Engineering Commons^™

Exploring The Impact Of Vented Packaging Configurations On Airflow Patterns And Cooling Consistency For Muskmelons In A Cold Storage Environment, Nur Wafidah Roslan, Namasivayam Navaranjan, Zohrah Sulaiman, Naseem Uddin

ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development

The cooling effect of different vented packaging designs was investigated for packed muskmelons fruits in a commercial cold storage condition. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and experiments were used. The airflow pattern, heat transfer and temperature profiles were predicted from simulation and analysed. The CFD results reveal an uneven and low efficient airflow distribution inside a commercially used vented packaging (Box A). This resulted slow cooling of the fruits in Box A. Two newly designed packaging (Box B and Box C) showed better airflow distribution around the fruits and cooled them faster than Box A. The design of Box C …

Robust Gasification Trial Results For A Variety Of Difficult-To-Recycle Packaging-Related Materials, Bruce A. Welt

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Currently, recycling requires nearly absolute sorting of materials to accommodate the limited capabilities of existing recycling infrastructure. Whether a material is “recyclable” depends more on the method of recycling than the material itself. Our dependence upon sorting has limited success of recycling and has stifled our ability to achieve circular economy sustainability with plastic packaging materials. Our dependence upon sorting is rooted in our material-specific recycling processes. However, newer robust recycling processes are commercially available that reduce or eliminate the need to sort waste, and can convert mixed waste into primary feedstock chemicals, such as methanol for subsequent manufacture of …

Navigating Through ‘Layers’ As A Pedagogical Approach In Architectural Teaching, Christakis Chatzichristou

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

The pedagogical approach presented here looks at the benefits of teaching design by encouraging the creation of layers and layers of ‘presented’, as opposed to ‘represented’, material, the navigation through which can prove to be a quite creative process. For the longest time architecture has been using a rather narrow set of media; the sketch, the diagram, the orthogonal and perspectival views, and the model were the main means through which the student of architecture followed a rather linear design process which led from concept to an architectural proposal. And while acknowledging that the use of the computer clearly offers …

Effects Of Period And Temperature On Quality And Shelf-Life Of Cucumber And Garden-Eggs Packaged Using Cassava Starch-Zinc Nanocomposite Film, Adeshina Fadeyibi, Zinash Delebo Osunde, Mohammed Gana Yisa

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Nanocomposite film can be used to prolong the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables. This research was undertaken to investigate the effects of packaging period and temperature on the quality and self-lives of cucumber and garden-eggs packaged using cassava starch-zinc nanocomposite film. Hundred grams each of cucumber and garden-eggs were wrapped in a 200× 350 mm size nanocomposite film and low density polyethylene (LDPE) of 2.240± 1.076 × 10^-10 gm^-1Pa^-1s^-1 water vapor and 1.568± 0.084× 10^-10 gm^-1Pa^-1s^-1 oxygen gas permeability. The products were stored at 10−27^oC temperatures …

Permeability Of Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide Through Pinholes In Barrier Coatings, Petri Johansson, Johanna Lahti, Jorma Vihinen, Jurkka Kuusipalo

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Abstract

Packaging materials are typically made of multilayer structures combining polymers, metals and inorganic materials. Multilayer structures are selected in order to optimize the thickness and performance in packaging applications. Atomic layer deposited (ALD) aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) layer provides good barrier properties against oxygen and carbon dioxide gases i.e. permeation of gases through ALD coated polymer films will reduce remarkably. The target was to study the effect of pinholes on the oxygen and carbon dioxide permeability of ALD coated extrusion-coated packaging paper. Pinholes were artificially generated by ultra violet (UV) laser drilling through the polymer layer …

A Design For Affordances Framework For Product Packaging: Food Packaging Case Study, Ahmad Abdelhafiz Mumani, Richard T. Stone, Esraa Abdelall

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Since affordances provided by packaging features play a major role in facilitating user packaging interaction, it is important to integrate the concept of affordances into the packaging design process and to understand the interrelationships between packaging features and affordances. A framework is proposed for linking user requirements to packaging design features utilizing the concept of affordances. The framework is accomplished in two main steps; first, determine the affordances required to facilitate performing packaging-related tasks, and second, link these affordances to packaging features. Previous packaging usability studies were reviewed to elicit requirements in terms of affordance properties such as intuitiveness, responsiveness, …

Experimental Tests And Numerical Simulations For Failure Investigation On Corrugated Boxes Used On Household Appliance Packaging, Diego Fernandes Rodrigues, José Carlos Pereira

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Packages made of corrugated paper are fundamental to the protection, transportation and handling of the appliance product market. During the storage and sales stages of a product, the package must resist compressive loads in different directions beyond moderate impacts. In this context, the objective of this work is to develop and implement a post-processor that allows the simultaneous analysis of two of the most common failure modes of packages made of corrugated paper: failure due to tensile or compressive stress limit, and failure due to local buckling, when the buckling of the faces of the corrugated paper between two peaks …

Suitability Of Active And Intelligent Packaging For Local And Organic Food – A Case Study In Southern Finland, Sara Paunonen, Marja Pitkänen, Mika Vähä-Nissi, Ville Leminen, Mika Kainusalmi

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

This study explores the suitability of innovative packaging for local and organic food. Attitudes and opinions in local and organic food chains in Southern Finland were collected via eighteen semi-structural interviews. The respondents were small-scale producers and processors of fish, meat, berries, and mushrooms, wholesalers, retailers, and institutional kitchens. The aim of this study was to understand factors promoting and preventing the penetration of innovative packaging solutions into the organic and local food market. A clear majority (89%) of respondents considered active and intelligent solutions to be equally suitable for local and organic food as for conventional food. However, less …

The Application Of The Peleg Model In Order To Obtain Completely Soluble Materials For Food Product Packaging, Roxana Puscaselu (Gheorghita), Sonia Amariei

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

The aim of this study was to create a completely hydrosoluble edible films based on biopolymers that can be used as packaging material for powdered foods.10 edible films were obtained from various mixtures of hydrocolloids (agar, starch, sodium alginate) plasticized with glycerol and water. To assess their solubility, it was used the Peleg model which confirmed that increasing the temperature of the hydration medium, increases the water absorption rate. The sample obtained from agar and starch was less hydrophilic than sample with a high amount of sodium alginate, which was completely soluble after 3 minutes maintenance in 20° water. To …

Measuring The Creep Behaviour Of Corrugated Board By Cascade And Individual Test Rig, Viktoria Köstner, Jörg B. Ressel, Bernd Sadlowsky, Péter Böröcz

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

In this paper static and quasi-static test are conducted to determine the creep behaviour of corrugated board. This study shows a possible way to take the real loads occurring in container shipping into account. The aim of the measurements is to develop a new test option, which is in keeping with the loads occurring. Two test rigs have been developed and constructed for this purpose. These make it possible to measure the creep of corrugated board extremely precisely over a longer period in the aspect of climate chamber size and relative humidity (RH) distribution in the chamber. To increase the …

Communication And Biodegradable Packaging Relationship: A Paradigm For Final Disposal, Breno Luiz Ottoni, Rafael Mattos Deus, José Alcides Gobbo Junior, Ângela Maria Grossi De Carvalho, Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Solid waste generation is estimated to increase from 1.3 billion to 2.2 billion tons by 2025, causing environmental, social, and consequently public health problems. The biggest problem in this regard involves the inadequate disposal of waste, and in emerging countries like Brazil, it is sorted less waste for recycling or composting. In this context, plastic packaging is more complex due to the high polymer composition, as well as low recycling rates. Bioplastics appear as alternatives because they are mostly biodegradable. Given the various functions of packaging and a systematic review of the literature, the aim of this study was to …

Evaluation Of Stability Of Unit Loads For Tilt And Shock Events During Distribution, Jay Singh, Koushik Saha, Tyler Sewell

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Initiatives to lightweight and reduce packaging materials to achieve sustainability goals have created unit load stability challenges in the transportation and handling of palletized packaged goods. Consequently, an increased focus is being placed on evaluating how current pre-shipment performance tests evaluate load stability. This study was undertaken to address the current need for establishing test methodologies towards observing a unit load’s overall stability during transportation and handling related activities commonly experienced in the distribution environment. With this goal, this study developed two test methods as well as apparatus/measuring tool to observe a palletized load’s overall stability. The experimentation involved unit …

Developments And Properties Of Plastic Mimicking Biopolymers For Food Packaging Application, Daniel I. Hefft

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Sustainability takes an ever increasing importance in the food industry. Here not only the selection of raw materials plays a role, but also packaging materials. Nowadays there is an increasing number of biodegradable and bio-compostable packaging materials available.

However, these materials are still not able to replace mineral oil based packaging materials completely, nevertheless they are becoming increasingly important, since there must be solutions to problems such as pollution of the oceans by plastic waste, growing piles of rubbish from growing population, etc.

The following literature review shows briefly recent developments on plastic mimicking biopolymers, as these materials guarantee great …

Efficacy Of Natural Plant Extracts In Antimicrobial Packaging Systems, Kofi Jocelyn Brobbey, Jarkko J. Saarinen Adj. Prof., Hanna-Leena Alakomi Dr., Baoru Yang Prof., Martti Toivakka Prof.

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Antimicrobial plant extracts used in food packaging provide a healthy packaging alternatives. They contain aromatic and phenolic compounds that are responsible for their antibacterial properties. In this study, we report the antibacterial effects of extracts obtained from sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) leaves, and inner bark of pine trees (Pinus silvestris) that were applied as coatings on paper suitable for packaging application. Extracts from sea buckthorn leaves exhibited antibacterial effect both as a solvent extract and as a coating on paper against Pseudomonas aeruginosa as test bacteria. However, coatings of pine bark extract did not exhibit …

Producing Food Packaging Printing Ink Via Green Emulsion Aggregation Method, Maryam Ataeefard, Shohre Rouhani

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Digital printing will become more and more important in the packaging industry. Digital printing technology is growing because it allows the print suppliers to improve the level of service they offering to their customers, as well as, it opens new opportunities and helps them to make more money. Additives, dyestuffs, resin and other chemicals in packaging printing ink may influence safety of the food. Therefore, choosing suitable materials are very important in food packing ink. Over the last years, many printing ink manufacturers moved toward more sustainable inks. Drivers for this development, besides the resource scarcity and a higher legislative …

The Effect Of Creasing Lines On The Compression Strength Of Adjustable Height Corrugated Boxes, Péter Csavajda, Péter Böröcz, Ákos Mojzes, Bence Molnár

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Due to its high strength and low density, the corrugated fibreboard (CFB) box is one of the most popular types of packaging all over the world. This packaging device is able to fulfil a huge number of requirements of the logistic process, during the phases of handling, shipping and storage. In addition to this, corrugated packaging is easily machinable, so it is also suitable for special supply chains and products. These special needs include the requirement to fit to the inner measurements of the shipping device, e.g. the shipping container. This is particularly expected in case of less than container-load …

Adding A Polymer Film Barrier Layer In The Press Forming Process Of Paperboard Trays, Ville Leminen, Panu Tanninen, Mika Kainusalmi, Kirubel Bogale, Juha Varis

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

The aim of this paper was to investigate the possibility to add a barrier layer in the press forming phase of paperboard trays by sealing a polymer film to a paperboard substrate. Plastic coating is often an important part of packages manufactured for food packaging. Traditionally the paperboards for food packaging are coated in the paper mill before the actual forming of the package. Experiments with coated and uncoated boards were made and the bonding and adhesion of materials was observed. The results indicate that adhesion between the board and the film can be achieved in the forming process. However …

Film Performance Of Poly(Lactic Acid) Blends For Packaging Applications, Carlos A. Diaz, Hsunpao Y. Pao, Sungyoung Kim

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a biodegradable thermoplastic derived from renewable resources, stands out as a substitute to petroleum-based plastics. PLA based films for food packaging has been an area of both commercial and research interest within the context of sustainability. In spite of its high strength, packaging applications have been limited because PLA is more brittle than traditional oil-based plastics. Because of this, films display low tear and impact resistance and produce a loud crackling sound when manipulated. Although many studies address the toughening of PLA in the bulk, little attention has been placed on the film performance. The present study …

Mems Based Tracking Devices For Measuring Distribution Hazards On The Product And Package, Changfeng Ge, Tom Oh, Daniel Johnson, Anthonio Mondragon, Kai Lei

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

This paper introduces two microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based working data logger prototypes and the cloud based data analysis system that were trademarked and patented as Pak-Track^TM-I and Pak-Track^TM-II. The Pak-Track^TM-I is designed to wirelessly record and report information in real time about individually packaged products during transit. The system allows the user to immediately view the data with a Global Positioning System (GPS) location via a secured website or Android tablet or smart phone. The Pak-Track^TM-II is a standalone device that stores all measurements on internal memory without communicating over a network. …

Elevated Test Pressure Significantly Reduces Dynamic Accumulation Oxygen Transmission Rate (Astm F3136) Measurement Time For Barrier Packaging Films, Bruce A. Welt

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Measurement of gas transmission rates of materials is important for successful package design. The dynamic accumulation (DA) method (ASTM F3136) is becoming increasingly popular for measuring oxygen transmission rate (OTR) due to its simplicity and low cost. However, measurement time increases with barrier properties of materials, limiting measurement throughput. A dynamic accumulation measurement prototype capable of operating up to 1,000 psig was developed in order to accelerate gas transfer by boosting concentration gradients via elevated absolute pressures. Results show that measurement results were independent of test pressure while measurement times were substantially reduced. These results also suggest that gas transmission …

Evaluation Of Distribution Environment In Ltl Shipment Between Central Europe And South Africa, Peter Borocz, Paul Singh, Jay Singh

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

Due to the global expansion of transportation and handling companies, the distribution and supply chains of both raw materials and finished products now requires a better understanding of the shipping environment. This international shipping and handling information describing the physical and climatic conditions provides packaging engineers the required technical information to design better packaging to provide protection to products in various segments of the supply chain. In these global supply chains, products emerging from Central Europe also play an increasingly important role today. From this region, the truck and vessel combination is the most dominant transportation mode for non-time sensitive …

Measuring And Analysing The Effect Of Openings And Vibration On Reusable Pharmaceutical Insulated Boxes With Daily Distribution, Péter Böröcz, Ákos Mojzes, Péter Csavajda

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

To control the climate when temperature sensitive drugs are delivered is an essential consideration of shippers and freight forwarders. It is common practice to utilize insulated boxes. A survey was conducted to determine the properties of these daily deliveries and factors were observed that influence the climate environment of drugs during travel. These factors included opening intervals, number of openings, trip times and distances. Then the results of the survey were used to perform the recorded circumstances of distribution in laboratory tests as close to reality as possible and analyse the effect of the above-mentioned factors. During real distribution the …

Load Securement And Packaging Methods To Reduce Risk Of Damage And Personal Injury For Cargo Freight In Truck, Container And Intermodal Shipments, Paul Singh, Jay Singh, John Antle, Erin Topper, G. Grewal

Journal of Applied Packaging Research

This paper is the fourth paper in a series of papers that analyzed results from a major damage assessment study that examined challenges products endure during shipping and handling in the mixed-load and less-than-truckload (LTL) logistics environments. The previous three papers are specific to various commodities, such as televisions, appliances, furniture, machinery, doors and windows, and paint products. These products are known to represent high levels of freight damage and corresponding claims to carriers. Products of different sizes and weights are loaded into trailers using various methods both mechanical and manual, by various algorithms to best weigh or cube out …