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Preface, Hans Müller-Steinhagen, M. Reza Malayeri, A. Paul Watkinson
Preface, Hans Müller-Steinhagen, M. Reza Malayeri, A. Paul Watkinson
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
No abstract provided.
Cover Page, Hans Müller-Steinhagen, M. Reza Malayeri, Paul Watkinson
Cover Page, Hans Müller-Steinhagen, M. Reza Malayeri, Paul Watkinson
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
No abstract provided.
Table Of Contents, Hans Müller-Steinhagen, M. Reza Malayeri, Paul Watkinson
Table Of Contents, Hans Müller-Steinhagen, M. Reza Malayeri, Paul Watkinson
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
No abstract provided.
Applying Technology Advancements To Improve Heat Exchanger Economic And Environmental Performance In Refinery Crude Preheat Trains, Himanshu Joshi, Fred Hoeve, Eric Van Der Zijden
Applying Technology Advancements To Improve Heat Exchanger Economic And Environmental Performance In Refinery Crude Preheat Trains, Himanshu Joshi, Fred Hoeve, Eric Van Der Zijden
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Fouling of heat exchangers in crude preheat trains is a major refinery operations business factor. It is realised that fouling cannot be completely eliminated, but considerable economic and environmental benefits are available with the proper application of improved technology in both the equipment and software asset management tools areas. This paper presents a technology update of refinery applications of a heat exchanger network analysis software to identify optimal crude preheat train cleaning.
Free Alkali-Index For Optimizing The Fuel Mixture In Biomass Co-Firing, T.E. Blomberg
Free Alkali-Index For Optimizing The Fuel Mixture In Biomass Co-Firing, T.E. Blomberg
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Co-firing biomass with fossil fuels provides a cheap and efficient reduction of the CO2 emissions in electricity generation. One of the main challenges in co-firing is the increased fouling and corrosion rates of the heat transfer surfaces when biomass is added to the fuel mixture. Optimization of the fuel mixture from the fouling and corrosion point of view would be an easier task, if some fuel properties would provide correlation with the fouling and corrosion rates. Currently there is no clear understanding of the most useful fuel indices. The fouling indices used in coal firing have proved to be less …
Designing Two-Phase Flow Heat Exchangers For Mitigating Fouling, C.B. Panchal, Blazo Ljubicic
Designing Two-Phase Flow Heat Exchangers For Mitigating Fouling, C.B. Panchal, Blazo Ljubicic
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Significant progress has been made in understanding the underlying mechanisms of hydrocarbon fouling and characterizing the effects of physical and chemical parameters in single-phase flows. However, the interactive effects of two-phase flows and fouling mechanisms are poorly understood. Many of the industrial heat exchangers in refining and petrochemical processing operate under multiphase flow conditions with varying flow regimes. Fouling and localized corrosion are generally experienced due to maldistribution of vapor and liquid phases in such heat exchangers. This is because design methods are inadequate to determine localized process conditions that could induce severe fouling locally, which could also lead to …
Crystallization Fouling Behaviour Of Uranium Oxide And Alumnosilicate Scale In High Level Nuclear Waste Medium, Jonas Addai-Mensah, Jun Li, Bill Wilmarth
Crystallization Fouling Behaviour Of Uranium Oxide And Alumnosilicate Scale In High Level Nuclear Waste Medium, Jonas Addai-Mensah, Jun Li, Bill Wilmarth
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
During high level nuclear waste (HLNW) liquor processing in evaporators operating in the temperature range 30 - 140 °C, dissolved silica, alumina, sodium hydroxide, uranium-235 and transuranic species (e.g. plutonium-238) invariably become concentrated. As the liquor evaporation proceeds, the sodium aluminosilicate (SAS) and radionuclides may exceed their solubility limits and co-precipitate, fouling the tubes and walls of the evaporator. If the fouling process is not effectively controlled or mitigated, radionuclide scale accumulation exceeding the critical mass necessary for self-sustaining nuclear fission reaction may proceed at an alarming rate, posing a serious criticality concern. To probe the mechanisms underpinning uranium oxide-sodium …
Precipitation And Fouling In Heavy Oil–Diluent Blends, E Hong, A. Paul Watkinson
Precipitation And Fouling In Heavy Oil–Diluent Blends, E Hong, A. Paul Watkinson
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Heavy oil fractions rich in asphaltenes were mixed with diluents containing from 0.6-25% aromatics, and the resulting blends subjected to batch precipitation experiments at 85°C, and thermal fouling tests at surface temperatures in the range 230-310ºC. Deposit compositions were determined, and are compared with suspended asphaltene composition. When the heavy oils were blended with the most aromatic diluents, precipitation and fouling were negligible. As the aromaticity of the diluents was decreased, the extent of asphaltene precipitation and the fouling rates increased. The solubility parameter of the blends, δmix, and the flocculation solubility parameter for asphaltenes, δf , were determined from …
Costs Due To Utility Fouling In China, Xu Zhi-Ming, Zhang Zhong-Bin, Yang Shan-Rang
Costs Due To Utility Fouling In China, Xu Zhi-Ming, Zhang Zhong-Bin, Yang Shan-Rang
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
This paper puts forward a method for evaluating the fouling costs of boilers and turbines in power plants. Furthermore, the Huaneng Dalian Power Plant and Changshan Power Plant are taken as examples for analyzing the costs of fouling. Based on data of on-site measurements in the above Power Plants, the costs due to fouling such as excess surface area, product loss, operating maintenance and increase of product costs are calculated. Results show that the total economical loss due to boiler and turbine fouling in China reaches 4.68 billion dollars, which covers is about 0.169% GDP of China in 2006.
Crude Oil Fouling In A Pilot-Scale Parallel Tube Apparatus, B. D. Crittenden, S. T. Kolaczkowski, T. Takemoto, D. Z. Phillips
Crude Oil Fouling In A Pilot-Scale Parallel Tube Apparatus, B. D. Crittenden, S. T. Kolaczkowski, T. Takemoto, D. Z. Phillips
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Maya crude oil fouling reveals a seemingly straightforward dependency of initial fouling rate on surface temperature but a maximum is found in the initial fouling rate – velocity relationship which mirrors that found in a model chemical system of styrene polymerization. The linear dependency of the logarithm of the pre-exponential factor on apparent activation energy for the crude oil is also found in the styrene system. The apparent activation energy for the crude oil ranged from 26.4 kJ/mol at 1.0 m/s to 245 kJ/mol at 4.0 m/s. Such strong dependencies of apparent activation energy on velocity, even at high velocity, …
Crude Oil Fouling: Petronas Refineries Experience, M.S. Rafeen, M.F. Mohamed, M.Z. Mamot, N.A. Manan, Dr A. Shafawi, Dr M. Ramasamy
Crude Oil Fouling: Petronas Refineries Experience, M.S. Rafeen, M.F. Mohamed, M.Z. Mamot, N.A. Manan, Dr A. Shafawi, Dr M. Ramasamy
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Managing crude oil fouling has been a challenge in PETRONAS refineries. Over the past several years, numerous initiatives have been conducted in order to have better control of the situation [1][2][3][4]. The control strategy currently implemented is to periodically clean the heat exchanger based on the heat exchanger monitoring parameter and supported by antifouling chemical injection program. A review was conducted in one of PETRONAS’ refineries in order to come up with a better fouling control strategy. The review is separated into two parts. Firstly, the plant operational data for two selected hot pre-heat exchanger trains was analyzed. From the …
Scale Deposits In Porous Media And Their Removal By Edta Injection, J. Moghadasi, H. Müller-Steinhagen, M. Jamialahmadi, A. Sharif
Scale Deposits In Porous Media And Their Removal By Edta Injection, J. Moghadasi, H. Müller-Steinhagen, M. Jamialahmadi, A. Sharif
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Formation damage has been observed in several oil reservoirs and production equipment in Iranian oil fields. Laboratory and field testing confirmed that the primary cause of damage was the build-up of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and strontium sulfate scale either in the perforation tunnels or in the formation sandstone nears the wellbore. Conventional acid treatments could dissolve this scale, but scale precipitation from the spent acid caused rapid productivity decline. A scale removal treatment with Na2H2EDTA has been developed that can effectively dissolve scale and chelate the dissolved metal ions. Chelation of the dissolved scale prevents scale reprecipitation. This study …
The Effect Of Fouling On Heat Transfer, Pressure Drop And Throughput In Refinery Preheat Trains: Optimisation Of Cleaning Schedules, E. M. Ishiyama, W. R. Paterson, D. I. Wilson
The Effect Of Fouling On Heat Transfer, Pressure Drop And Throughput In Refinery Preheat Trains: Optimisation Of Cleaning Schedules, E. M. Ishiyama, W. R. Paterson, D. I. Wilson
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Optimising cleaning schedules for refinery preheat trains requires a robust and reliable simulator, reliable fouling models and the ability to handle the thermal and hydraulic impacts of fouling. The interaction between thermal and hydraulic effects is explored using engineering analyses and fouling rate laws based on the ‘threshold fouling’ concept; the potential occurrence of a new phenomenon, ‘thermo-hydraulic channeling’ in parallel heat exchangers, is identified. The importance of the foulant thermal conductivity is highlighted. We also report the development of a highly flexible preheat train simulator constructed in MATLAB&#;/Excel&#;. It is able to accommodate variable throughput, control valve operation and …
Formation Of Gum And Deposits In An Oxygenated Naphtha Stream, Yonghua Li, Paul Watkinson, Patricio Herrera, Feridoun Fahiminia, Morgan James
Formation Of Gum And Deposits In An Oxygenated Naphtha Stream, Yonghua Li, Paul Watkinson, Patricio Herrera, Feridoun Fahiminia, Morgan James
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Gums formed when organic fluids are in contact with air can cause fouling of process equipment. The oxidation and formation of gum in a naphtha stream was studied in a stirred batch reactor as a function of temperature (96 to 130ºC) and at a total pressure of 584 kPa. Mixtures of air and nitrogen in the pressurizing gas gave dissolved oxygen contents in the range 10-270 ppm wt. Peroxide and existent (dissolved) gum contents were measured over periods of up to 80 hours. Rates of reaction were low, with maximum concentrations of peroxide typically below 4 meq/L, and gum formation …
Observation Of An Isokinetic Temperature And Compensation Effect For High Temperature Crude Oil Fouling, C. A. Bennett, R. S. Kistler, K. Nangia, W. Al-Ghawas, N. Al-Hajji, A. Al-Jemaz
Observation Of An Isokinetic Temperature And Compensation Effect For High Temperature Crude Oil Fouling, C. A. Bennett, R. S. Kistler, K. Nangia, W. Al-Ghawas, N. Al-Hajji, A. Al-Jemaz
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
The initial fouling rates of four crude oils were determined at a nominal bulk temperature of 315 °C, an initial heated wall shear stress of 13 Pa, and initial surface temperatures between 375 and 445 °C. These initial fouling rates ranged from 1.3(10-6) to 7.8(10-5) m2 K/kJ. Corresponding Arrhenius plots were linear with the initial fouling rates passing through an isokinetic temperature of 407.5 °C. A plot of the natural logarithm of the preexponential factors (7.6(104) – 5.2(1015) m2 K/kJ) versus the apparent activation energies (128 – 269 kJ/mol) was also linear, confirming the validity of the isokinetic temperature and …
Investigation Of The Mechanisms Of Heat Exchanger Corrosion In A Municipal Waste Incineration Plant By Analysis Of The Raw Gas And Variation Of Operating Parameters, C. Deuerling, J. Maguhn, H. Nordsieck, B. Benker, R. Zimmermann, R. Warnecke
Investigation Of The Mechanisms Of Heat Exchanger Corrosion In A Municipal Waste Incineration Plant By Analysis Of The Raw Gas And Variation Of Operating Parameters, C. Deuerling, J. Maguhn, H. Nordsieck, B. Benker, R. Zimmermann, R. Warnecke
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
The detailed mechanism of high temperature chlorine corrosion, the dominant cause of corrosion in a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSI), has still to be clarified (Schroer, 2002). Upon its way through the boiler the raw gas is subject to various physical and chemical processes and interactions. Of these, sulphation of chlorides is supposed to have the major impact on chlorine corrosion (Neumann, 1997). The physical and chemical mechanisms of corrosion were investigated at a municipal solid waste incinerator. Both, the particulate and gas phase of the flue gas, were chemically and physically analyzed during their way through the boiler, at …
Study Of An Organic Crystallization Fouling Problem, Hirofumi Inokuchi, Mitsutaka Nakamura, Yoshio Koga
Study Of An Organic Crystallization Fouling Problem, Hirofumi Inokuchi, Mitsutaka Nakamura, Yoshio Koga
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
One of the aromatic compound plants in Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation has a heavy crystallization fouling problem. We have been studying the crystallization process using the shell and tube heat-exchanger. In order to solve our fouling problem of the heat exchanger, we developed the specified evaluation equipment (crystallization fouling simulator : CFS) which consists of a single tube heatexchanger (Tube size: ID=10.3mm Length=500mm). The result of the modeling for describing the crystallization fouling rate and the countermeasure of the fouling problem are discussed in this work. It can be possible to describe the fouling rate as one equation which has two …
Milk Protein Fouling In A Tubular Heat Exchanger: Effect Of Milk Temperature And Reynolds Number, D.H.G. Pelegrine, K.F. Oliveira, M.T.M.S. Gomes
Milk Protein Fouling In A Tubular Heat Exchanger: Effect Of Milk Temperature And Reynolds Number, D.H.G. Pelegrine, K.F. Oliveira, M.T.M.S. Gomes
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
In the present work, β-lactoglobulin fouling phenomenon was studied, when milk flowed in a tubular heat exchanger, where hot water was used to raise milk temperature. Experiments have been carried out to determine the effect of Reynolds number and fluid temperature in whey protein fouling, in a tubular heat exchanger and the results showed that fouling increases as the fluid temperature increases. In addition, as the Reynolds number increases, the total amount of fouling (obtained by integrating the whole amount of deposit down the tube dividing by the total area) decreased.
The Thermo-Hydrodynamics Of A Concentric Ohmic Heater For Processing Dairy Fluids, H.J. Tham, X.D. Chen, B. Young, B. Bansal, L. Zhang, G. Duffy
The Thermo-Hydrodynamics Of A Concentric Ohmic Heater For Processing Dairy Fluids, H.J. Tham, X.D. Chen, B. Young, B. Bansal, L. Zhang, G. Duffy
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
The thermo-hydraulic performance of a 300W concentric annular ohmic heater was investigated. To minimize possible electrochemical reactions and corrosion, a higher frequency was applied and factors of field strength and frequency were studied. 2D computer simulation solving momentum, thermal and electrical energy was performed using the FlexPDE software. A good agreement between experimental and analytical analysis of static heating was obtained. There were significant differences between calculated and measured wall temperature near the entrance. The calculated outlet temperature was however in reasonable agreement with the experiment value.
Influence Of Different Surface Materials On Nucleation And Crystal Growth In Heat Exchangers, T. Geddert, S. Kipp, W. Augustin, S. Scholl
Influence Of Different Surface Materials On Nucleation And Crystal Growth In Heat Exchangers, T. Geddert, S. Kipp, W. Augustin, S. Scholl
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
The influence of different materials on the fouling tendency in saline calcium sulfate solution was investigated. The effects of the untreated material on the crystallization process have been studied experimentally in the micro- and macroscopic scale. The crystallization in the induction period was visualized with SEM and AFM to locate preferred nucleation spots and to visualize the crystal growth. The different materials are showing different crystal growth behavior (number and size of the crystals). These results are corresponding with the macroscopic fouling results with limited shear stress. Also different roughness values on stainless steel have been studied with respect to …
Fouling In A Centritherm Evaporator With Whey Solutions, R. S. Jebson, H. Chen, O. H. Campanella
Fouling In A Centritherm Evaporator With Whey Solutions, R. S. Jebson, H. Chen, O. H. Campanella
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Fouling caused by sweet cheese whey and reconstituted whey powder solutions was studied in a Centritherm evaporator, the behaviour being estimated by measuring the change in the overall heat transfer coefficients with the time. It was found that there was no fouling detectable for the reconstituted whey powder solution. For sweet cheese whey, the fouling rate was linked strongly with the evaporating temperature and temperature difference. Visual observation showed that the deposit layer on the evaporator surface was very thin and soft, and like the type A milk deposit described by other investigators. A high velocity of liquid film delayed …
Simulation Of Calcium Phosphate Deposition On Stainless Steel Surfaces: A New Approach Based On Cellular Automata, F. G. Martins, T. Campos, R. Rosmaninho, L. F. Melo
Simulation Of Calcium Phosphate Deposition On Stainless Steel Surfaces: A New Approach Based On Cellular Automata, F. G. Martins, T. Campos, R. Rosmaninho, L. F. Melo
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Fouling caused by calcium phosphate upon heating is basically a crystallization/precipitation process, which starts with the formation of stable clusters of ions or molecules in a process called nucleation that occurs either in the bulk liquid or at the surface. The cellular automata are useful tools to model complex systems of the universe. They could be considered as a good alternative to differential equations and have been used to model many physical/biological systems. In this preliminary work, a two dimensional space was considered where the cellular automata lattice was represented as a grid of squares, with each square representing a …
Experimental Investigation Of Crystallization Fouling On Grooved Stainless Steel Surfaces During Convective Heat Transfer, A. Al-Janabi, M.R. Malayeri, H. Müller-Steinhagen
Experimental Investigation Of Crystallization Fouling On Grooved Stainless Steel Surfaces During Convective Heat Transfer, A. Al-Janabi, M.R. Malayeri, H. Müller-Steinhagen
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
The beneficial aspects of enhanced or extended heat transfer surfaces may be off-set if operated under fouling conditions. In the present paper, preliminary experimental results for crystallization fouling of CaSO4 solutions onto surfaces with different structures are reported. Flat stainless steel plates (50 mm x 59 mm) with 'V' shaped grooves on the side of fluid flow were used as heat transfer surfaces. Experiments were carried out both under clean and fouling conditions to discern how the same surface structures perform under such circumstances. In addition, the impact of both, the direction of grooves with respect to fluid flow (crossed, …
A Real Time Monitoring Model Of The Calcium Carbonate Fouling Induction Period Based On The Conductance Titration, S.R. Yang, S.X. Cao, L.J. Chen, Z.M. Xu, M.L. Yu, W.H. Sun, K.L. Zheng
A Real Time Monitoring Model Of The Calcium Carbonate Fouling Induction Period Based On The Conductance Titration, S.R. Yang, S.X. Cao, L.J. Chen, Z.M. Xu, M.L. Yu, W.H. Sun, K.L. Zheng
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
A new method has been developed to monitor the calcium carbonate fouling induction period (CCFIP) in real time. Based on the conductance titration, this paper investigated the forming process of CCFIP by a staticdynamic combined simulation experiment unit. With the help of titration analysis (that is titrimetry), an accurate definition of CCFIP and the corresponding real time monitoring model were built up. The investigation results show that the proposed model applies not only to measure the CCFIP in real time, but also applies to an investigation of the influence of various factors on the CCFIP.
Fouling Mitigation With Synthetic Fibres In A Caso4 Supersaturated Solution, M. Rost, G. G. Duffy
Fouling Mitigation With Synthetic Fibres In A Caso4 Supersaturated Solution, M. Rost, G. G. Duffy
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Wood pulp fibre suspensions and model synthetic fibre suspensions have been shown previously to mitigate effectively calcium sulphate fouling in heat exchangers. Fibre flexibility was found to be a decisive fibre property in fouling mitigation. Adding fibres to a fouling fluid is environmentally benign and can be applied during operation without shutting down the heat exchanger. Because polymer fibres are more robust in a hostile environment, further work was initiated with two types of rayon fibre and one acrylic fibre of the same fibre length. Experiments were performed at both constant and varying fibre volume concentrations. The more flexible rayon …
Extending The Induction Period Of Crystallization Fouling Through Surface Coating, T. Geddert, I. Bialuch, W. Augustin, S. Scholl
Extending The Induction Period Of Crystallization Fouling Through Surface Coating, T. Geddert, I. Bialuch, W. Augustin, S. Scholl
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
To minimize the negative effects of scale formation in heat exchangers, new anti-fouling strategies are focusing on the modification of heat transfer surfaces. These modifications should lead to tailored made surfaces for different technical applications. Aim of this surface modification is the extension of the induction period to minimize the negative effects of fouling and maximize the endurance of the heat exchanger. To achieve such, different surface coatings on stainless steel were investigated in respect of fouling tendency. The effect of flow velocity respectively Reynolds number on the induction time of CaSO4 crystallization fouling were tested in different test units. …
The Science Of Cleaning Of Dairy Fouling Layers, R. Mercadé-Prieto,, W.R. Paterson, D.I. Wilson
The Science Of Cleaning Of Dairy Fouling Layers, R. Mercadé-Prieto,, W.R. Paterson, D.I. Wilson
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
The science underlying the removal of dairy fouling layers, and particularly the dissolution of proteinaceous deposits in alkaline solution, is relatively poorly understood even though this is a critical feature of many cleaning-in-place operations. We report key results from a series of investigations on heat-induced gels of β- lactoglobulin, the primary whey protein component in milk and whey foulant. These model systems were used to elucidate the reaction behaviour of gels and aggregates whereby the proteinaceous material is converted to a softer, swollen form that can then be removed by fluid shear or diffusion. We show that several features, such …
Interaction Of Whey Protein With Modified Stainless Steel Surfaces, S.S. Premathilaka, M.M. Hyland, X.D. Chen, L.R. Watkins, B. Bansal
Interaction Of Whey Protein With Modified Stainless Steel Surfaces, S.S. Premathilaka, M.M. Hyland, X.D. Chen, L.R. Watkins, B. Bansal
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Modified stainless steel surfaces were fouled with whey protein solutions to study the deposition mechanisms and the effects of surface modification. Stainless steel samples were coated with diamond-like carbon (DLC) and titanium nitride (TiN). These surfaces are expected to present different surface chemistries to stainless steel in terms of their functional groups and hydrophobic or hydrophilic nature. Thus, it is expected that foulant-surface interactions will differ for the various fouled surfaces. The substrates were exposed to a flowing whey protein solution in a fouling rig designed to achieve laminar flow. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the initial …
Surface Treatment For The Mitigation Of Whey Protein Fouling, W. Augustin, T. Geddert, S. Scholl
Surface Treatment For The Mitigation Of Whey Protein Fouling, W. Augustin, T. Geddert, S. Scholl
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Heat transfer fouling experiments were carried out in a temperature controlled stirred vessel using aqueous solutions of whey protein concentrate in the concentration range of 3 to 3.5 wt-% at a bulk temperature of 50 °C and pH of 6. Heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouples embedded in an immersed electrical heating rod with various metal plates attached with-and-without surface treatments. Measurements included solution temperature, heating element surface temperature, and heat duty. Results are presented as fouling resistance versus time for aluminum, copper, stainless steel, electro-polished stainless steel, and surfaces coated with DLC and doped with Si , SiO, …
Experiments And Modelling Of Calcium Sulphate Precipitation Under Sensible Heating Conditions: Initial Fouling And Bulk Precipitation Rate Studies, F. Fahiminia, A. P. Watkinson, N. Epstein
Experiments And Modelling Of Calcium Sulphate Precipitation Under Sensible Heating Conditions: Initial Fouling And Bulk Precipitation Rate Studies, F. Fahiminia, A. P. Watkinson, N. Epstein
Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VII
Crystallization of calcium sulphate, an inverse solubility salt, on a heated surface under sensible heating conditions has been studied. A temperature measurement technique was employed to detect initial fouling rates. Fouling experiments were carried out to determine how process variables such as surface temperature and velocity affect the initial fouling rates of calcium sulphate scaling. Experimental results show that, at a given surface temperature, there exists a maximum initial fouling rate for a range of fluid velocities. Also, this maximum rate and the fluid velocity at which it occurs both increase as the surface temperature increases. These observations are all …