Engineering Commons^™

Seismic Soil Structure Interaction Analyses Of An Office Building In Oakland, California, Joseph Wartman, Shahriar Vahdani, Linda Liang

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper discusses soil-structure interaction (SSI) analyses for a 10-story office building with three levels of basement (10 meters) located in downtown Oakland, California. The objectives of these analyses were to assess the effects of SSI on the response of the building and to develop ground-level input earthquake motions at the base of the building for use by the project structural engineer. The SSI analyses were conducted using the two-dimensional finite element program FLUSH. The results of these analyses indicate that SSI has a negligible effect on horizontal ground motions at and near the building’s predominant period (T ~ 1.8 …

Simplified Methods For The Dynamic Analysis Of Single Pile In Layered Soils, Roberto Cairo, Enrico Conte, Giovanni Dente

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, two simplified methods are used to calculate the impedance function of an axially loaded pile embedded in layered soils. The methods are: a semi-analytical procedure which uses the discrete layer stiffness matrices derived by Kausel and Roesset (1981), and the cone model which was developed by Wolf et al. (1992). A number of comparisons with more rigorous solutions are shown in order to assess the accuracy of the methods used.

Soil-Pile Interaction Analysis Using Fe-Be Coupling In Frequency Domain, Moon Kyum Kim, Yun Mook Lim, Min Kyu Kim, Seok Ho Cho

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this study, a numerical method for soil-pile interaction problems in multi-layered half-plane is developed in frequency domain using FE-BE coupling technique. The soil-pile interaction system is divided into two parts, so-called near field and far field. In the near field, beam elements are used for modeling pile and plane-strain finite elements for surrounding soil media. Also, a superstructure is considered as a lumped mass on a pile. In the far field, layered soil media is modeled by boundary element formulation using the dynamic fundamental solution. Then, these two fields are assembled using FE-BE coupling technique. This coupled numerical method …

Simplified Evaluation For Dynamic Layered Soils-Structure Interaction, Ga Zhang, Jian-Min Zhang

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

An analytical method is presented or the evaluation of dynamic soil-structure response under a simpler condition where a structure is semi-buried in level ground of layered soils. Formulas are proposed to determine the lateral soil-wall displacement and corresponding earth pressures against the sidewalls of the structure during an earthquake. The key factors affecting the dynamic response of the soil-structure system are also discussed

Structure Soil Structure Interaction Effects: Seismic Analysis Of Safety Related Collocated Concrete Structures, Jayaprakash A. Amin, Jagdish J. Bhat, Jagadish R. Joshi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The Process, Purification and Stack Buildings are collocated safety related concrete shear wall structures with plan dimensions in excess of 100 feet. An important aspect of their seismic analysis was the determination of structure soil structure interaction (SSSI) effects, if any. The SSSI analysis of the Process Building, with one other building at a time, was performed with the SASSI computer code for up to 50 frequencies. Each combined model had about 1500 interaction nodes. Results of the SSSI analysis were compared with those from soil structure interaction (SSI) analysis of the individual buildings, done with ABAQUS and SASSI codes, …

Critical Acceleration And Seismic Displacement Of Vertical Gravity Walls By A Two Body Model, Constantine A. Stamatopoulos, Eleni G. Velgaki

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Under the assumption that as a result of earthquake loading the backfill behind a gravity wall reaches an active state, and with further increase in the earthquake acceleration the wall slides outwards, the soil-wall system consists of two bodies, each sliding along a different inclination: (a) the active soil wedge that slides with the inclination of least resistance in the backfill, and (b) the wall that slides along the soil-wall boundary at the base. This paper first gives the equation of motion of the 2-block sliding system described above that models the seismic response of vertical gravity walls retaining dry …

Effects Of Ground Improvement And Armored Embankment To The Displacements Of The Seawalls And Back Fill During Earthquake, Marmoru Kanatani, Hitoshi Tochigi, Tadashi Kawai, Hiroyuki Ishikawa

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Large shaking table tests of the caisson type seawalls under various conditions were conducted in order to investigate the effects of the armored embankment and the improvement of sandy seabed and backfill by densification to the deformation of the seawalls during earthquake. Main results obtained from the shaking table tests were as follows : (1) Seaward horizontal displacement and tilting of the caisson were drastically reduced by the existence of the armored embankment in front of the caisson. (2) Improvement of the sandy seabed by densification method just under the rubble mound was much effective to reduction of the displacements …

Seismic Displacements Of Rigid Retaining Walls, Yingwei Wu, Shamsher Prakash

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Rigid retaining walls experience significant displacements during earthquakes. Several investigations have developed 1-D and 2-D models to predict displacements. A critical review of the state of the art shows that these model may not predict realistic displacement Wu (1999). A new 2-D model, which considers strain dependent soil stiffness and material damping, sliding and rocking motions, and practical field water conditions behind the wall as per Eurocode (1994) have been presented. Typical results are included. A comparison of prediction and performance of a centrifuge model has shown good agreement. This model represents a considerable advance over the existing solutions and …

A Numerical Study Of Lateral Spreading Behind A Caisson Type Quay Wall, Zhaohui Yang, Ahmed Elgamal, Tarek Abdoun, Chung-Jung Lee

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A series of centrifuge model tests were conducted at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute to study the seismic response of a caisson-type waterfront quay wall system, and the liquefaction and deformation characteristics of the saturated cohesionless backfill. Using a nonlinear two-phase (solid-fluid) finite element program, a numerical study of the above centrifuge tests is performed. In this paper, the centrifuge tests and formulation of the employed finite element program are briefly described, and the numerical simulation results are compared to the experimental records. It is shown that the extent of liquefaction, the deformation pattern of the soil-wall system, and the magnitude of …

Seismic Response Of Submerged Cohesionless Slopes, Giovanni Biondi, Ernesto Cascone, Michele Maugeri

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Seismic slope stability analysis is a topic of great interest in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering particularly in seismic area in fact the occurrence of earthquake induced landslides is documented in many recent post-earthquake damage report (Japan 1993- 199 Greece 1995, Turkey 1999). Generally saturated slopes of loose sand or silty-sand and earth dams and embankment resting on low cohesionless soil deposit are highly susceptible to liquefaction-induced damage and during strong earthquake several landslides caused soil liquefaction may occur. In this paper a numerical model to evaluate seismic response of submerged cohesionless slopes is described. Slope stability conditions are evaluated taking …

Seismic Active Earth Pressure Considering Effect Of Strain Localization, Jian-Min Zhang, Deji Li

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A new method, which is based on pseudo-static and limit-equilibrium analysis, was proposed for evaluating seismic (static plus dynamic) active earth pressures induced by backfill soils behind movable rigid retaining walls. It has the advantage over the Mononobe-Okabe method since it can take into account the effects of strain localization and post-peak reduction in the shear resistance that occur in the denser backfill soil during a strong earthquake.

Seismic Active And Passive Earth Pressures On Rigid Retaining Structures By A Kinematical Approach, Abdul-Hamid Soubra, Borut Macuh

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The seismic active and passive earth pressure problems are investigated by means of the kinematical method of the limit analysis theory. Two rotational kinematically admissible failure mechanisms M1 and M2 are proposed. Quasi-static representation of earthquake effects using the seismic coefficient concept is adopted. The solutions obtained are rigorous upper-bound ones in the framework of the limit analysis theory. The numerical results of the seismic active and passive earth pressure coefficients are presented and compared with other authors’ results. These results improve the best available upper-bound solutions given by Chen and Liu (1990) in the active case and Soubra (2000) …

A Field Study And Dynamic Finite Element Analysis Of Railway Retaining Structures Damaged By The Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake (1995), Yoshinori Nagayama, Tamotsu Matsui, Ikuo Yasukawa, Hiroshi Kasai

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The seismic damage to embankments and retaining walls caused by the Hyogoken-nambu Earthquake (1995) was reviewed, rather focusing on railway structures. Nearly eight kilometers of damaged retaining structures were divided into five structural types, such as gravity-type walls, leaning-type walls, embankments, geo-textile-reinforced earth walls, and reinforced concrete walls, and into three categories of the damage, such as collapse, tilt, and crack. It was observed that the damage to gravity-type and leaning-type walls was greater than that to embankments, geo-textile-reinforced earth walls, and reinforced concrete walk, when they are lower than five meters. But some leaning-type walls higher than seven meters …

Dynamic Model Tests On Gravity Retaining Walls With Various Surcharge Conditions, Ernesto Cascone, Agatino Simone Lo Grasso, Michele Maugeri

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Seismic design of retaining walls is traditionally based on the Mononobe-Okabe method of analysis. In recent years a number of theoretical analyses have been presented to predict the seismic behaviour of gravity retaining walls. In this paper some shaking table tests performed on a small prototype of gravity wall retaining dry sand are described and the experimental results are presented with the aim to provide, though qualitatively, an insight into some important aspects of the dynamic behaviour of retaining structures resting on rigid foundation soil. The M-O theory do not consider the particular boundary condition that in the practical design …

Analytical Evaluation For Seismic Behavior Of Shore Structures On Liquefied Area During Earthquakes, Kenji Hayashi, Tomonari Imono, Tamotsu Matsui, Kazuhiro Oda, Hitoshi Miyamoto

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, focusing on the caisson type quay wall, which is a typical gravity type of shore structures, the seismic behavior of the structures was discussed when the liquefaction occurs, by applying the dynamic response analysis and a simplified prediction method which was proposed by the authors. Firstly, a simplified and reasonable method for predicting the seismic behavior of shore structures during earthquakes was proposed. In the proposed analytical method, the structure is replaced by a simplified model, and the ground contacting the structure by subgrade springs. There are two types of subgrade springs employed as elasto-plastic spring and …

Seismic Analysis And Retrofit Of Dock Walls, Andrew J. Mair, David Muir Wood

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Numerical analyses have been performed in order to assess the performance of old dock walls under earthquake loading and, if necessary, to develop appropriate remedial measures and check the seismic performance of these. This paper describes the procedures that have been adopted in order to use the numerical analysis program FLAC for time domain analyses. Boundary conditions have been chosen in order to permit synthetic time histories of base motion to be applied to the models. Fills have been modelled as elastic-Mohr-Coulomb frictional materials; concrete and masonry have been modelled as elastic materials, but the inclusion of interfaces representing construction …

Seismic Analysis Of Bridge Abutments: A Numerical Simulation Of A Field Load Test, Liping Yan, Geoffrey R. Martin

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Approximate modeling of bridge abutment stiffness and capacity plays an important role in seismic analysis of bridge structures. To evaluate the characteristics of passive resistance and stiffness of bridge abutment, an experimental study was conducted at the University of California, Davis (UCD). In this study, one of the tests was a displacement controlled longitudinal cyclic loading test of a half-scale abutment (West Abutment), where the embankment was constructed from a soil known as “Yolo Loam” (a low plasticity clayey silt). The structural backfill consisted of a well graded silty sand. A thin drainage layer of pea gravel was placed between …

Investigation Of Seismic Response Of Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls, Kianoosh Hatami, Richard J. Bathurst

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Dynamic response of a segmental (modular block) retaining wall system to recorded ground motions is investigated. The magnitude and characteristics of wall response are compared to those obtained under harmonic input base acceleration. The calculated maximum lateral displacement and reinforcement load of the segmental retaining wall mode1 subjected to a single frequency, harmonic input acceleration were considerably larger than the corresponding values obtained using a number of earthquake accelerograms with comparable predominant frequencies. It is concluded that the random characteristic of actual ground acceleration may partly explain the relatively good performance of reinforced-soil retaining wall systems that were designed without …

Stability Analysis Of The Geosynthetic-Reinforced Modular Block Walls Damaged During The Chi-Chi Earthquake, Ching-Chuan Huang, Fumio Tatsuoka

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Psuedo-static stability analysis based on “Coulomb’s one-wedge” and “two-wedge” methods was performed for two geosynthetic-reinforced modular block walls which were either collapsed or lightly damaged during the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake It was shown that two-wedge failure mechanism is a dominant one for the walls investigated. Difference in the seismic behavior of these walls was partially explained based on the psuedo-static analysis. It was also shown that seismic stability of the reinforced wall depends largely on the connection strength between the facing and the geogrid.

Evaluation Of Seismic Safety Of A Large Caisson Structure, Tamotsu Matsui, Kazuhiro Oda, Ikuo Aoshima, Hiroshi Murakami, Akinori Nakahira, Choji Kuroda, Naoto Suzuki

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Some centrifugal shaking tests were carried out to clarify the mechanism of seismic interaction between a large caisson foundation and soil layers. Based on the test data, two-dimensional seismic effective stress FE analysis was applied, followed by verifying its applicability. Also, to clarify the flexural and shear behavior of the caisson structure members to the ultimate state and to evaluate the flexural and shear resistance, some large-scale model failure tests of poorly reinforced concrete in caisson foundation were carried out. Based on these test results above-mentioned, seismic analyses of an existing large caisson foundation to ground motion in level 2 …

On The Seismic Earth Pressure Reduction Against Retaining Structures Using Lightweight Geofoam Fill, Hemanta Hazarika, Juichi Nakazawa, Hiroshi Matsuzawa, Dawit Negussey

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A numerical analysis was carried out for a rigid retaining wall experiencing earthquake loading. The seismic forces acting on the wall was determined by simulating both sinusoidal load as well as the earthquake time history of an actual earthquake. At first considering that the backfill consists purely of sandy soils, the failure zone and the resulting earth pressure were calculated. After observing the failure zone of such backfill, the domain is substituted by lightweight Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) geofoam. The effect of replacing the sand with such lightweight materials on the developed seismic thrust is then examined. The results show that …

Evaluation Of A Soldier Pile-Tieback Wall At Carquinez Bridge, Mahmood Momenzadeh, Kenneth Jackura

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Soldier pile tieback walls have been widely used by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) for stabilizing deep landslides and retaining cuts into unstable slopes under static earth forces for several decades now. However, the seismic load-deformation behavior of this wall type is not well known even though several Caltrans designed walls have undergone moderate seismic shaking without notable signs of distress. This paper introduces a reasonably simple load-deformation process used in analyzing a proposed 20.9 m high temporary tieback wall (to be reduced to an 18 m permanent height) located approximately 32 kilometers north of the Oakland Bay Bridge …

Seismic Analysis Of A Partially-Buried Drinking Water Reservoir, Sri T. Srithar, Upul D. Atukorala

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper describes the details of the seismic analyses undertaken to retrofit the Kersland drinking water reservoir in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The reservoir has a storage capacity of about 67 million litres, measures approximately 100 m by 150 m, and is partially buried. The walls are supported by above-ground soil berms. Seismic upgrading of the reservoir required an assessment of the loads imposed on the perimeter walls of the reservoir due to the design seismic event. The problem of soil-structure and structure-fluid interaction during seismic loading is complex, and could significantly increase the lateral forces on the reservoir wall. …

A Case History: Seismic Analysis Of The Retaining Wall Of The "Sacro Convento" In Assisi (Italy), Teresa Crespellani, Claduia Madiai, Giovanni Vannucchi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The aim of the present work is to analyse the seismic behaviour of the retaining wall of the square in front of the Basilica di San Francesco at Assisi that during a long seismic crisis occurred in September 1997 suffered some damage. Static, pseudo-static and dynamic analyses have been carried out on four significant sections of the wall. The data for the analysis derive from the geometric survey of the structures, the survey of the state of the damage, the measurement of the rotation movements of the wall, the collection of stratigraphic and geotechnical data, as well as the accelerometric …

Displacement-Based Design Criteria For Gravity Retaining Walls In Light Of Recent Earthquakes, Donald Wotring, Glen Andersen

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In the last 20 years many large earthquakes have occurred giving the geotechnical community an abundance of data available for analysis. Richards and Elms (1979) developed a design method for gravity retaining walls based on finite displacements, in accordance with the Newmark (1965) sliding block analysis and the Franklin and Chang (1977) earthquake records analysis. Richards and Elms approximated an upper bound to Franklin and Chang’s curves with an expression that permits a designer to choose an allowable displacement to determine the required wall weight for a particular peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity. A preliminary investigation of digitized …

Design Of Tunnels Located Near Slopes In Seismic Areas, Nina N. Fotieva, Nikolay S. Bulychev, Andrew S. Sammal

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The original approach to the problem of designing circular tunnel linings located near slopes upon seismic effects consisting in the determination of the most unfavourable stress state in the every lining radial section at different combinations and any directions of long longitudinal and shear waves propagating in the plane of the tunnel cross-section is described in the paper presented. The analytical methods of determining the tunnel lining stress state caused by static loads namely by the rock own weight and the vertical load uniformly distributed on the part of the inclined straight boundary simulating the weight of building or structure …

Centrifuge Characterization And Numerical Modeling Of The Dynamic Properties Of Tire Shreds For Use As Bridge Abutment Backfill, Key Rosebrook, Dan Wilson, Boris Jeremic, Bruce Kutter, Amy Smith, Dana Humphrey, Stacey Patenaud

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Two model tests were performed on tire shred fills to document the dynamic elastic material properties of tire shreds using the large centrifuge at UC Davis. The tests were considered to be “element” tests of tire shred material properties, rather than the more typical centrifuge modeling of a site profile. As these were the first tests using tire shred material on the UC Davis centrifuge, new construction and instrumentation techniques were developed. New geophysical wave sources for use with tire shreds were developed to identify reasonable material properties to use in FEM analyses. In addition to the geophysical testing for …

Seismic Design Of Pile Foundations In Southern Indiana, Dimitrios Loukidis, Rodrigo Salgado, Antionio Bobet

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, we present an evaluation of the potential risk of earthquake-induced damage to pile foundations in Indiana. Piles are commonly used in foundations of bridge piers in the southern part of Indiana; the potential seismic sources in this region are the Wabash Valley Fault system and the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Based on in-situ test data for specific sites in southern Indiana, one-dimensional wave propagation analyses are performed. Additionally, the liquefaction potential is estimated based on the calculated acceleration profile. Data on real cases of pile damage due to seismic events are collected after an extensive literature survey. …

Foundation Sign Correction In Stochastic Analysis Procedures, K. Zand Parsa, H. Zamani Abyane

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

There are “ABS, SRSS, CQC, MSRSS…” methods in stochastic analysis of structures, that are based on the mean of the response squares. One of the most accurate stochastic methods is MSRSS, that is defined as equation (1).

E[y²]=∑_j=1^N R_j² + 2 ∑_k=j+1^NR_jk

The maximum modal responses are positive or singles, and therefore direction of the forces act on the foundation are alike. In these cases foundation analysis is not valid and the force sign correction must be used. In this paper, besides considering the stochastic methods shortly, a method for …

Earthquake Resistance Of New Type Viaduct Structure, Eiji Wakita, Masayoshi Sato, Takashi Tazoh

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

An experiment and a numerical analysis were carried out in order to examine the earthquake resistance of a new type viaduct structure. The experiment was a dynamic centrifuge modeling which used the viaduct model of the rates 1/50 of a scale. The 3-dimensional finite element analysis was performed in order to confirm the results of the dynamic centrifuge modeling. At the results, new knowledge was obtained with regard to the viaduct structure.