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Full-Text Articles in Mechanical Engineering
Cord Load Characteristics In Bias And Belted-Bias Tires, Joseph Walter, George Hall
Cord Load Characteristics In Bias And Belted-Bias Tires, Joseph Walter, George Hall
Dr. Joseph D. Walter
Two improved versions of a recently developed miniature force transducer were used to measure cord loads at the crown, shoulder, and sidewall of bias and belted-bias automobile tires under different testing conditions. As a transducer at a given location passes through the footprint, a “basic shape” for the cord force pattern is generated for straight ahead rolling and cornering. Factors such as wheel load, inflation pressure, obstacle impact, tire speed, rim width, and frictional properties of the tire-drum interface can affect the total force excursion and/or the base line value but do not affect the basic shape of the patterns. …
Energy Losses In Tires, Joseph Walter, F. Conant
Energy Losses In Tires, Joseph Walter, F. Conant
Dr. Joseph D. Walter
Tire rotation is impeded by a drag force of 10 to 20 lb per 1000‐lb load in normal vehicle operation. The principal cause is hysteresis, which is a function of the viscoelastic properties of the rubber and cord components, the way these materials are used in the tire, and the way the tire is operated. The influence of material properties has been well documented, and many laboratory tests have been developed for their measurement. Of even greater importance to energy losses, however, is tire construction. This subject is developed by consideration of the forces and moments involved in tire operation …
Frictional Interaction Of Tire And Pavement, Joseph Walter
Frictional Interaction Of Tire And Pavement, Joseph Walter
Dr. Joseph D. Walter
No abstract provided.
Interlaminar Shear Strain Measurements In Cord-Rubber Composites, A. Lou, Joseph Walter
Interlaminar Shear Strain Measurements In Cord-Rubber Composites, A. Lou, Joseph Walter
Dr. Joseph D. Walter
The present work is an experimental study using an X-ray technique to measure directly the internal distribution of interlaminar shear deformations which occur during uniaxial extension of two-ply, cord-rubber, angle-ply laminates—both balanced and unbalanced. Significant interlaminar shear strains were developed between the two generally orthotropic layers of one-inch-wide specimens, which decreased almost linearly from a maximum at the edges to zero at the center line. These measurements and those as a function of cord angle were in good agreement with predictions obtained from various theories of laminated shear-flexible composites.
Surface Temperature Of Running Tires Using Infrared Scanning, F. Conant, Joseph Walter
Surface Temperature Of Running Tires Using Infrared Scanning, F. Conant, Joseph Walter
Dr. Joseph D. Walter
An infrared line scanning system has been used to measure surface temperatures of automobile tires under operating conditions. A designed experiment was employed to demonstrate statistically the individual and interaction effects on tire temperature profiles of changes in tire speed, inflation pressure, and wheel load. These effects are different at different radial positions on a given tire and are quite dependent on tire construction, as illustrated by application to bias, belted-bias, and radial tires of comparable sizes.
Centrifugal Effects In Inflated, Rotating Bias-Ply Tires, Joseph Walter
Centrifugal Effects In Inflated, Rotating Bias-Ply Tires, Joseph Walter
Dr. Joseph D. Walter
An equation is derived which governs the dynamic equilibrium contour taken by an inflated and rotating, but otherwise unloaded, bias-ply tire. This equation, which is in the form of a hyperelliptic integral, is based on the membrane theory of shells and the netting analysis of composite materials. Results are obtained for the meridional geom etry of a typical two-ply automobile tire, which are in reasonable agreement with ex perimental measurements. This integral, which describes the dynamic equilibrium contour of the tire, is then used to obtain an algebraic cord load formula. The formula shows how the cord tension at any …
Pneumatic Tire, Alan Neville Gent, Joseph D. Walter
Pneumatic Tire, Alan Neville Gent, Joseph D. Walter
Dr. Joseph D. Walter
For many years, tire engineers relied on the monograph, 'Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires', for detailed information about the principles of tire design and use. Published originally by the National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, in 1971, and a later (1981) edition by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), U.S. Department of Transportation, it has long been out of print. No textbook or monograph of comparable range and depth has appeared since. While many chapters of the two editions contain authoritative reviews that are still relevant today, they were prepared in an era when bias ply and belted-bias …
Cord—Rubber Tire Composites: Theory And Applications, Joseph Walter
Cord—Rubber Tire Composites: Theory And Applications, Joseph Walter
Dr. Joseph D. Walter
The stiffness and strength behavior of the constituent cord and rubber components of the pneumatic tire have been studied in detail by investigators in the industry since the early days of tire production. For example, the effect of twist on the stress-strain properties of cotton tire cord and the reinforcing effect of carbon black on the modulus of natural rubber were well known phenomena many decades ago. Similarly, differences between the elastic and viscoelastic behavior of cord and rubber have been well documented since the 1940's. On the other hand, the material properties (specifically, the elastic constants) of the cord-rubber …
Radial Tire Cord-Rubber Composites, H. Patel, J. Turner, Joseph Walter
Radial Tire Cord-Rubber Composites, H. Patel, J. Turner, Joseph Walter
Dr. Joseph D. Walter
Experimental and theoretical results are presented in terms of the elements of the compliance matrix for the material properties which are needed to characterize a calendered ply of various cord-rubber composites commonly used in the body and belt of radial tires. It is shown that a single ply can be represented as a linear, elastic, homogeneous, orthotropic material to a level of accuracy sufficient for modeling inflated, but otherwise unloaded, radial tires. Cord load distributions in the body, belt, and turnup ply endings are predicted and plotted from the bead to the crown of inflated radial tires using principles of …
Interlaminar-Shear-Strain Measurements In Cord-Rubber Composites, A. Lou, Joseph Walter
Interlaminar-Shear-Strain Measurements In Cord-Rubber Composites, A. Lou, Joseph Walter
Dr. Joseph D. Walter
The present work is an experimental study using an X-ray technique to measure directly the internal distribution of interlaminar-shear deformations which occur during uniaxial extension of two-ply, cord-rubber, angle-ply laminates—both balanced and unbalanced. Significant interlaminar-shear strains were developed between the two generally orthotropic layers of one-inch-wide specimens, which decreased almost linearly from a maximum at the edges to zero at the center line. These measurements, and those as a function of cord angle, were in good agreement with predictions obtained from various theories of laminated shear-flexible composites.
A Tirecord Tension Transducer, Joseph Walter
A Tirecord Tension Transducer, Joseph Walter
Dr. Joseph D. Walter
A transducer is described which can directly measure the cord tension at any point in an arbitrarily loaded tire. Cord force data obtained at the crown and in the sidewall for a typical two-ply automobile tire are presented for: (1) the inflation problem, (2) the static deflection problem, and (3) the rolling tire. Agreement between theory and experiment is good for the inflation problem, which is the only case where a cord load formula exists to allow comparison.
Approximate Expressions For The Elastic Constants Of Cord-Rubber Laminates, Joseph Walter, H. Patel
Approximate Expressions For The Elastic Constants Of Cord-Rubber Laminates, Joseph Walter, H. Patel
Dr. Joseph D. Walter
The relatively simple equations given herein for the four independent elastic constants of a single ply of cord and rubber and for the three independent elastic constants of a cord-rubber angle-ply laminate can be used to assess with sufficient accuracy for many purposes the effect of changes in constituent material properties and/or ply geometry on the stiffness characteristics of unidirectional, filamentary composites used in pneumatic tires.