how needs are changing with SSA, what improvements in SSA capabilities can be achieved in the near-term to medium-term, and how various stakeholder communities might better interact to draw on each other’s strengths.

Eisenhower Center Program Summaries, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

No abstract provided.

Role And Identity For Europe In Space Security, Wolfgang Rathgeber, Nina-Louisa Remus

Space and Defense

This article is reprinted here with permission from the authors. See “Executive Summary” in Wolfgang Rathgeber and Nina- Louisa Remuss, Space Security: A Formative Role and Principled Identity for Europe (European Space Policy Institute Report 16, January 2009).

Modern societies have become heavily dependent on space and its applications. As a consequence, the issue of security in space is increasingly being recognized as critical for humankind. This development is reinforced by events like the Chinese anti-satellite (ASAT) test in January 2007. Various alternatives to support the peaceful uses of space, to promote international cooperation, and to prevent an arms race …

Viewpoint: Space Law And The Advancement Of Spacepower, Peter L. Hays

Space and Defense

The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or United States Government. The author thanks David Koplow, Phil Meek, and Michael Saretsky for their extremely helpful comments on previous versions of this article.

Space law has and should continue to play an essential role in the evolution of spacepower. Testing the principle of “freedom of space” and helping establish the legality of satellite overflight were primary objectives of NSC- 5520, the first U.S. …

Viewpoint: Outer Space Treaty And Enhancing Space Security, Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz

Space and Defense

This article is republished here with permission from the author. See “Building the Architecture for Sustainable Space Security,” Conference Report, 30-31 March 2006, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.

The specific question addressed here is: what progress could be made at a possible Outer Space Treaty (OST) Revision Conference and how should a possible Revision Conference unfold?”1 The answer to the question as framed is, with serious trepidation and extreme caution. However, the question contains the assumption that a revision conference for the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including …

Article List, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

No abstract provided.

Concluding Assessments, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

We are at a critical juncture in the evolution of space – we need an intellectual foundation to guide policy and actions. Space was a major instrument and force in shaping the 20th century and the nation’s strategy – Apollo, nuclear deterrence, international cooperation, technology advances, and international conduct exemplify this. A central question is: will space be a similar force in 21st century – will it be determinant of great power status, a key instrument of national power? Today, there is the recognition among leaders that space is not a discretionary activity, but essential to the well-being of the …

Implementing Security Space Policy In The New Administration, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

The Obama Administration has started out strong in the area of space policy formulation and implementation with calls for reestablishing the National Space Council, although this has not happened yet, and by undertaking a number of space policy reviews, including the Augustine Commission on human spaceflight, National Security Council (NSC) and Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) reviews of national space policy under Presidential Directive, the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), and the DOD Space Posture Review. Further, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and OSTP list space as a science and technology priority because it addresses several priorities, …

China’S Role In Space: Cooperation, Competition, And Conflict, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

The panelists in this session were in agreement that China pursues cooperation, competition, and conflict in space. Space capabilities can be used to forge and improve relations with some states. These capabilities are also a means of displaying and projecting comprehensive national power. Finally, space capabilities apply to conflict.

New Approaches To Arms Control, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

There is a sparse record of accomplishment in arms control related to space. One, the Outer Space Treaty constrained the development of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) activities in space. Two, the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty prohibited space-based ballistic missile defense (BMD). Three, arms control treaties reaffirmed the ABM Treaty’s valuable normsetting provisions protective of satellites for intelligence ends. And four, there was one serious effort to negotiate constraints on military space capabilities concerning ASAT weapons between the U.S. and Soviet Union in the mid-1970s.

Military-Civil-Commercial Space Cooperation, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

This session addressed space cooperation across military, civil, and commercial space sectors by examining what is working, what are the obstacles, and what would you change. Following this, the discussion assessed the utility of national space strategy – do we need a national space strategy and strategy for what – to advance cooperation among the space sectors.

International Cooperation In Asia And Europe, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

The Obama Administration put forward a new focus on international cooperation that is more multilateral, where the U.S. listens to friends and allies, but where friends and allies are expected to bear their fair share of the burden. Panelists in this session identified four factors important to foster space cooperation: (1) cooperation must be credible in that there is political will and the proposed cooperation offers something of value to each partner; (2) the collaborative arrangements should demonstrate a cost (burden to be accomplished) and benefit (value) to each partner; (3) cooperation should build national capacity; and (4) cooperation should …

Space Deterrence And National Policy, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

The opening remarks for this session began with a review of the Space Deterrence Study recently completed (August 2009) by the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies and published in Space and Defense 3: 1 (2009). This review was followed by brief discussion of peer reviews and commentaries of the Deterrence Study, also published in Space and Defense 3: 1 (2009).

Threat Assessments And The Space Domain, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

This session focused on risks in relation to the space domain, and the issue of how government resources should be applied to address risks. The point was made that the focus on threat assessments should be on looking for the most probable risks – since 9/11 the focus has been to identify all possible risks, and this is problematic as resources are inadequate for this approach. What is missing is a political context for threat assessments. It is the job of the military to consider all threats – to think of worst-case scenarios and to explore how to counter threats. …

2009 National Space Forum, Space And Defense

Space and Defense

Program Overview