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Articles 3121 - 3150 of 4032
Full-Text Articles in Structural Engineering
Estimation Of Restraint Forces For Z-Purlin Roofs Under Gravity Loads, M. C. Neubert, Thomas M. Murray
Estimation Of Restraint Forces For Z-Purlin Roofs Under Gravity Loads, M. C. Neubert, Thomas M. Murray
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The current specification provisions for the prediction of lateral restraint forces in Z-purlin supported roof systems under gravity loads are in Section D3.1 of the 1996 AlSI Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (1996). The provisions need refinement, because they are empirical, have an incorrect treatment of roof slope and system effects, and ignore the effect of panel stiffness on restraint forces. Therefore, a new restraint force design procedure, having a stronger reliance on engineering principles, is proposed. Elastic stiffness models, with varying roof slope, panel stiffness, and cross-sectional properties, were used to develop the procedure. A …
Finite Element Analysis Of Cold-Formed Channel Columns, Ben Young, Jintang Yan
Finite Element Analysis Of Cold-Formed Channel Columns, Ben Young, Jintang Yan
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper presents a numerical investigation into the behaviour and strengths of cold-formed plain and lipped channel columns using finite element analysis. A non-linear finite element model is developed and verified against the fixed-ended channel column tests conducted by Young and Rasmussen (1998a, 1998b and 1998c). Geometric and material non-linearities were included in the finite element model. It is demonstrated that the finite element model closely predicted the ultimate loads and the behaviour of the tested cold-formed channel columns. Hence, the model was used for an extensive parametric study of cross-section geometries. Furthermore, the results of the numerical investigation are …
Compression Tests On Cold-Formed Angles Loaded Parallel With A Leg, Dan Popovic, Kim J. R. Rasmussen, Gregory J. Hancock
Compression Tests On Cold-Formed Angles Loaded Parallel With A Leg, Dan Popovic, Kim J. R. Rasmussen, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes a series of compression tests on cold-formed equal angles with slender cross-section. The angles were tested between pinned ends and loaded axially with eccentric load which caused bending parallel with a leg. The test data are compared with the design rules of the Australian and American specifications for cold-formed and hot-rolled steel structures, as well as the ASCE Standard for the Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures. The rules of the specifications for cold-formed steel structures (AS/NZS4600 and AlSI) are shown to be very conservative. The cause of the conservatism is explained and improved design rules are …
On The Structural Behavior Of Composite Beams Using Cold-Formed Shapes, Maximiliano Malite, Walter A. Nimir, Jose Jairo De Sales, Roberto Martins Goncalves
On The Structural Behavior Of Composite Beams Using Cold-Formed Shapes, Maximiliano Malite, Walter A. Nimir, Jose Jairo De Sales, Roberto Martins Goncalves
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed shapes have been increasingly employed in the construction of small multiple-floored buildings in Brazil, because wide flange shapes required to meet the demand are unavailable on the Brazilian market. Because existing codes fail to cover the design of composite beams constituted of cold-formed shapes, Brazilian design engineers have usually disregarded the contribution of the slab or have adopted improvised calculations that may to lead to unsafe results. The structural behavior of composite beams, constituted of cold-formed double channel shapes and connected to the concrete slab by means of shear connectors that were also cold-formed, was investigated experimentally. Simply supported …
Elastic-Plastic Interactive Buckling Of Thin-Walled Steel Compression Members, Dan Dubina, Viorel Ungureanu
Elastic-Plastic Interactive Buckling Of Thin-Walled Steel Compression Members, Dan Dubina, Viorel Ungureanu
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In the actual design codes the interaction formula for local and overall buckling modes of thin-walled steel compression (TWSC) members, the effect of local buckling. is introduced by means of effective strength of short members. This paper proposes to replace, into the Ayrton-Perry interaction formula, the short member "effective" strength, which is based on the "effective width" approach by the plastic strength evaluated by means of local plastic mechanism analysis. There are some papers by Murray et al. [1,2,3], in which the plastic mechanisms corresponding to the local buckling of plates and TWSC members in compression are analysed. On this …
A Theoretical And Experimental Analysis Of Cold-Formed Steel Shapes Subjected To Bending - Channel And Simple Lipped Channel, Roberto Martins Goncalves, Maximiliano Malite, Carlos Eduardo Javaroni
A Theoretical And Experimental Analysis Of Cold-Formed Steel Shapes Subjected To Bending - Channel And Simple Lipped Channel, Roberto Martins Goncalves, Maximiliano Malite, Carlos Eduardo Javaroni
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed steel shapes have been widely employed in steel construction, where they frequently offer a lower cost solution than do traditional laminated shapes. A classic application of cold-formed steel shapes is purlins in the roof panel of industrial buildings, connected to the roof panel by means of screws. The combined effect of these two elements has been the subject of investigations in some countries. Design criteria were included in the AISI Code in 1991 and 1996. This paper presents and discusses the results obtained from bending tests carried out on shapes commonly used in Brazil, i.e., the channel and the …
Spatial Buckling Behavior Of High-Rise Rack Frames, Lip H. Teh, Gregory J. Hancock, Murray J. Clarke
Spatial Buckling Behavior Of High-Rise Rack Frames, Lip H. Teh, Gregory J. Hancock, Murray J. Clarke
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper investigates the global elastic buckling behavior of a high-rise adjustable pallet rack frame composed of thin-walled open sections. It is concluded that the simple element used in many commercial programs for 3D frame analysis is not sufficiently refined for accurate linear buckling analyses of high-rise rack frames.
Flexural Wrinkling Behaviour Of Lightly Profiled Sandwich Panels, Mahen Mahendran, D. Mcandrew
Flexural Wrinkling Behaviour Of Lightly Profiled Sandwich Panels, Mahen Mahendran, D. Mcandrew
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In Australia, sandwich panels are commonly made of flat or lightly profiled steel faces and expanded polystyrene foam cores. Flexural wrinkling is often the governing criterion in the design of these panels. The use of lightly profiled faces is expected to increase the flexural wrinkling stress considerably whereas the presence of joints between the polystyrene foam slabs in the transverse direction introduces a reduction to the flexural wrinkling stress. Therefore a series of full scale experiments and finite element analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of lightly profiled faces and transverse joints on the flexural wrinkling stress of panels …
Stub Column Tests On Cold-Formed Steel Angle Sections, M. Dhanalakshmi, N. E. Shanmugam
Stub Column Tests On Cold-Formed Steel Angle Sections, M. Dhanalakshmi, N. E. Shanmugam
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An investigation on the ultimate load capacity of non-perforated and perforated equal angle cold-formed steel stub columns is presented in this paper. An experimental study has been undertaken to study the behavior of such members subjected to compression. Members were tested to failure under axial or eccentric loading. A comparison of experimental and finite element failure loads, as well as the failure modes of tested specimens, shows that the finite element model is capable of predicting the ultimate load capacity and the failure modes with reasonable accuracy.
Lateral Buckling Of Prismatic Members About An Imposed Axis Of Rotation, Leopold K. Sokol
Lateral Buckling Of Prismatic Members About An Imposed Axis Of Rotation, Leopold K. Sokol
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper deals with the lateral buckling of prismatic members whose position of the axis of rotation is imposed by the conditions of lateral support. As a function of the type of connection with the lateral support, the rotation may be free or hindered (elastic end restraint). This may concern, for instance, the case of a purlin stabilized by a roof structure or of a column stabilized by an external cladding or by another type of efficient continuous bracing. Usually, the check of this type of instability is complex and leads to sophisticated and tedious computations. In order to avoid …
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Channels Subjected To Combined Bending And Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Channels Subjected To Combined Bending And Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An experimental investigation of cold-formed channels subjected to combined bending and web crippling is described in this paper. A series of tests was performed on unlipped channels rolled from high strength structural steel sheets having nominal plate thickness up to 6 mm, and a maximum web slenderness value of 45. This value is considerably lower than the intended web slenderness values used in the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 4600, 1996) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI, 1996) Specification for cold-formed steel structures. In the past, the typical thickness of cold-formed steel members was less than 3 mm, and …
Calibration Of Cold Formed Steel Shear Equations, B. Craig, R. M. Schuster
Calibration Of Cold Formed Steel Shear Equations, B. Craig, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
There is a difference in the shear design criteria between the Canadian cold formed steel design Standard, CSA S136-94 (from here on referred to as S136) and the American Iron and Steel Institute Specification for the design of cold formed steel structures, AISI-96 (from here on referred to as AISI). The focus of this paper was to carry out the appropriate calibrations for the factor of safety, Ω, and the resistance factor, Ï•, using the current design approaches of both countries. In the case of the S136 Standard, only the resistance factor was determined. It was assumed at the outset …
Lateral Strength Of Wind Load Bearing Wall Stud-To-Track Connection, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
Lateral Strength Of Wind Load Bearing Wall Stud-To-Track Connection, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A common application of cold formed steel in building construction is for wind load bearing steel studs (curtain walls). These wall studs are designed to carry lateral load only, and frame into horizontal steel track members at the top and bottom of the wall assembly. The stud-to-track connection consists of studs framing perpendicularly into the track and are connected with sheet metal screws. The design of the wall stud must include a check of the web crippling capacity at the end reactions. The current design expressions, however, do not apply to the type of bearing in these stud-to-track connections. Reported …
Web Crippling Of Cold Formed Steel C-And Z- Sections, B. Beshara, R. M. Schuster
Web Crippling Of Cold Formed Steel C-And Z- Sections, B. Beshara, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An experimental investigation of cold formed steel stiffened C-and Z sections subjected to web crippling is presented in this paper. This study was devoted to two loading conditions according to the AISI Specification, namely End Two Flange (ETF) and Interior Two Flange (ITF) loading, with particular emphasis on large inside bend radius to thickness ratios, R, (up to 12) and the specimens being fastened to the support during testing. There is no experimental data available in the literature regarding the web crippling resistance of such members that are fastened to the support and have inside bend radius to thickness ratios …
Strength Of Bearing Stiffeners In Cold Formed C-Sections, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
Strength Of Bearing Stiffeners In Cold Formed C-Sections, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The applications of cold formed steel in residential construction have been increasing rapidly in recent years around the world. Some framing practices have been developed that are not covered by the current design specifications, such as using thin cold formed steel stud sections as web stiffeners for C-section floor joists. Earlier tests have shown that the current design methods are unconservative when applied to the types of stiffeners in common usage today. There are a number of variables that influence the capacity of these stiffeners such as stiffener type, position on the joist and connections. All parameters need to be …
Web Crippling Behaviour Of Channels With Flanges Restrained, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
Web Crippling Behaviour Of Channels With Flanges Restrained, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper presents a comparison of web crippling tests of cold-formed unlipped channels with flanges restrained or unrestrained. The tests were performed under end and interior two-flange loading conditions specified in the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 4600, 1996) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI, 1996) Specification for cold-formed steel structures, namely End-Two-Flange (ETF) and Interior-Two-Flange (ITF) loading conditions. The concentrated load was applied by a bearing plate at the top flange of the channels, and the reaction force applied by an identical bearing plate at the bottom flange of the channels. The bearing plates acted across the full …
Tests And Design Of Cold-Formed Unlipped Channels Subjected To Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
Tests And Design Of Cold-Formed Unlipped Channels Subjected To Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A series of tests on cold-formed unlipped channels subjected to web crippling is presented in this paper. The tests were conducted under the four loading conditions specified in the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 4600, 1996) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI, 1996) Specification for cold-formed steel structures. The four specified loading conditions are the End-One-Flange (EOF), Interior-One-Flange (IOF), End-Two-Flange (ETF) and Interior-Two-Flange (ITF) loading. The loading of concentrated load or reaction forces were applied by means of bearing plates which acted across the full flange widths of the channels. The web slenderness values of the tested channel sections …
Fe Models For Sheeting Under Interaction Load, Jan Kerstens, Bert Snijder, Monique Bakker, H. Hofmeyer
Fe Models For Sheeting Under Interaction Load, Jan Kerstens, Bert Snijder, Monique Bakker, H. Hofmeyer
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Experiments show that, after ultimate load, sheeting may fail by three distinct post-failure modes. In this paper, three finite element models are presented, one for each post-failure mode. One of the finite element models was difficult to develop. A spring model explains this. The finite element models show that, at ultimate load, only two different ultimate failure modes exist. This is important for the development of mechanical models for sheeting failure.
Structural Stability Of Braced Scaffolding And Formwork With Spigot Joints, John Enright, Robert Harriss, Gregory J. Hancock
Structural Stability Of Braced Scaffolding And Formwork With Spigot Joints, John Enright, Robert Harriss, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Steel Scaffolding systems are often constructed from cold-formed circular hollow sections. The beams of this system are normally called "ledgers" and the columns are normally called "standards". To allow the system to be quickly erected on site, "spigot joints" are inserted in the standards. The spigot joints consist of smaller diameter tubes which slide into the larger diameter tubes to provide a safe connection under gravity load. However, the spigot joints may have a lack of fit, and when located midway between the ledgers, they can cause significant out-of-straightness in a standard. This PΔ effect may weaken the standard as …
Automated Design Of Steel Trusses, B. Mobasher, S. D. Rajan, S. Y. Chen
Automated Design Of Steel Trusses, B. Mobasher, S. D. Rajan, S. Y. Chen
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Designing an automated procedure for the optimal design of any structural system poses special challenges. Converting this methodology into a practical tool is even more challenging. In this research, a point-and-click software system is developed for the optimal design of roof truss systems. The starting point is a roof template containing minimal user input - outline of the truss, truss spacing, load information, and cost figures. A ground structure is constructed as the starting point of the design iterations. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used as the optimization tool to drive the design changes. Using the database of available sections, …
Dynamic Behaviour Of Floors With Cold-Formed Steel Joists, L. Xu, Z. Ling, W. C. Xie, R. M. Schuster
Dynamic Behaviour Of Floors With Cold-Formed Steel Joists, L. Xu, Z. Ling, W. C. Xie, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Presented in this paper are the results of a recent study carried out at the University of Waterloo on the performance of residential floors supported by cold-formed steel C-section floor joists. Both static and dynamic tests were conducted on steel floors with different span lengths based on different design criteria. The purpose of the static tests was to evaluate the stiffuess and load sharing among the joists, and the purpose of the dynamic tests was to evaluate the dynamic characteristics such as frequencies of the floor systems. To identify the critical parameters that contribute to the control of floor vibration, …
Optimum Design Of Cold Formed Steel Residential Roof Trusses, L. Xu, H. Min
Optimum Design Of Cold Formed Steel Residential Roof Trusses, L. Xu, H. Min
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A computer-based optimal design approach for residential roof trusses using cold-formed steel C-sections is presented. The truss design is based on CSA S136-94 and the truss design guide published by the American Iron and Steel Institute and the Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute. A genetic algorithm was adopted to obtain the minimum cost design with consideration to truss topology and member size simultaneously. The presented design examples demonstrate the applicability and efficiency ofthe proposed approach.
Structural Behavior Of Cold-Formed Steel Header Beams For Residential Construction, Roger A. Laboube, Sutton F. Stephens
Structural Behavior Of Cold-Formed Steel Header Beams For Residential Construction, Roger A. Laboube, Sutton F. Stephens
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The purpose of this experimental and analytical study was to observe the structural behavior of cold-formed steel header beams subject to a combined bending and interior-one-flange loading (IOF) condition as typically occurs in residential construction. This study focussed on the IOF loading of both back-to-back (I-beam) and box-beam configurations as specified in the "Prescriptive Method for Residential Cold-Formed Steel Framing - Second Edition." Past research conducted in the area of web crippling strength, bending strength and flange buckling of cold-formed steel members was reviewed and is discussed. The data obtained from the experimental study was analyzed and evaluated to determine …
A Design Approach For Complex Stiffeners, Andrew T. Sarawit, Teoman Pekoz
A Design Approach For Complex Stiffeners, Andrew T. Sarawit, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents a design approach for laterally braced cold-formed steel flexural members with edge stiffened flanges other then simple lips. The design method for flexural members given by Schafer and Pekoz (1999) is used here for designing these complex stiffeners. The method integrates distortional buckling into the unified effective width approach currently used in most cold-formed steel design specifications. A finite element method was first used to investigate the post-buckling behavior and carry out initial geometric imperfection sensitivity studies for various types of stiffeners. Then parametric studies were carried out for different types of stiffeners to compare the moment …
Design Of Cold-Formed Steel Plain Channels, Fang Yiu, Teoman Pekoz
Design Of Cold-Formed Steel Plain Channels, Fang Yiu, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper gives an overview of the design procedures formulated for plain channels. These formulations are based on experimental and finite element studies. The scope of the work covers laterally braced beams, columns and beam-columns of cross-sections in the range of practical applications by the industry. The recommendations treat members that are made up of elements that may be in the post-buckling or post yielding range.
Buckling Of Cold Formed Stainless Steel Columns Under Concentric And Eccentric Loading, J. Rhodes, M. Macdonald, W. Mcniff
Buckling Of Cold Formed Stainless Steel Columns Under Concentric And Eccentric Loading, J. Rhodes, M. Macdonald, W. Mcniff
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes the results obtained from a series of compression tests performed on cold formed stainless steel Type 304 columns of lipped channel cross-section. The cross-section dimensions, the column length and the eccentricity of the applied compressive load are varied to examine the effects on the buckling load capacity of the columns. The results obtained are compared to those obtained from the relevant design specifications in America and in Europe, and conclusions are drawn on the basis of the comparisons.
Distortional Buckling Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Compression Members, A. Liang, G. J. Van Den Berg, Rudolph Laubscher
Distortional Buckling Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Compression Members, A. Liang, G. J. Van Den Berg, Rudolph Laubscher
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In this paper the critical local buckling strength of cold-formed stainless steel compression members, with special emphasis on the method developed by Lau and Hancock for distortional buckling is discussed. Cold-formed stainless steel channel and I-section members under axial compression in distortional buckling are analysed. A control experiment is carried out for comparing analytical methods with a finite element method and experimental values.
Mechanical Properties Of Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, M. Macdonald, J. Rhodes, G. T. Taylor
Mechanical Properties Of Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, M. Macdonald, J. Rhodes, G. T. Taylor
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes and discusses the results obtained from a series of tensile tests performed on cold formed stainless steel Type 304 members of lipped channel cross-section. Standard tensile tests on coupons cut from the webs of the sections were carried out, as were full section tensile tests. Ramberg-Osgood type curves based on the procedure suggested in the ASCE design code were fitted to the stress-strain results and these are compared with the experimental results and Ramberg-Osgood type curves derived on an alternative basis.
The Development Of An Australian Standard For Stainless Steel Structures, Kim J. R. Rasmussen
The Development Of An Australian Standard For Stainless Steel Structures, Kim J. R. Rasmussen
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper describes the recent development of an Australian standard for the design of cold-formed stainless steel structures. The standard is based on the ANSI/ASCE-8 (1991) Specification for the Design of Cold-formed Stainless Steel Structural Members but augmented to provide rules for cold-formed hollow section members and welded connections. Explicit design rules for the flexural buckling of compression members are also implemented. Further, mechanical properties are included for weldable chromium steels and austenitic-ferritic (duplex) alloys, which are in addition to the alloys included in the ANSII ASCE-8 Specification. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the new rules and …
Lateral Bracing Connections For C-Sections Subjected To Bending, B. Beshara, Roger A. Laboube
Lateral Bracing Connections For C-Sections Subjected To Bending, B. Beshara, Roger A. Laboube
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The overall behavior under bending moment of cold-formed steel C-sections assemblies was investigated. Each test assembly consisted of C-sections acting as beams having a track to restrain the ends. Lateral bracing to restrain C-sections from rotation was provided at mid-span. To better understand the influence of the brace connection on the bending behavior, an experimental investigation was carried out with particular emphasis placed on the study of the effect of the mid-span brace connection on the bending behavior, and the effect of attaching dry wall to the tension flange. For the dry wall test specimens, lateral bracing was also provided …