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Full-Text Articles in Computer Engineering
A Methodology For Developing Correct Rule-Based Programs For Parallel Implementation, Rosanne Fulcomer Gamble
A Methodology For Developing Correct Rule-Based Programs For Parallel Implementation, Rosanne Fulcomer Gamble
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Production systems, also called rule-based systems, are very useful in automating certain human expert tasks, but the current technology exhibits many problems. We believe that parallelism is difficult to exploit in production system programs for two reasons. First, the original serial programs are designed with a priori knowledge of an explicit global control mechanism which must be simulated for correct execution in parallel. The second reason for the difficulty is that no formal language exists in which to express these programs and no verification techniques are utilized to prove properties which guarantee correct execution in parallel. With these two obstacles …
The Display And Manipulation Of Temporal Information, Steve B. Cousins, Michael G. Kahn Washington University In St. Louis, Mark E. Frisse Washington University In St. Louis
The Display And Manipulation Of Temporal Information, Steve B. Cousins, Michael G. Kahn Washington University In St. Louis, Mark E. Frisse Washington University In St. Louis
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Because medical data have complex temporal features, special techniques are required for storing, retrieving, and displaying clinical data from electronic databases. One significant problem caused by the temporal nature of medical data has been called the temporal granularity problem. The temporal granularity problem is said to occur when the set of facts relevant to a specific problem changes as the time scale changes. We argue that what is needed to deal with changes in the relevant time scale are temporal granularity heuristics. One heuristic that we have explored is that, for any level of problem abstraction, and for each type …
Ampliative Inference, Computation, And Dialectic, R. P. Loui
Ampliative Inference, Computation, And Dialectic, R. P. Loui
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There are three theses here: • Non-computationally conceived inference merely expands notation. This includes induction as well as deduction, and thus both deserve the adjective non-ampliative. Deriving entailments merely expands shorthand. All of the familiar formalisms for reasoning do just this. • There now exist examples of formalism for reasoning that do something else. They are deliberative, and to say in what way they are deliberative requires reference to the process through which they compute their entailments. • The original ampliative/non-ampliative terminology best survives as referring to this new distinction. Viewed formally, all other attempted distinctions either presume deduction to …
Axon: Application-Oriented Lightweight Transport Protocol Design, James P.G. Sterbenz, Gurudatta M. Parulkar
Axon: Application-Oriented Lightweight Transport Protocol Design, James P.G. Sterbenz, Gurudatta M. Parulkar
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This paper describes the application-oriented lightweight transport protocol for object transfer (ALTP-OT) in the Axon host communication architecture for distributed applications. The Axon Project is investigating an integrated design of host architecture, operating systems, and communication protocols to allow the utilization of the high band-width provided by the next generation of communication networks. ALTP-OT provides the end-to-end transport of segment and message objects for interprocess communication across a very high speed internetwork, supporting demanding applications such as scientific visualization and imaging. ALTP-OT uses rate-based flow control specifically oriented to the transfer of objects directly between application memory spaces. This document …
A Mathematical Treatment Of Defeasible Reasoning And Its Implementation, Guillermo R. Simari, R. P. Loui
A Mathematical Treatment Of Defeasible Reasoning And Its Implementation, Guillermo R. Simari, R. P. Loui
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We present a mathematical approach to defeasible reasoning. This approach is based on the notion of specificity introduced by Poole and the theory of warrant presented by Pollock. We combine the ideas of the two. This main contribution of this paper is a precise well-defined system which exhibits correct behavior when applied to the benchmark examples in the literature. We prove that an order relation can be introduced among equivalence classes under the equi-specificity relation. We also prove a theorem that ensures the termination of the process of finding the justified facts. Two more lemmas define a reduced search space …
Axon: A High Speed Communication Architecture For Distributed Applications, James P.G. Sterbenz, Gurudatta M. Parulkar
Axon: A High Speed Communication Architecture For Distributed Applications, James P.G. Sterbenz, Gurudatta M. Parulkar
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There are two complementary trends in the computer and communication fields. Increasing processor power and memory availability allow more demanding applications, such as scientific visualization and imaging. Advances in network performance and functionality have the potential for supporting programs requiring high bandwidth and predictable performance. However, the bottleneck in increasingly in the host-network interface, and thus the ability to deliver high performance communication capability to applications has not kept up with the advances in computer and network speed. We have proposed a new architecture that meets these challenges called Axon, whose novel aspects include: an integrated design of hardware, operating …
Host-Network Interface Architecture For Gigabit Communications, James P. G. Sterbenz
Host-Network Interface Architecture For Gigabit Communications, James P. G. Sterbenz
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There are two complementary trends in the computer and communications fields. Increasing processor power and memory availability allow more demanding applications, such as scientific visualizations and imaging. Advances in network performance and functionality have the potential for supporting applications requiring high bandwidth communications. However, the bottleneck is increasingly in the host-network interface, and thus the ability to deliver high performance communications capability to applications has not kept up with the advance in computer and network speed. We have proposed a new architecture that meets these challenges, called Axon. The Axon thesis is that an essential requirement for the support of …
User's Manual For Ccrc: (Common Lisp Version) Computing Reference Classes Statistical Reasoning Shell V. 2.5, R. P. Loui
User's Manual For Ccrc: (Common Lisp Version) Computing Reference Classes Statistical Reasoning Shell V. 2.5, R. P. Loui
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CCRC implements a subset of Kyburg's rules for statistical inference. The system states from 1961 and is briefly described in "The Reference Class," (H. Kyburg Philosophy of Science 50, 1982). Consult the paper "Computing Reference Classes" (R. Loui, in Kanal, L. and Lemmer, J., Uncertainty in AI, v.1, North-Holland 1987) for a precis of the ideas underlying this program. This document is only the skeleton of a manual. It is designed to get the novice on the program as quickly as possible, and to provide some guidance for advanced questions. This piece of software is the extended version of a …
Defeasible Decisions: What The Proposal Is And Isn't, R. P. Loui
Defeasible Decisions: What The Proposal Is And Isn't, R. P. Loui
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In two recent papers, I have proposed a description of decision analysis that differs from the Bayesian picture painted by Savage, Jeffrey and other classic authors. Response to this view have been either overly enthusiastic or unduly pessimistic. In this paper I try to place the idea in its proper place, which must be somewhere in between. Looking at decision analysis as defeasible reasoning produces a framework in which planning and decision theory can be integrated, but work on the details has barely begun. It also produces a framework in which the meta-decision regress can be stopped in a reasonable …
Back Propagation With Integer Arithmetic, Takayuki Dan Kimura
Back Propagation With Integer Arithmetic, Takayuki Dan Kimura
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The present work investigates the significance of arithmetic precision in neural network simulation. Noting that a biological brain consists of a large number of cells of low precision, we try to answer the question: With a fixed size of memory and CPU cycles available for simulation, does a larger sized net with less precision perform better than smaller sized one with higher precision? We evaluate the merits and demerits of using low precision integer arithmetic in simulating backpropagation networks. Two identical backpropagation simulators, ibp and fbp, were constructed on Mac II, ibp with 16 bits integer representations of network parameters …
Model-Based Interpretation Of Time-Varying Medical Data, Michael G. Kahn, Lawrence M. Fagan Washington University In St. Louis, Lewis B. Sheiner Washington University In St. Louis
Model-Based Interpretation Of Time-Varying Medical Data, Michael G. Kahn, Lawrence M. Fagan Washington University In St. Louis, Lewis B. Sheiner Washington University In St. Louis
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Temporal concepts are critical is medical therapy-planning. If given early enough, specific therapeutic choices may abort or suppress evolving undesired changes in a patient’s clinical status. Effective medical decision making demands recognition and interpretation of complex temporal changes that permeate the medical record. This paper presents a methodology for representing and using medical knowledge about temporal relationships to infer the presence of clinically relevant events, and describes a program, called TOPAZ, that uses this methodology to generate a narrative summary of such events. A unique feature of TOPAZ is the use of numeric and symbolic modeling techniques to perform temporal …
A Psychophysical Comparison Of Two Methods For Adaptive Histogram Equalization, John B. Zimmerman, Steve B. Cousins, Mark E. Frisse, Karin M. Hartzell, Michael C. Kahn
A Psychophysical Comparison Of Two Methods For Adaptive Histogram Equalization, John B. Zimmerman, Steve B. Cousins, Mark E. Frisse, Karin M. Hartzell, Michael C. Kahn
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Adaptive histogram equalization (ahe) is a method for adaptive contrast enhancement of digital images propped by Pizer et. Al.. It has the properties that it is an automatic, reproducible method for the simultaneous viewing of contrast within a digital image with a large dynamic range. Recent experiments have show that in specific cases, there is no significant difference in the ability of ahe and linear intensity windowing to display grey-scale contrast. More recently, Pizer et al. have proposed a variant of ahe which limits the allowed contrast enhancement of the image. The contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (clahe) produces images in …
The Next Generation Of Internetworking, Gurudatta M. Parulkar
The Next Generation Of Internetworking, Gurudatta M. Parulkar
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This paper describes a research effort concerned with the design of the next generation of internet architecture, which has been necessitated by two emerging trends. First, there will be at least a few orders of magnitude increase in data rates of communication networks in the next few years. For example, researchers are already prototyping networks with data rates of up to a few hundred Mbps, and are planning networks with data rates up to a few Gbps. Second, researchers from all disciplines of science, engineering, and humanities plan to use the communication infrastructure to access widely distributed resources in order …
Determinism And Connectionism In A Rule-Based Natural Language System, Stan C. Kwasny, Kanaan A. Faisal
Determinism And Connectionism In A Rule-Based Natural Language System, Stan C. Kwasny, Kanaan A. Faisal
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The processing of Natural Language is, at the same time, natural symbolic and naturally symbolic and naturally sub-symbolic. It is symbolic because ultimately symbols play a critical role. Writing systems, for example, owe their existence to the symbolic nature of language. It is also sub-symbolic because of the nature of speech, the fuzziness of concepts, and the high degree of parallelism that is difficult to explain as a purely symbolic phenomenon. This report details a set of experiments which support the claim that Natural Language can be syntactically processed in a robust manner using a connectionist deterministic parser. The model …
An Inexpensive Electronic Viewbox, J. R. Cox Jr., R. G. Jost, T. Monsees, S. Ramamurthy, M. Karlsson
An Inexpensive Electronic Viewbox, J. R. Cox Jr., R. G. Jost, T. Monsees, S. Ramamurthy, M. Karlsson
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An "electronic viewbox" is described that has been designed to meet the demand for a modestly priced soft-copy display for radiology. Issues associated with spatial resolution, intensity resolution, image magnification, user interface, digital communications and possible applications are discussed.