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2008

University of Wollongong

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Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Dynamic Properties Of Railway Track And Its Components : A State-Of-The-Art Review, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alexander Remennikov Dec 2008

Dynamic Properties Of Railway Track And Its Components : A State-Of-The-Art Review, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alexander Remennikov

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

Recent findings indicate one of major causes of damages, which is attributed to the resonant behaviours, in a railway track and its components. Basically, when a railway track is excited to generalised dynamic loading, the railway track deforms and then vibrates for certain duration. Dynamic responses of the railway track and its components are the key to evaluate the structural capacity of railway track and its components. If a dynamic loading resonates the railway track’s dynamic responses, its components tend to have the significant damage from excessive dynamic stresses. For example, a rail vibration could lead to defects in rails …


Dynamic Design Guidelines For Prestressed Concrete Sleepers, Alexander Remennikov, Martin H. Murray, Sakdirat Kaewunruen Dec 2008

Dynamic Design Guidelines For Prestressed Concrete Sleepers, Alexander Remennikov, Martin H. Murray, Sakdirat Kaewunruen

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

Current design philosophy, outlined in AS 1085.14, is based on the analysis of permissible stresses resulting from quasi-static wheel loads and essentially the static response of concrete sleepers. In general, cracking can incur when the bottom fibre stress is larger than tensile strength of concrete. Premature cracking of prestressed concrete sleepers has been detected in railway tracks. The major cause of cracking is the infrequent but high-magnitude wheel loads produced by a small percentage of “out-of-round” wheels or railhead surface defects, which are crudely accounted for in AS 1085.14 by a single load factor. Based on the current design method, …


Dynamic Responses Of Marine Risers/Pipes Transporting Fluid Subject To Top End Excitations, J. Leklong, S. Chucheepsakul, S. Kaewunruen Nov 2008

Dynamic Responses Of Marine Risers/Pipes Transporting Fluid Subject To Top End Excitations, J. Leklong, S. Chucheepsakul, S. Kaewunruen

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

This paper deals with the dynamic responses to top end excitation of marine risers/pipes conveying internal fluid. The marine riser is often used as a flexible link between undersea bore head and subsurface offshore platform. The tidal waves and the changes of sea level consistently excite its top end connected to a floating vessel. In order to carry out the performance-based design of the marine risers, the evaluation of their dynamic responses to top end excitations is imperative. In this study, the marine riser is simulated using twodimensional beam elements. Energy functional of the marine risers conveying fluids is derived …


Influence Of Joint Stiffness On The Free Vibrations Of A Marine Riser Conveying Fluid, S. Kaewunruen, T. Mccarthy, J. Leklong, S. Chucheepsakul Nov 2008

Influence Of Joint Stiffness On The Free Vibrations Of A Marine Riser Conveying Fluid, S. Kaewunruen, T. Mccarthy, J. Leklong, S. Chucheepsakul

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

The marine risers are generally used as the main transport means for economic materials and resources discovered undersea. In general, the marine risers are secured at either an offshore platform or a vessel. Both ends of the riser are to be adjusted to obey with the design criteria but in many cases their rotational stiffness is hardly set free for the hinge connection. This paper integrates the analytical investigation and the design consideration for the effects of end supports on the free vibrations of a marine riser conveying fluid. It is well known that resonances of marine risers/pipes can cause …


Strategic Approaches For Management Of Risk In Geomechanics, R. Chowdhury, P. Flentje Oct 2008

Strategic Approaches For Management Of Risk In Geomechanics, R. Chowdhury, P. Flentje

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

This paper outlines the challenges facing geomechanics and advocates some strategies for dealing with these challenges. Advancement of geomechanics and its application in the past may be seen in a historical context as serving the needs of society such as the development of infrastructure and natural resources. The needs of society are changing rapidly due to population growth, increasing urbanisation and globalisation. Climate change poses specially challenges, the impacts increasing with time. Therefore, development of new strategies is essential. For example, greater attention should be given to the development of interdisciplinary approaches. It is vitally important that systematic methods be …


Impact Damage Classification Of Railway Prestressed Concrete Sleepers, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alexander Remennikov Sep 2008

Impact Damage Classification Of Railway Prestressed Concrete Sleepers, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alexander Remennikov

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

Commonly, railway tracks suffer with the extreme loading conditions, which are attributed to the train operations with either wheel or rail abnormalities such as flat wheels, dipped rails, etc. These loads are of very high magnitude but short duration, as well as they are of low-possibility occurrence during the design life of the prestressed concrete sleepers. In spite of the most common use of the prestressed concrete sleepers in railway tracks, their impact responses and behaviours are not deeply appreciated nor taken into the design consideration. Up until recently, a new limit states design approach, whereas the dynamic effects are …


An Experimental Evaluation Of The Attenuation Effect Of Rail Pad On Flexural Behaviour Of Railway Concrete Sleeper Under Severe Impact Loads, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alexander Remennikov Jun 2008

An Experimental Evaluation Of The Attenuation Effect Of Rail Pad On Flexural Behaviour Of Railway Concrete Sleeper Under Severe Impact Loads, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alexander Remennikov

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

Interactions between the wheel of rolling stocks and the rail often generate interfacial impact forces to railway tracks. The dynamic impact loads are of very high magnitude but short duration, and are caused by either wheel or rail abnormalities such as flat wheels, dipped rails, etc. Although the possibility of the large impact loading to cause an extreme failure to an insitu concrete sleeper could be very low about once or twice in the design life cycle, the damage of track components especially for the concrete sleepers is often observed. The railway sleeper is a major component of railway tracks. …


Reliability Assessment Of Railway Prestressed Concrete Sleepers, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alexander Remennikov Jun 2008

Reliability Assessment Of Railway Prestressed Concrete Sleepers, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alexander Remennikov

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

This paper carries out the assessment of reliability indices of railway prestressed concrete sleepers designed in accordance with Australian Standard: AS1085.19. The current design approach of the prestressed concrete sleeper relies on the permissible stresses over crosssectional area. Loading condition acting on railway sleepers is considered from axle burden and dynamic amplification factor. On the basis of Australian design of railway prestressed concrete sleepers, only service limit states are considered; however, the design challenge is to provide adequate resistance of certain cross sections to both positive and negative bending moments. In this paper, the service limit states functions are formulated …


Analytical And Numerical Modeling Of Consolidation By Vertical Drain Beneath A Circular Embankment, Buddhima Indraratna, Ala N. Aljorany, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn May 2008

Analytical And Numerical Modeling Of Consolidation By Vertical Drain Beneath A Circular Embankment, Buddhima Indraratna, Ala N. Aljorany, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

In the analysis of axisymmetric problems, it is often imperative that aspects of geometry, material properties and loading characteristics are either maintained as constants or represented by continuous functions in the circumferential direction. In the case of radial consolidation beneath a circular embankment by vertical drains (i.e. circular oil tanks or silos), the discrete system of vertical drains can be substituted by continuous concentric rings of equivalent drain walls. An equivalent value for the coefficient of permeability of the soil is obtained by matching the degree of consolidation of a unit cell model. A rigorous solution to the continuity equation …


Location Constraints In Digital Rights Management, Adam Muhlbauer, Reihaneh Safavi-Naini, Farzad Salim, Nicholas Paul Sheppard, Martin Jan Surminen Apr 2008

Location Constraints In Digital Rights Management, Adam Muhlbauer, Reihaneh Safavi-Naini, Farzad Salim, Nicholas Paul Sheppard, Martin Jan Surminen

Faculty of Informatics - Papers (Archive)

Digital rights management allows information owners to control the use and dissemination of electronic documents via a machine-readable licence. This paper describes the design and implementation of a system for creating and enforcing licences containing location constraints that can be used to restrict access to sensitive documents to a defined area. Documents can be loaded onto a portable device and used in the approved areas, but cannot be used if the device moves to another area. Our contribution includes a taxonomy for access control in the presence of requests to perform non-instantaneous controlled actions.


Probabilistic Impact Fractures Of Railway Prestressed Concrete Sleepers, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alexander Remennikov Apr 2008

Probabilistic Impact Fractures Of Railway Prestressed Concrete Sleepers, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alexander Remennikov

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

Cracks in railway prestressed concrete sleepers are often caused by the infrequent but high magnitude impact forces. These impact forces are attributed to the wheel or rail abnormalities, e.g. wheel flat, corrugation, dipped joint, etc. The emphasis of this paper is placed on the corresponding fractures of railway prestressed concrete sleepers in track systems under the probabilistic impact loadings. The statistical data of impact loadings in Central Queensland have been obtained through the collaborative project under the research framework of the Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Railway Engineering and Technologies. It is found that for the heavy haul railway network, …


Dynamic Effect On Vibration Signatures Of Cracks In Railway Prestressed Concrete Sleepers, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alexander Remennikov Apr 2008

Dynamic Effect On Vibration Signatures Of Cracks In Railway Prestressed Concrete Sleepers, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alexander Remennikov

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

In general, cracks in structural members indicate a level of serviceability of the engineering structures. Usually a hairline crack can be detected by visual inspection, crack gauge, fibre optical sensor, or laser sensor. Recently, an attempt to develop a non-destructive tool for health monitoring of prestressed concrete sleepers in railway tracks using the vibration responses has been established at the University of Wollongong, Australia. However, the fundamental understanding of the dynamic effect due to the cracks in sleepers is insufficient. This paper investigates the dynamic effect of the cracks on the vibration signatures of the railway prestressed concrete sleepers. The …


2d And 3d Numerical Modeling Of Combined Surcharge And Vacuum Preloading With Vertical Drains, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn, Buddhima Indraratna, J. Chu Mar 2008

2d And 3d Numerical Modeling Of Combined Surcharge And Vacuum Preloading With Vertical Drains, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn, Buddhima Indraratna, J. Chu

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) numerical analysis of a case study of a combined vacuum and surcharge preloading project for a storage yard at Tianjin Port, China. At this site, a vacuum pressure of 80 kPa and a fill surcharge of 50 kPa was applied on top of the 20m thick soft soil layer through prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) to achieve the desired settlements and to avoid embankment instability. In 3D analysis, the actual shape of PVDs and their installation pattern with the in-situ soil parameters were simulated. In contrast, the validity of 2D-plane strain analysis …


Effects Of Partially Penetrating Prefabricated Vertical Drains And Loading Patterns On Vacuum Consolidation, Buddhima Indraratna, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn Mar 2008

Effects Of Partially Penetrating Prefabricated Vertical Drains And Loading Patterns On Vacuum Consolidation, Buddhima Indraratna, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

In this study, numerical modeling of a multi-drain system is employed to determine the optimum penetration depth of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) and the vacuum pressure that provides the maximum consolidation settlement and less lateral displacements. The plane strain analysis using an equivalent permeability with transformed unit cell geometry was considered for varying drain length and vacuum load. The effects of the vertical drain length and vacuum pressure on soft clay consolidation were examined through time for 90% degree of consolidation, associated settlement and lateral displacement.


Vacuum Preloading Techniques - Recent Developments And Applications, J. Chu, S. Yan, Buddhima Indraratna Mar 2008

Vacuum Preloading Techniques - Recent Developments And Applications, J. Chu, S. Yan, Buddhima Indraratna

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

In this paper, an overview on the mechanisms, techniques and applications of the vacuum preloading method are presented. Some recent developments in the vacuum preloading techniques, including the use of new materials, the expansion of the method, and new analysis or numerical modeling methods are briefly summarized.


Investigating Erosional Behaviour Of Chemically Stabilised Erodible Soils, Buddhima Indraratna, Thevaragavan Muttuvel, Hadi Khabbaz Mar 2008

Investigating Erosional Behaviour Of Chemically Stabilised Erodible Soils, Buddhima Indraratna, Thevaragavan Muttuvel, Hadi Khabbaz

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

Chemical stabilisation is a popular technique to improve the erosion resistance of the soils. In this study, two chemical stabilisers, namely lignosulfonate and general purpose Portland cement were tested on two different soils, a silty sand and a dispersive clay. A series of erosion tests were performed to study the effectiveness of the stabilisation in increasing the erosion resistance. Results showed that the increase in the critical shear stress of the silty sand with only 0.6% lignosulfonate treatment was equivalent to that with around 2.5% cement treatment. However, the stabilisation of the dispersive clay with 0.6% cement was more effective …


Recent Advancements In The Use Of Prefabricated Vertical Drains In Soft Soils., Buddhima Indraratna Mar 2008

Recent Advancements In The Use Of Prefabricated Vertical Drains In Soft Soils., Buddhima Indraratna

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

A system of prefabricated vertical drains with surcharge load to accelerate consolidation by shortening the drainage path is one of the most popular methods of soft ground improvement. An analytical solution is proposed based on radial (lateral) soil permeability while considering variations in vacuum pressure. The predicted smear zone and effects of drain unsaturation are compared with laboratory data obtained from large-scale radial consolidation tests. When a higher load is required to meet the desired rate of settlement and the cost of raising a surcharge embankment is also significant, the application of vacuum pressure with a reduced surcharge load can …


Laboratory Modeling Of Consolidation Behavior Of Soft Clays Using Vacuum-Surcharge Consolidation Method, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn, Buddhima Indraratna, M. Sakr Feb 2008

Laboratory Modeling Of Consolidation Behavior Of Soft Clays Using Vacuum-Surcharge Consolidation Method, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn, Buddhima Indraratna, M. Sakr

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

In this study, the large-scale apparatus used to examine vacuum preloading in conjunction with conventional surcharge loading. Several tests were performed to examine the effect of a vacuum and determine parameters such as the extent of smear zone and the soil permeability characteristics. The settlement and excess pore pressure associated with a combined vacuum and surcharge load indicates that applying a vacuum has specific benefits. The analytical modeling of one-dimensional consolidation by vertical drains with vacuum preloading considering both variation of soil compressibility and permeability is used to predict the soil consolidation behavior. It is shown that the analytical model …


Conversion Of As1085.14 For Prestressed Concrete Sleepers To Limit States Design Format, Alexander Remennikov, Martin H. Murray, Sakdirat Kaewunruen Feb 2008

Conversion Of As1085.14 For Prestressed Concrete Sleepers To Limit States Design Format, Alexander Remennikov, Martin H. Murray, Sakdirat Kaewunruen

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

Premature cracking of prestressed concrete sleepers has been found in railway tracks. The major cause of cracking is the infrequent but high-magnitude wheel loads produced by a small percentage of “bad” wheels or rail head surface defects which are crudely accounted for in AS 1085.14 by a single load factor. The current design philosophy, outlined in AS 1085.14, is based on assessment of permissible stresses resulting from quasi-static wheel loads and essentially the static response of concrete sleepers. In order to shift the conventional methodology to a more rational design method that involves more realistic dynamic response of concrete sleepers …


Shear Strength Model For Overconsolidated Clay-Infilled Idealised Rock Joints, Buddhima Indraratna, M. Jayanathan, T. Brown Jan 2008

Shear Strength Model For Overconsolidated Clay-Infilled Idealised Rock Joints, Buddhima Indraratna, M. Jayanathan, T. Brown

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

Saturated infilled joints can contribute to the instability of rock masses during undrained shearing. This paper reports an experimental investigation into the effect of the overconsolidation of infilled rough joints on undrained shear behaviour. A revised model is presented for predicting the shear strength of rough infilled joints on the basis of experimental tests carried out on idealised sawtoothed joints with natural silty clay as the infill material. Tests were conducted under consolidated undrained conditions in a high-pressure triaxial apparatus on joints having a dip angle of 608. Pore pressure development in the infill materials was monitored. The results show …


Sic And Carbon Nanotube Distinctive Effects On The Superconducting Properties Of Bulk Mgb2, G. Serrano, A. Serquis, S X. Dou, Saeid Soltanian, L. Civale, B. Maiorov, T. G. Holesinger, F. Balakirev, M. Jaime Jan 2008

Sic And Carbon Nanotube Distinctive Effects On The Superconducting Properties Of Bulk Mgb2, G. Serrano, A. Serquis, S X. Dou, Saeid Soltanian, L. Civale, B. Maiorov, T. G. Holesinger, F. Balakirev, M. Jaime

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

This work describes in detail the simultaneous enhancement of the upper critical field (Hc2) and the critical current density (Jc) of MgB2 bulk samples doped with nano-SiC particles, as well as single-walled and double-walled (dw) carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The magnetization properties were examined in a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer, and four-probe transport measurements were performed using a 50 T pulsed magnet to determine Hc2(T).We found that the Jc enhancement is similar in all doped samples at 5 K but nano-SiC addition is more effective to improve the flux pinning in the …


Giant Positive Magnetoresistance In Fe Doped In2o3 And Inreo3 (Re=Eu,Nd) Composites, Germanas Peleckis, Xiaolin Wang, S X. Dou, P. Munroe, J. Ding, B. Lee Jan 2008

Giant Positive Magnetoresistance In Fe Doped In2o3 And Inreo3 (Re=Eu,Nd) Composites, Germanas Peleckis, Xiaolin Wang, S X. Dou, P. Munroe, J. Ding, B. Lee

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

Synthesis and characterization of Fe and rare earth (RE) (RE=Eu,Nd) codoped bulk In2O3 oxide are reported. Composites consisting of Fe-doped In2O3 and InREO3 phases were formed, as determined by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, with particle sizes of 50–120 nm. The composites exhibit superparamagnetic and semiconducting behavior. A giant positive magnetoresistance is observed at low temperatures, reaching 81% and 50% at 5 K in Eu–Fe and Nd–Fe codoped samples, respectively.


Computation Of Point Of Application Of Seismic Passive Resistance By Pseudo-Dynamic Method, S. S. Nimbalkar, D. Choudhury Jan 2008

Computation Of Point Of Application Of Seismic Passive Resistance By Pseudo-Dynamic Method, S. S. Nimbalkar, D. Choudhury

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

Computation of seismic passive resistance and its point of application is an important aspect of seismic design of retaining wall. Several researchers in the past had obtained seismic passive earth pressures by using the conventional pseudo-static method. In this pseudo-static method, peak ground acceleration is assumed as constant and seismic passive pressure thus obtained shows the linear variation along the height of the retaining wall. There is hardly any scope to find out the point of application of seismic passive resistance by pseudo-static approach but to assume it to act at one-third height from the base of the wall. Rectifying …


Terahertz Emission From Mercury Cadmium Telluride, M. L. Smith, Rajind Mendis, R. E. M. Vickers, R. A. Lewis Jan 2008

Terahertz Emission From Mercury Cadmium Telluride, M. L. Smith, Rajind Mendis, R. E. M. Vickers, R. A. Lewis

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

THz-frequency electromagnetic radiation may be generated by illuminating a suitable target with short pulses of near-infrared radiation. We present results of experiments employing pulses of < 12 fs irradiating a HgCdTe thin film. The resulting THz emission was detected using a liquid-He–cooled bolometer. Strong azimuthal angle dependence on the generated THz power is observed. The THz power varies quadratically with the pump power.


Electroresistance Of Perovskite Manganites, D. C. Pond, R. A. Lewis Jan 2008

Electroresistance Of Perovskite Manganites, D. C. Pond, R. A. Lewis

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

A comprehensive delineation of current-voltage-temperature space is given for La0.66Sr0.33MnO3 and La0.8Li0.2MnO3. The first shows little electroresistance; the second exhibits marked electroresistance over a wide temperature range.


Electrical And Optical Properties Of La0.7ca0.3mno3 Polycrystalline And Thin Film, Feng Gao, R. A. Lewis, M. Ionescu, Xiaolin Wang, S. X. Dou Jan 2008

Electrical And Optical Properties Of La0.7ca0.3mno3 Polycrystalline And Thin Film, Feng Gao, R. A. Lewis, M. Ionescu, Xiaolin Wang, S. X. Dou

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

The La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 thin film shows a metal-insulator transition at temperature around 150 K, about 100 K lower than that of the polycrystalline sample. It is found that the activation barrier in the thin film is lower than that in the bulk sample. The FIR reflectance of the thin film exhibits a new mode which is not present in the bulk sample. We propose that the new mode is the corresponding surface bending mode.


Behaviour Of Fibre Rc Columns Wrapped With Frp Under Eccentric Loads, Muhammad N. S Hadi Jan 2008

Behaviour Of Fibre Rc Columns Wrapped With Frp Under Eccentric Loads, Muhammad N. S Hadi

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

This paper presents results of testing 16 specimens, 12 of which as columns under different eccentricities and four as beams under four point loading regime. All 16 specimens were circular in cross section and were made of reinforced concrete. Four specimens served as reference specimens and were just made of reinforced concrete. The next four had steel fibers added to the concrete. The next four specimens were wrapped with Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers. The final four specimens were reinforced with steel fibbers and wrapped with CFRP. From each group of specimens, one specimen was tested as a column under a …


Conceptual Development And Numerical Modelling Of Vegetation Induced Suction And Implications On Rail Track Stabilisation, Buddhima Indraratna, H. Khabbaz, Behzad Fatahi Jan 2008

Conceptual Development And Numerical Modelling Of Vegetation Induced Suction And Implications On Rail Track Stabilisation, Buddhima Indraratna, H. Khabbaz, Behzad Fatahi

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

The effects of tree roots on soil suction and ground settlement are investigated. This paper highlights the inter-related parameters contributing to the development of a conceptual evapo-transpiration and root water uptake equilibrium model that is then incorporated in a comprehensive numerical model. The developed numerical model based on the finite element analysis (ABAQUS) considers fully coupled flowdeformation behaviour of soil. Field measurements obtained by the authors from a field site in western Victoria and from past literature are used to validate the model. The predicted results show acceptable agreement with the field data in spite of the assumptions made for …


An Investigation Of The Behaviour Of Steel And Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete Slabs, Muhammad N. S Hadi Jan 2008

An Investigation Of The Behaviour Of Steel And Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete Slabs, Muhammad N. S Hadi

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

The aim of this paper is to compare the properties of concrete slabs when two types of fibres are added. Steel fibres and polypropylene fibres in the volumetric ratio of 0.5% and 1.0% were added to four slab specimens. The fifth specimen had no fibres and acted as a control specimen. The dimensions of the slab specimens were 820×820×80 mm and were supported by four rollers at their edges. A displacement controlled point load was applied at the centre of the slabs. The ductilities of the tested slabs were calculated and compared so as their load carrying capacities. Comparison was …


Nanostructural Engineering Of Steel, P. D. Hodgson, I. B. Timokhina, H. Beladi, I. Sabirov, E V. Pereloma Jan 2008

Nanostructural Engineering Of Steel, P. D. Hodgson, I. B. Timokhina, H. Beladi, I. Sabirov, E V. Pereloma

Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)

The concept of microstructural engineering of steels is well established and is the basis for a wide range of processes and products. Recently, though, there has been increasing emphasis in developing microstructures that have submicron length scales and also in understanding in far greater detail the structures and solute effects that are occurring at the nanoscale. In this review it is proposed that we are heading towards the situation where we are applying nanostructural engineering concepts in the development of new steels. A range of examples are given as well as a discussion of the potential impact of new processing …