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Articles 1 - 30 of 121
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Global Change Factors On Ecosystem Invasibility, Raj Lal, Jeffrey Dukes, Michael J. Schuster, Nick G. Smith
Global Change Factors On Ecosystem Invasibility, Raj Lal, Jeffrey Dukes, Michael J. Schuster, Nick G. Smith
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Current climate and human-induced changes are projected to alter many regimes of ecosystem functioning. It is projected that invasive species, nonnative species that can be of great detriment to an ecosystem, will benefit under these conditions. The Prairie Invasion and Climate Experiment (PRICLE) studies the effects of two global change factors – N addition and altered precipitation – on invasive species success and the traits that are selected for in a mixed-grass prairie ecosystem. PRICLE is a two by two factorial design over three replications in a restored mixed-grass prairie ecosystem. The major findings from the community traits examination of …
Validating The Critical Engineering Literacy Test (Celt) With Cognitive Interviews, Margot L. Keimig, Senay Purzer
Validating The Critical Engineering Literacy Test (Celt) With Cognitive Interviews, Margot L. Keimig, Senay Purzer
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
The CELT learning assessment focuses on the critical thinking skills of engineering students and allows for the improvement of information literacy, one’s ability identifying and implementing important information. With the pairing of cognitive interviewing, the CELT will allow for the identification of errors and will better determine the reasoning in the decisions made by the students taking the test. The CELT test uses multiple choice and open response questions to evaluate the students and the areas where improvements need to be made. Over the course of the year, the students’ information literacy skills will be expanded and then re-evaluated at …
Visualizing Mechanics: Improving Student Learning Through Video Demonstrations, Blake A. Wetherton, Olumide A. Awofeso, Carolyn E. Creighton, Adam F. Potrzebowski, Charles M. Krousgrill, Jeffrey F. Rhoads
Visualizing Mechanics: Improving Student Learning Through Video Demonstrations, Blake A. Wetherton, Olumide A. Awofeso, Carolyn E. Creighton, Adam F. Potrzebowski, Charles M. Krousgrill, Jeffrey F. Rhoads
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
The Purdue Mechanics Freeform Classroom (PMFC) is a project that seeks to reform engineering mechanics education by integrating content and technology; enhancing communication between students, their peers, and instructors; accommodating a broader range of learning styles; and facilitating greater depths of understanding. In an attempt to increase the PMFC’s efficacy, a series of demonstration videos has been produced. As demonstrated by the popularity and pervasiveness of websites such as YouTube, short videos have the potential to captivate audiences. As such, these videos have incredible promise in educational contexts. In the PMFC series of videos, entitled Visualizing Mechanics, each imitates the …
Improving Data Quality For A Dairy Pollutant Emissions Study, Ian K. Hahus, Albert J. Heber
Improving Data Quality For A Dairy Pollutant Emissions Study, Ian K. Hahus, Albert J. Heber
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
The National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) was sanctioned by the EPA to determine the characteristics of airborne pollutant emissions from confined broiler, egg, pork, and dairy housing. Fifteen representative monitoring sites were selected around the U.S., at which influent and effluent pollutant concentrations were measured in conjunction with airflow and climatic data. Due to the monumental nature of this study and the potential ramifications of its findings, it is of vital importance that the data collected by the researchers and utilized by the EPA be as complete and accurate as possible. To improve the validity of the data collected …
Active Dense Tensegrity Structure: A Novel Concept For Shape Morphing Structures, Zhiwei Wu, Thomas Siegmund
Active Dense Tensegrity Structure: A Novel Concept For Shape Morphing Structures, Zhiwei Wu, Thomas Siegmund
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Shape morphing is of relevance for advanced engineering systems such as future aerospace vehicles. Tensegrity structures, a structure comprised of a set of discontinuous compressed struts held together with a continuous web of tensioned cables, can function as the foundation of a shape morphing system (Keith et al, 2007). However, the classic tensegrity structures may not be ideal in all configurations because the space within the structure is not utilized. As an alternative, the present work proposes a dense tensegrity system as an assembly of cables carrying tensions only and polyhedral elements under compression only. An active dense tensegrity can …
Cis Map Drawer Visualization System, Hanye Xu, David Ebert
Cis Map Drawer Visualization System, Hanye Xu, David Ebert
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is the government agency that manages immigration to the United States. They are not only working on filing documents, but also analyzing those data they have. They require help from a visualization system to know the trend of immigration among offices across the country over time. We developed a project called CIS Map Drawer that is used to help build a visualization system for USCIS in order to analyze immigration data easily. This system makes use of a map view, a calendar visual representation, line charts, pixel drawing and other analysis tools to improve …
Detection Of Foodborne Pathogens By Micro-Filtration Using A Continuous Cell Concentrator Device, Klaire E. Jeffries, Eduardo Ximenes, Michael R. Ladisch
Detection Of Foodborne Pathogens By Micro-Filtration Using A Continuous Cell Concentrator Device, Klaire E. Jeffries, Eduardo Ximenes, Michael R. Ladisch
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Protecting consumers from foodborne illness is an important health concern facing the food industry today. An important deficiency exposed by foodborne illness is the inability to track contaminated food back to the source in a timely manner. Although there are established methods that detect bacterial pathogen contamination, they are limited in distinguishing viable bacteria reliably and quickly. Currently, food pathogen testing requires lengthy culture steps, which many times are delayed even longer due to the lack of in-house testing labs. Typically, two to three days elapses between when the food is sampled and the test results are available. This study …
D-Tunes: Configuration Engine For Geo-Replicated Cloud Storage, Jiawei Wang, Sanjay Rao
D-Tunes: Configuration Engine For Geo-Replicated Cloud Storage, Jiawei Wang, Sanjay Rao
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
When developing a web-based application, developers are facing stringent requirements to balance the latency, scalability and availability for their cloud database. Application developers need a specific replication configuration strategy based on the requirement of their application. To deal with this problem, some geo-replicated cloud strategy systems have emerged recently, like Cassandra. This project serves to design a web tool that can help configure the best replication strategies for geo-distributed data stores, which uses quorum-based protocols. Currently, our web tool D-Tunes, require a minimum input from users and generate specific scripts based on the inputs user provided. The program running these …
Radiation Intensity Of A Turbulent Sooting Ethylene Flame, Ryan M. Hartman, Jay P. Gore
Radiation Intensity Of A Turbulent Sooting Ethylene Flame, Ryan M. Hartman, Jay P. Gore
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Turbulent sooting flame radiation is relevant to applications ranging from fire safety to gas turbine engines. The complex direct interactions of soot and radiation intensity are of particular importance when creating accurate soot prediction models. Previous studies have measured gas-band and broadband radiation intensity from turbulent sooting flames. The focus of the current study is the characterization of radiation intensity emanating from soot. A high-speed infrared camera (FLIR Phoenix) was used to acquire time-dependent quantitative images of radiation intensity of a turbulent sooting ethylene flame. The flame had a Reynolds number of 15,200 and was stabilized on a burner with …
Web-Based Visual Analytics For Social Media Data, Jun Xiang Tee, David S. Ebert
Web-Based Visual Analytics For Social Media Data, Jun Xiang Tee, David S. Ebert
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Social media data provides valuable information about different events, trends and happenings around the world. Visual data analysis tasks for social media data have large computational and storage space requirements. Due to these restrictions, subdivision of data analysis tools into several layers such as Data, Business Logic or Algorithms, and Presentation Layer is often necessary to make them accessible for variety of clients. On server side, social media data analysis algorithms can be implemented and published in the form of web services. Visual Interface can then be implemented in the form of thin clients that call these web services for …
Cellulose Nanocrystals As A Material For Microencapsulation, Lauren C. Kennedy, Congwang Ye, Colton Steiner, Carlos Martinez
Cellulose Nanocrystals As A Material For Microencapsulation, Lauren C. Kennedy, Congwang Ye, Colton Steiner, Carlos Martinez
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Cellulose is an abundant, biodegradable, and inexpensive renewable polymer that is light in weight with high mechanical strength (Habibi, Lucia, Rojas 2010). Full fibers of cellulose have been used in many products such as plastics and textiles for over a century and a half, but recently, modern extraction techniques have made it possible to investigate uses for minuscule cellulose fibers (Habibi, Lucia, Rojas 2010). Through acid hydrolysis, cellulose fibers become rod-like nanostructures with a high aspect ratio that are known as Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) (Habibi, Lucia, Rojas 2010). Since CNCs are biodegradable and derive from a renewable resource, finding ways …
An Approximation Method For Solving Complex Electromagnetics Problems Using The Volume Integral Equation, Ryan Nobis, Dan Jiao, Saad Omar
An Approximation Method For Solving Complex Electromagnetics Problems Using The Volume Integral Equation, Ryan Nobis, Dan Jiao, Saad Omar
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Solving complex electric field problems can lead researchers to a host of electronic characteristics about an inhomogeneous, complex object. However due to the complexity of these electric fields, a computer needs to be used in order to solve them. Due to the size of the matrices for some problems, methods for improving speed and performance for these algorithms are absolutely necessary. A Volume Integral Equation was used to solve the Electric Field Displacement, D, and approximate the differential term in this equation. The problem was next discretized using phasors, so that it can computationally be solved. Data used to form …
Next Generation Crystal Viewing Tool, Zach Schaffter, Gerhard Klimeck
Next Generation Crystal Viewing Tool, Zach Schaffter, Gerhard Klimeck
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
The science and engineering community is limited when it comes to crystal viewing software tools. Each tool lacks in a different area such as customization of structures or visual output. Crystal Viewer 2.0 was created to have all of these features in one program. This one tool simulates virtually any crystal structure with any possible material. The vtkvis widget offers users advanced visual options not seen in any other crystal viewing software. In addition, the powerful engine behind Crystal Viewer 2.0, nanoelectronic modeling 5 or (NEMO5), performs intensive atomic calculations depending on user input. A graphical user interface, or GUI, …
The Use Of Near Infrared And Microwave Sensing For On-Line Real Time Monitoring Of Moisture Content And Composition Of Powder Blend, Ryan V. Mcdonnell, Anshu Gupta, John Austin, Michael T. Harris, Gintaras V. Reklaitis
The Use Of Near Infrared And Microwave Sensing For On-Line Real Time Monitoring Of Moisture Content And Composition Of Powder Blend, Ryan V. Mcdonnell, Anshu Gupta, John Austin, Michael T. Harris, Gintaras V. Reklaitis
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Online process analytics has been a topic of interest by pharmaceutical companies as a method of determining how operating parameters affect the final quality of their products. One form of online process analytics that has been found to be effective is microwave sensing. While it has been found that microwave resonance sensing can be used to measure parameters such as moisture content and density, it has yet to be discovered if such sensors have the ability to measure changes in content uniformity of raw materials pharmaceutical companies use. Data was collected using a spin riffler fitted with a microwave sensor …
Efficiently Dispersing Carbon Nanotubes In Polyphenylene Sulfide, Kevin M. Sommer, R. Byron Pipes
Efficiently Dispersing Carbon Nanotubes In Polyphenylene Sulfide, Kevin M. Sommer, R. Byron Pipes
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Thermal plastics are replacing conventional metals in the aerospace, sporting, electronics, and other industries. Thermal plastics are able to withstand relatively high temperatures, have good fatigue properties, and are lighter than metals. Unfortunately, they are not very electrically conductive. However, adding carbon nanotubes to thermal plastics such as polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) can drastically increase the plastic's conductivity at a low weight percent of nanotubes called the percolation threshold. The percolation threshold is the point where adding a little more carbon nanotubes brings together the network of nanotubes and greatly increases the conductivity. We need to learn how to increase the …
Optimization Of Polymer Separation By Gradient Polymer Elution Chromatography, Gideon R. Liem, Linda Nien-Hwa Wang
Optimization Of Polymer Separation By Gradient Polymer Elution Chromatography, Gideon R. Liem, Linda Nien-Hwa Wang
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) has been a versatile separation method for polymers for many years. Analysis of different polymers by HPLC is typically done by utilizing the differential solubility of the polymers by mixing a good solvent and an anti-solvent in various compositions. This method is called Gradient Polymer Elution Chromatography (GPEC). While GPEC has been used extensively, it commonly uses a linear gradient to separate components. Linear solvent gradients consume a lot of solvent and take a relatively long time (> 30 minutes) to complete. The goal of this study is to develop a step gradient from a …
Elementary Studies Of Twisted Bilayer Graphene, Branden P. Burns, Yong P. Chen
Elementary Studies Of Twisted Bilayer Graphene, Branden P. Burns, Yong P. Chen
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
In the nanotechnology field, some existing materials and applications are harmful to the environment, not efficient for certain tasks, or too expensive to be fully utilized. Graphene is a strong and cheap material that can be used to improve current nanotechnologies for more practical uses in society. Twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) is an orientation of graphene layers that exhibit different properties than regular bilayer graphene. It is made by placing a single layer of graphene on top of another at an angle with respect to the other lattice orientation. Understanding the characteristics of TBG is important to uncover more physics …
Computer Simulation Study Of Slipper Lubrication In Hydraulic Machines, Jordyn B. Miller, Monika Ivantysynova
Computer Simulation Study Of Slipper Lubrication In Hydraulic Machines, Jordyn B. Miller, Monika Ivantysynova
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Hydraulic pumps and motors are vital components used in many applications today. Specifically, the axial piston pump is important because it is reliable, relatively compact, and has a high horsepower-to-weight ratio. These features make this type of pump very advantageous in hydraulic systems. Maintaining proper lubrication between surfaces in an axial pump, such as the slipper and swashplate, is imperative in order to have smooth operation of the system and prevent metal-to-metal contact. The aim of this research is to find the optimal slipper design and fluid film thickness to simultaneously maintain a balanced pressure and decrease power loss in …
Thin Electrical Double Layer Simulation Of Micro-Electrochemical Supercapacitors, Kaitlyn Fisher, Guoping Xiong, Timothy S. Fisher
Thin Electrical Double Layer Simulation Of Micro-Electrochemical Supercapacitors, Kaitlyn Fisher, Guoping Xiong, Timothy S. Fisher
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
The deteriorating state of the environment has drawn many people to hybrid electric vehicles. Electrochemical micro-supercapacitors are of interest in this field because of their high power density relative to other micro-power sources. However, little is known about how the properties of the electrolyte used affect the performance of such devices. The first step of this investigation was to use thermoreflectance microscopy to measure the temperature change of the electrodes while charging and discharging supercapacitor samples. The components of these samples were graphitic petal electrodes with a Ti/Au covering (for enhanced light reflectance) on a SiO2 base, with a …
Prism - Materials Simulation Tool, Ryan Widjaja, Marisol Koslowski
Prism - Materials Simulation Tool, Ryan Widjaja, Marisol Koslowski
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
MEMS (Micro-electromechanical System) is a combined electrical and mechanical nano-scaled device with rapidly growing applications. We have developed a contacting radio frequency capacitive MEMS that is commonly used as capacitive switches and contact actuators in PRISM (Prediction of Reliability, Integrity and Survivability of Microsystems) lab at Purdue University. Our research team has focused on creating a simulation of MEMS’s survivability towards crazing and cracking. Our particular objective in this project is to create a tool that can help users perform complex quantitative calculations regarding the properties of different materials. This tool will generate various plots visualizing the properties, such as …
Driftwatch Pollinator Mapping Application, Shreyas G. Sundararaman, Larry Theller, Bernard Engel
Driftwatch Pollinator Mapping Application, Shreyas G. Sundararaman, Larry Theller, Bernard Engel
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Over 65% percent of food consumed in the United States is pollinated by bees. Unfortunately, due to poor farming practices, pesticides are sprayed in bee sensitive areas unknowingly and as a result, the bee population is dwindling at an alarming rate. With lesser bees to pollinate crops, produce is compromised on a very large scale and this could have disastrous impacts on the nation's needs for food. Apiarists and beehive owners face the major responsibility of ensuring that their hives aren't affected by dangerous insecticides and pesticides from the farming areas that they might visit during their crop pollination cycles …
Nanohub - Crystal Viewer 2.0, Kevin Margatan, Gerhard Klimeck
Nanohub - Crystal Viewer 2.0, Kevin Margatan, Gerhard Klimeck
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
nanoHUB is an online compilation of tools for simulations. Equipped with 3-D simulations and a capability to solve very complex calculations, nanoHUB provides its users worldwide with various tools to help them finish their assignments. One of the tools available is called a Crystal Viewer Tool, an advanced crystal visualization tool. This tool allows users to generate various crystal types including their every single detail. Currently, a newer version, called Crystal Viewer 2.0, is being tested prior to its release. However, this tool is lacking some important features and a GUI that is not as user friendly as expected. The …
Two-Equation Two-Fluid Model For Bubbly Flow In A Vertical Channel, Jeffrey Feliszak, Martin Bertodano
Two-Equation Two-Fluid Model For Bubbly Flow In A Vertical Channel, Jeffrey Feliszak, Martin Bertodano
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
The one-dimensional two-fluid model is widely acknowledged as the most detailed and accurate macroscopic formulation of the thermo-fluid dynamics in nuclear reactor safety analysis. Several thermo-fluid dynamics codes have sprung up based on the one dimensional two-fluid model, such as RELAP5, TRAC, RETRAN, CATHARE, etc. However, these codes are quasi-steady because they lack the short wavelength models that are necessary to make the models well-posed; therefore they must rely on excessive numerical viscosity. Not utilizing short wavelength models causes small wavelength waves to grow quickly to infinity. The project objective is to develop a drafting force model for a one …
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Simulation Of Photovoltaic Structures Using A Graphical User Interface For Meep, Xin Tze Tee, Peter Bermel
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Simulation Of Photovoltaic Structures Using A Graphical User Interface For Meep, Xin Tze Tee, Peter Bermel
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
There is a large and growing need for accurate full-wave optical simulations of complex systems such as photovoltaic (PV) cells, particularly at the nanoscale. A finite-difference time-domain tool known as MEEP offers this capability in principle, through C++ libraries and the Scheme programming language. For expert users, this approach has been quite successful, but there is also great interest from new and less frequent users in starting to use MEEP. In order to facilitate this process, we have developed a graphical user interface (GUI) for MEEP, geared toward simulation of 2D and 3D PV cell geometries, freely available through a …
Set-Up Of Digital Image Correlation Apparatus, German A. Parada, Michael Sangid
Set-Up Of Digital Image Correlation Apparatus, German A. Parada, Michael Sangid
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a valuable and customizable experimental technique employed to analyze localized strain regions on materials by tracking the displacement of points on the surface of the studied material under applied stress. To investigate materials behavior, it is vital to correctly set-up the DIC apparatus so work has been done to ready the equipment to start measurements on two distinct projects. On the first project, the fatigue crack behavior of a high-strength aluminum alloy will be studied by cyclic loading, testing necessary for the safe design of aircraft parts utilizing this novel alloy. DIC will be carried …
Crystalline Cellulose – Atomistic Modeling Toolkit, Mateo Gomez, Pablo Zavattieri Dr.
Crystalline Cellulose – Atomistic Modeling Toolkit, Mateo Gomez, Pablo Zavattieri Dr.
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Nature has created efficient strategies to make materials with hierarchical internal structure that often exhibit exceptional mechanical properties. One such example is found in cellulose, in fact it is eight times stronger than stainless steel and advantage is that cellulose incredibly cheap, because processing is obtained from purified wood pulp (it is environmental friendly). The most prevalent modeling technique to study the fundamental mechanical behavior of the crystalline cellulose has been Molecular Dynamics (MD). As a predictive tool, MD allows us to study the behavior of crystalline cellulose at the atomic level, and as such, it accurately predicts the crystalline …
Phase-Field Dislocation Dynamics Code Optimization, Jaime A. Perez, Marisol Koslowski
Phase-Field Dislocation Dynamics Code Optimization, Jaime A. Perez, Marisol Koslowski
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
The importance of the study of nanocrystalline materials has gained a huge amount of attention these years due to its extraordinary mechanical, electrical and chemical properties. One significant way to progress in this field is by simulating the behavior of the particles in nano scale, which is not only a need but a challenge due to massive interactions that occur there. The phase-field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) method has been successfully employed in the modeling of plastic deformation, creep and grain boundary sliding. In PFDD, the plastic strain and the energy are functions of phase fields that obey a set of …
Evolution Of Laser Produced Aluminum Plasma In The Presence Of A Transverse Magnetic Field, Nicholaus Mckenna, Niral Shah, Faisal Odeh, Prasoon Diwakar, Fillipo Genco, Sivanandan Harilal, Syed Hassan, Ahmed Hassanein
Evolution Of Laser Produced Aluminum Plasma In The Presence Of A Transverse Magnetic Field, Nicholaus Mckenna, Niral Shah, Faisal Odeh, Prasoon Diwakar, Fillipo Genco, Sivanandan Harilal, Syed Hassan, Ahmed Hassanein
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Surface erosion of plasma-facing components is a very important problem in fusion reactors. In order to make fusion reactors economically viable the lifetime of plasma-facing components must be extended. My research entails using magnetic field interactions with plasma in order to determine how the plasma moves through the field, and if it can be stopped by using a certain orientation of magnetic field. A magnetic field should be able to alter the path of evolving plasma due to the interaction of the magnetic field with the charged particles in the plasma. The optimal orientation for slowing the evolution of the …
Advanced Visualization Techniques Of Hot-Jet Combustion Of Lean And Ultra-Lean Substances, Timothy I. Machin, Li Qiao
Advanced Visualization Techniques Of Hot-Jet Combustion Of Lean And Ultra-Lean Substances, Timothy I. Machin, Li Qiao
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Research has been conducted on ignition of natural gas as a potential replacement for fossil fuels. A reason natural gas is not widely used and adapted is because of the harmful emissions created when combusted in rich mixtures, but if the gas can be burned at a lean or ultra-lean equivalence ratio, these emissions can be reduced or even eliminated. One method of burning lean and ultra-lean substances is by use of hot-jet ignition. This method ignites the substance near its combustion temperature, reducing the harmful emissions. This method is not yet fully understood, and so research must be done …
Prediction Of Fiber Orientation In Compression Molded Parts Of Short-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics, Anshuman Jagtap, R Byron Pipes, Chris Schwall, Ethan Brubaker
Prediction Of Fiber Orientation In Compression Molded Parts Of Short-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics, Anshuman Jagtap, R Byron Pipes, Chris Schwall, Ethan Brubaker
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Short Fiber molded thermoplastics like poly ether ketone ketone (PEKK) have the potential to be used to build reinforcement structures for next generation air crafts. Because of the anisotropic properties of these fibers, it is necessary to know the orientation of fibers in molded parts to determine the strength of parts. The goal of the project is to prepare samples that will be used to determine the spatial distribution of fibers as a function of the parts thickness and for comparison with computer generated models to test for accuracy. Using a full factorial method the effects of four key control …