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Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Micromechanics-Based Investigation Of Fouled Ballast Using Large-Scale Triaxial Tests And Discrete Element Modeling, Ngoc Trung Ngo, Buddhima Indraratna, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn
Micromechanics-Based Investigation Of Fouled Ballast Using Large-Scale Triaxial Tests And Discrete Element Modeling, Ngoc Trung Ngo, Buddhima Indraratna, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Railway ballast comprises unbounded discrete grains that are often used to form a load-bearing platform for tracks. Ballast degradation as trains pass over the tracks and infiltration of external fines including slurried (pumped) fine subgrade soils are two of the main reasons for ballast fouling. Fouling causes tracks to settle and also reduces the load-bearing capacity, which is associated with a reduction in internal friction and increased lateral spreading of the ballast layer. This paper presents a study of mobilized friction angle, volumetric behavior, and associated evolutions of contact and fabric anisotropy of fouled ballast subjected to monotonic triaxial loading …
Orthogonal Polynomial-Based Nonlinearity Modeling And Mitigation For Led Communications, Weikang Zhao, Qinghua Guo, Jun Tong, Jiangtao Xi, Yanguang Yu, Pingjuan Niu, Xiaohong Sun
Orthogonal Polynomial-Based Nonlinearity Modeling And Mitigation For Led Communications, Weikang Zhao, Qinghua Guo, Jun Tong, Jiangtao Xi, Yanguang Yu, Pingjuan Niu, Xiaohong Sun
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The light-emitting diode (LED) is the major source of nonlinearity in LED communications, and the nonlinearity needs to be effectively modeled and thereby mitigated through predistortion or postdistortion to avoid degradation of communication performance. A memory polynomial is often used for LED nonlinearity modeling and mitigation in the literature. However, the estimation of memory polynomial coefficients suffers from numerical instability, resulting in inaccurate modeling and poor performance in nonlinearity mitigation. In this paper, we propose an orthogonal polynomial-based nonlinearity modeling and mitigation technique for LED communications with pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signaling and show that the proposed technique significantly outperforms …
Modeling Behaviour Of Railway Ballast In Prismoidal Apparatus Using Discrete Element Method, Gino O. Calderon Vizcarra, Sanjay Nimbalkar, Michele Dal Toe Casagrande
Modeling Behaviour Of Railway Ballast In Prismoidal Apparatus Using Discrete Element Method, Gino O. Calderon Vizcarra, Sanjay Nimbalkar, Michele Dal Toe Casagrande
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This article presents the results of numerical simulations of loading tests conducted on coarse particles that simulate railroad ballast. The objective of this study was to evaluate the deformation of ballast under vertical loading and to study the influence of the two different particle size distributions. One of them was according to particle size distribution recommended by Indraratna and co-workers in the past as an improvement to Australian Standard and the other was prepared in accordance with Brazilian standard. The discrete element method offers a new means of studying the response characteristics of railway ballast. The basic idea of discrete …
Modeling And Current Control Strategy For A Medium-Voltage Cascaded Multilevel Statcom With Lcl Filter, Xuehua Zhao, Liping Shi, Libing Chen, Zhenglong Xia, A R. Bendre
Modeling And Current Control Strategy For A Medium-Voltage Cascaded Multilevel Statcom With Lcl Filter, Xuehua Zhao, Liping Shi, Libing Chen, Zhenglong Xia, A R. Bendre
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM a.k.a. SVG) is widely used to regulate dynamic reactive power and to solve dynamic voltage stability problems. Modeling shows that a cascaded STATCOM, which is composed of several cascaded H-bridges, not only has strong coupling characteristics when an LCL filter is added but it is also a non-linear, multivariable system. Therefore, its practical design and application are difficult to mplement. In this paper an internal decoupling control algorithm is introduced to provide independent control of the active and reactive currents. Decoupling control algorithms are proposed, and models and simulation of the decoupling are provided. We …
Modeling Minimum Transport Boundary For Fluidized Dense-Phase Pneumatic Conveying Systems, G Setia, Soumya Suddha Mallick, Renhu Pan, Peter W. Wypych
Modeling Minimum Transport Boundary For Fluidized Dense-Phase Pneumatic Conveying Systems, G Setia, Soumya Suddha Mallick, Renhu Pan, Peter W. Wypych
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
For the reliable design of fluidized dense-phase pneumatic conveying systems, it is of paramount importance to accurately estimate blockage conditions or the minimum transport boundary. Existing empirical models for the fluidized dense-phase conveying of fine powders are either based on a limited number of products and pipelines or have not been tested for their accuracy and stability over a wide range of scale-up conditions. In this paper, based on the test results of 22 different powders conveyed through 38 pipelines, a unified model for the minimum transport boundary has been developed that represents gas Froude number as a function of …
Modeling Secondary Particle Tracks Generated By High-Energy Protons In Water, Francisco Blanco, Antonio Munoz, Diego T. Almeida, F. Ferreira Da Silva, Paulo Limao-Vieira, Alexey Verkhovtsev, L Ellis-Gibbings, K Krupa, A Traore, G Garcia
Modeling Secondary Particle Tracks Generated By High-Energy Protons In Water, Francisco Blanco, Antonio Munoz, Diego T. Almeida, F. Ferreira Da Silva, Paulo Limao-Vieira, Alexey Verkhovtsev, L Ellis-Gibbings, K Krupa, A Traore, G Garcia
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
We present interaction probability data of low-energy secondary electrons and positrons produced due to the proton impact. The probability distribution functions serve as input data for the Low Energy Particle Track Simulation (LEPTS) approach which allows one to include the effect of low-energy species in medical applications of radiation and in ion-beam cancer therapy, in particular.
On The Question Of Effective Sample Size In Network Modeling: An Asymptotic Inquiry, Pavel N. Krivitsky, Eric D. Kolaczyk
On The Question Of Effective Sample Size In Network Modeling: An Asymptotic Inquiry, Pavel N. Krivitsky, Eric D. Kolaczyk
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The modeling and analysis of networks and network data has seen an explosion of interest in recent years and represents an exciting direction for potential growth in statistics. Despite the already substantial amount of work done in this area to date by researchers from various disciplines, however, there remain many questions of a decidedly foundational nature - natural analogues of standard questions already posed and addressed in more classical areas of statistics - that have yet to even be posed, much less addressed. Here we raise and consider one such question in connection with network modeling. Specifically, we ask, "Given …
An Efficient Background Modeling Approach Based On Vehicle Detection, Jia-Yan Wang, Limei Song, Jiangtao Xi, Qinghua Guo
An Efficient Background Modeling Approach Based On Vehicle Detection, Jia-Yan Wang, Limei Song, Jiangtao Xi, Qinghua Guo
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The existing Gaussian Mixture Model(GMM) which is widely used in vehicle detection suffers inefficiency in detecting foreground image during the model phase, because it needs quite a long time to blend the shadows in the background. In order to overcome this problem, an improved method is proposed in this paper. First of all, each frame is divided into several areas(A, B, C and D), Where area A, B, C and D are decided by the frequency and the scale of the vehicle access. For each area, different new learning rate including weight, mean and variance is applied to accelerate the …
Stochastic Modeling And Optimization Of Multi-Plant Capacity Planning Problem, Anoop Verma, Nagesh Shukla, S.K Tyagi, Nishikant Mishra
Stochastic Modeling And Optimization Of Multi-Plant Capacity Planning Problem, Anoop Verma, Nagesh Shukla, S.K Tyagi, Nishikant Mishra
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
n this paper the problem of capacity planning under risk from demand and price/cost uncertainty of the finished products is addressed. The deterministic model is extended into a two-stage stochastic model with fixed recourse by means of various expected levels of demand as random. A recourse penalty is also included in the objective for both shortage and surplus in the finished products. The model is analyzed to quantify the risk using Markowitz mean-variance model.
Modeling A Soft Robotic Mechanism Articulated With Dielectric Elastomer Actuators, Chuc H. Nguyen, Gursel Alici, Rahim Mutlu
Modeling A Soft Robotic Mechanism Articulated With Dielectric Elastomer Actuators, Chuc H. Nguyen, Gursel Alici, Rahim Mutlu
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this paper, a translational actuation mechanism in the form of a parallel-crank mechanism (i.e. double-crank 4-bar mechanism) articulated with two dielectric elastomer actuators working in parallel are fabricated. This structure, which is a fully soft mechanism, is established by stretching a dielectric elastomer (DE) film over a PET (polyethylene terephthalate) frame so that the energy released from the stretched DE film is stored in the frame as bending energy. The mechanism generates a translational output under a driving voltage applied between two electrodes of the DE film. The visco-elastic models are proposed for the mechanism so that the mechanical …
Modeling And Inverse Feedforward Control For Conducting Polymer Actuators With Hysteresis, Xiangjiang Wang, Gursel Alici, Xiaobo Tan
Modeling And Inverse Feedforward Control For Conducting Polymer Actuators With Hysteresis, Xiangjiang Wang, Gursel Alici, Xiaobo Tan
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Conducting polymer actuators are biocompatible with a small footprint, and operate in air or liquid media under low actuation voltages. This makes them excellent actuators for macro- and micro-manipulation devices, however, their positioning ability or accuracy is adversely affected by their hysteresis non-linearity under open-loop control strategies. In this paper, we establish a hysteresis model for conducting polymer actuators, based on a rate-independent hysteresis model known as the Duhem model. The hysteresis model is experimentally identified and integrated with the linear dynamics of the actuator. This combined model is inverted to control the displacement of the tri-layer actuators considered in …
Numerical Modeling Of Size Effect In Micro Hydromechanical Deep Drawing, Hideki Sato, Ken-Ichi Manabe, Dongbin Wei, Zhengyi Jiang
Numerical Modeling Of Size Effect In Micro Hydromechanical Deep Drawing, Hideki Sato, Ken-Ichi Manabe, Dongbin Wei, Zhengyi Jiang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
A modeling of tribological size effects in micro deep drawing (MDD) and micro hydromechanical deep drawing (MHDD) is a main focus in this study. The inner and outer pockets in which the different friction coefficients can be applied at different lubrication conditions are considered on the blank surface. The ratio of the area of outer pockets to inner pockets is changed with the decrease in the size. The low friction coefficient at the outer pockets is assumed in MHDD by considering the lubrication effect of fluid medium. The numerical analysis is performed under six lubrication conditions. The analytical results of …
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal And Its Modeling For The Activated Sludge And Membrane Bioreactor Processes, M F. R Zuthi, W S. Guo, H H. Ngo, L D. Nghiem, F I. Hai
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal And Its Modeling For The Activated Sludge And Membrane Bioreactor Processes, M F. R Zuthi, W S. Guo, H H. Ngo, L D. Nghiem, F I. Hai
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
A modified activated sludge process (ASP) for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) needs to sustain stable performance for wastewater treatment to avoid eutrophication in the aquatic environment. Unfortunately, the overall efficiency of the EBPR in ASPs and membrane bioreactors (MBRs) is frequently hindered by different operational/system constraints. Moreover, although phosphorus removal data from several wastewater treatment systems are available, a comprehensive mathematical model of the process is still lacking. This paper presents a critical review that highlights the core issues of the biological phosphorus removal in ASPs and MBRs while discussing the inhibitory process requirements for other nutrients' removal. This …
Model Medication Management Process In Australian Nursing Homes Using Business Process Modeling, Siyu Qian, Ping Yu
Model Medication Management Process In Australian Nursing Homes Using Business Process Modeling, Siyu Qian, Ping Yu
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
One of the reasons for end user avoidance or rejection to use health information systems is poor alignment of the system with healthcare workflow, likely causing by system designers' lack of thorough understanding about healthcare process. Therefore, understanding the healthcare workflow is the essential first step for the design of optimal technologies that will enable care staff to complete the intended tasks faster and better. The often use of multiple or "high risk" medicines by older people in nursing homes has the potential to increase medication error rate. To facilitate the design of information systems with most potential to improve …
Modeling The Internal Erosion Behavior Of Lignosulfonate Treated Soil, Rasika Athukorala, Buddhima Indraratna, Jayan S. Vinod
Modeling The Internal Erosion Behavior Of Lignosulfonate Treated Soil, Rasika Athukorala, Buddhima Indraratna, Jayan S. Vinod
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper presents the development of an analytical model to predict the erosion rate of stabilised soil based on the law of conservation of energy. The model incorporates the strain energy intensity until failure, obtained from the stress-strain curves of lignosulfonate treated soil, to account for the stabilisation. The novel approach of this model is to correlate the shear strength characteristics with the erosion resistance. The proposed equation was used to predict the erosion rates of a non-plastic silty sand treated with lignosulfonate. The erosion resistance was interpreted in terms of the coefficient of soil erosion and the critical shear …
Modeling Dense-Phase Pneumatic Conveying Of Powders Using Suspension Density, S S. Mallick, P W. Wypych, R Pan
Modeling Dense-Phase Pneumatic Conveying Of Powders Using Suspension Density, S S. Mallick, P W. Wypych, R Pan
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This article presents results of an investigation into the modeling of pressure drop in horizontal straight pipe section for fluidized dense-phase pneumatic conveying of powders. Suspension density and superficial air velocity have been used to model pressure drop for two-phase solids-gas flow. Two applicable models formats (developed by other researchers using two different definitions of suspension density) were used to represent the pressure drop due to solids-gas flow through straight pipe sections. Models were generated based on the test data of conveying power-station fly ash and electrostatic precipitator (ESP) dust (median particle diameter: 30 and 7 µm; particle density: 2300 …
Modeling And Experimental Investigation Of Rotational Resistance Of A Spiral-Type Robotic Capsule Inside A Real Intestine, Hao Zhou, Gursel Alici, Trung Duc Than, Weihua Li
Modeling And Experimental Investigation Of Rotational Resistance Of A Spiral-Type Robotic Capsule Inside A Real Intestine, Hao Zhou, Gursel Alici, Trung Duc Than, Weihua Li
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this study, the rotational resistance of a spiral-type capsule rotating inside a small intestine is investigated by in vitro experiments and analytical modeling, on which a limited literature is available. The results presented exhibit viscoelastic nature of the intestinal tissue. The significance of various spiral structures and rotating speeds is quantitatively evaluated from the propulsion point of view. Also, an analytical torque model is proposed and subsequently validated. The close match between the experimental results and numerical results from the model shows that the model is reasonably accurate to estimate the rotational resistance torque of the small intestine. Both …
Modeling And Experimental Investigation On The Mechanical Behavior Of A Spiral-Type Capsule In The Small Intestine, Hao Zhou, Gursel Alici, Trung Duc Than, Weihua Li
Modeling And Experimental Investigation On The Mechanical Behavior Of A Spiral-Type Capsule In The Small Intestine, Hao Zhou, Gursel Alici, Trung Duc Than, Weihua Li
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper reports on the study of the behavior of the viscoelastic contact between a spiral-type capsule and the small intestine. Both 2D and 3D simulations show that the traction force, which is due to the pressure difference between the two sides of the spirals, is velocity dependent. With an increase in the sliding velocity, the traction force decreases initially due to the reduced stress relaxation. However, if the velocity reaches some certain magnitude, the reduction in the stress becomes negligibly small. The traction force starts to increase because of the higher stress coming from the higher strain rates. The …
Experimental Study And Modeling Of A Novel Magnetorheological Elastomer Isolator, Jian Yang, Haiping Du, Weihua Li, Yancheng Li, Jianchun Li, Shuaishuai Sun, H X. Deng
Experimental Study And Modeling Of A Novel Magnetorheological Elastomer Isolator, Jian Yang, Haiping Du, Weihua Li, Yancheng Li, Jianchun Li, Shuaishuai Sun, H X. Deng
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper reports an experimental setup aiming at evaluating the performance of a newly designed magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) seismic isolator. As a further effort to explore the field-dependent stiffness/damping properties of the MRE isolator, a series of experimental testing were conducted. Based upon the analysis of the experimental responses and the characteristics of the MRE isolator, a new model that is capable of reproducing the unique MRE isolator dynamics behaviors is proposed. The validation results verify the model's effectiveness to portray the MRE isolator. A study on the field-dependent parameters is then provided to make the model valid with fluctuating …
Modeling Of Thin Strip Profile During Cold Rolling On Roll Crossing And Shifting Mill, A Aljabri, Z Y. Jiang, D B. Wei, X D. Wang, H Tibar
Modeling Of Thin Strip Profile During Cold Rolling On Roll Crossing And Shifting Mill, A Aljabri, Z Y. Jiang, D B. Wei, X D. Wang, H Tibar
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Strip profile control in cold rolling of thin strip is a difficult and challenge problem found in industry. Currently using the novel type of strip rolling mill, such as the work roll crossing and shifting is the one of the main methods to control the strip profile quality in cold rolling. In this paper, 3-D finite element simulation models of the thin strip profile in cold rolling for the work roll crossing and shifting system were successfully developed. The strip profile and edge drop are discussed considering both crossing angle and shifting value of the work rolls. The research shows …
Reliability Modeling And Analysis For A Novel Design Of Modular Converter System Of Wind Turbines, Cai Wen Zhang, Tieling Zhang, Nan Chen, Tongdan Jin
Reliability Modeling And Analysis For A Novel Design Of Modular Converter System Of Wind Turbines, Cai Wen Zhang, Tieling Zhang, Nan Chen, Tongdan Jin
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Converters play a vital role in wind turbines. The concept of modularity is gaining in popularity in converter design for modern wind turbines in order to achieve high reliability as well as cost-effectiveness. In this study, we are concerned with a novel topology of modular converter invented by Hjort, Modular converter system with interchangeable converter modules. World Intellectual Property Organization, Pub. No. WO29027520 A2; 5 March 2009, in this architecture, the converter comprises a number of identical and interchangeable basic modules. Each module can operate in either AC/DC or DC/AC mode, depending on whether it functions on the generator or …
Modeling The Positioning Of Trichomes On The Leaves Of Plants, Robert S. Anderssen, Maureen P. Edwards, Sergiy Pereverzyev Jr
Modeling The Positioning Of Trichomes On The Leaves Of Plants, Robert S. Anderssen, Maureen P. Edwards, Sergiy Pereverzyev Jr
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
A continuing and future challenge in plant science is the "genetics of geometry" [3]: the recovery of information about the dynamics of the genetic mechanisms by which plants control the development of various features of their geometry. Some representative publications dealing with such issues include: (i) the modelling of plant architecture using L- systems and rewriting [18], (ii) the genetic control of floral development [10, 4], and (iii) the positioning of the trichomes (hairs) on the leaves of plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana [25, 23]. It is the positioning of trichomes which is examined in this chapter. The use of …
Electroactive Polymers As Soft Robotic Actuators: Electromechanical Modeling And Identification, Rahim Mutlu, Gursel Alici, Weihua Li
Electroactive Polymers As Soft Robotic Actuators: Electromechanical Modeling And Identification, Rahim Mutlu, Gursel Alici, Weihua Li
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Biologically inspired robotic applications have recently received significant attention due to developments in novel materials and actuators with an operation principle similar to the natural muscles’. Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators, also known as artificial muscles, possess extraordinary properties such as low efficiency consumption, compliance, bio-compatibility and ability to be miniaturized. Although several methodologies have been proposed for modeling and identification of their quasi-static bending behavior, a negligibly small attention has been given to their dynamic behavior. In this paper, we, therefore, report on their electromechanical modeling and parameter identification. We model the tri-layer EAP actuators as a soft robotic actuator …
Modeling Of Crossbred Cattle Growth, Comparison Between Cubic And Piecewise Random Regression Models, H R. Mirzaei, Wayne S. Pitchford, Arunas P. Verbyla
Modeling Of Crossbred Cattle Growth, Comparison Between Cubic And Piecewise Random Regression Models, H R. Mirzaei, Wayne S. Pitchford, Arunas P. Verbyla
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Two analyses, cubic and piecewise random regression, were conducted to model growth of crossbred cattle from birth to about two years of age, investigating the ability of a piecewise procedure to fit growth traits without the complications of the cubic model. During a four-year period (1994-1997) of the Australian "Southern Crossbreeding Project", mature Hereford cows (N = 581) were mated to 97 sires of Angus, Belgian Blue, Hereford, Jersey, Limousin, South Devon, and Wagyu breeds, resulting in 1141 steers and heifers born over four years. Data included 13 (for steers) and eight (for heifers) live body weight measurements, made approximately …
Editorial: Special Issue Contributed From Chemeca 2008 - Mathematical Modeling, Mark Nelson, Brent Young, Harvinder Sidhu
Editorial: Special Issue Contributed From Chemeca 2008 - Mathematical Modeling, Mark Nelson, Brent Young, Harvinder Sidhu
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The papers in this issue of Chemical Product and Process Modeling are substantially those that arose from special sessions on "mathematical modeling" at the 36th Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference (held between 28th September to 1st October 2008, in Newcastle, Australia).
Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling Of The Movement Of Ice Streams, L M. Berliner, Noel A. Cressie, Kenneth Jezek, Yongku Kim, Calvin Lam
Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling Of The Movement Of Ice Streams, L M. Berliner, Noel A. Cressie, Kenneth Jezek, Yongku Kim, Calvin Lam
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Modern studies of the behaviors of glaciers, ice-sheets, and ice-streams rely heavily on both observations and physically based models. Data acquired via remote-sensing provide critical information on geometry and movement of ice over large sections of the Antarctic and Greenland. Though these datasets represent significant advances in terms of spatial coverage and the range of processes we can observe, the physical systems to be modeled are nevertheless incompletely observed. Uncertainties associated with measurement errors are also present. In addition, physical models are also subject to uncertainties. Hence, there is a need for combining observations and models in a fashion that …
Dynamic Modeling And Simulation Of A Multi Effect Humidification-Dehumidification Desalination Unit, Mohammed I. Sohel, B Dawoud
Dynamic Modeling And Simulation Of A Multi Effect Humidification-Dehumidification Desalination Unit, Mohammed I. Sohel, B Dawoud
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Recently solar distillation using Multi Effect Humidification-dehumidification (MEH) cycle is receiving special attention. In this communication detailed models of MEH are presented that take into account most of the dynamic behavior with reasonable accuracy. Using these models simulation was carried out and the results of simulation were discussed in this paper. To find out the competence of the newly developed models, some of the simulation results were compared with the available experimental data in the literature. It turned out that the result of simulation give a very good agreement with the experimental data. The maximum deviation between simulation and experimental …
Finite Element Modeling Of Contact Interface Between Trans-Tibial Residual Limb And Prosthetic Socket, Winson Lee, Ming Zhang, Xiaohong Jia, Jason Cheung
Finite Element Modeling Of Contact Interface Between Trans-Tibial Residual Limb And Prosthetic Socket, Winson Lee, Ming Zhang, Xiaohong Jia, Jason Cheung
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Finite element method has been identified as a useful tool to understand the load transfer mechanics between a residual limb and its prosthetic socket. This paper proposed a new practical approach in modeling the contact interface with consideration of the friction/slip conditions and pre-stresses applied on the limb within a rectified socket. The residual limb and socket were modeled as two separate structures and their interactions were simulated using automated contact methods. Some regions of the limb penetrated into the socket because of socket modification. In the first step of the simulation, the penetrated limb surface was moved onto the …