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Air Force Institute of Technology

2020

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Articles 1 - 30 of 193

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Comparing Greedy Constructive Heuristic Subtour Elimination Methods For The Traveling Salesman Problem, Petar Jackovich, Bruce A. Cox, Raymond R. Hill Dec 2020

Comparing Greedy Constructive Heuristic Subtour Elimination Methods For The Traveling Salesman Problem, Petar Jackovich, Bruce A. Cox, Raymond R. Hill

Faculty Publications

Purpose — This paper aims to define the class of fragment constructive heuristics used to compute feasible solutions for the traveling salesman problem (TSP) into edge-greedy and vertex-greedy subclasses. As these subclasses of heuristics can create subtours, two known methodologies for subtour elimination on symmetric instances are reviewed and are expanded to cover asymmetric problem instances. This paper introduces a third novel subtour elimination methodology, the greedy tracker (GT), and compares it to both known methodologies. Design/methodology/approach — Computational results for all three subtour elimination methodologies are generated across 17 symmetric instances ranging in size from 29 vertices to 5,934 …


Modified C-17 Taxi Procedures: A Fuel Cost Savings Exploration, Michael Wells, Michael Krester, Benjamin Hazen, Jeffrey Weir Dec 2020

Modified C-17 Taxi Procedures: A Fuel Cost Savings Exploration, Michael Wells, Michael Krester, Benjamin Hazen, Jeffrey Weir

Faculty Publications

Purpose — This study aims to explore the viability of using C-17 reduced-engine taxi procedures from a cost savings and capability perspective. Design/methodology/approach — This study model expected engine fuel flow based on the number of operational engines, aircraft gross weight (GW) and average aircraft groundspeed. Using this model, the research executes a cost savings simulation estimating the expected annual savings produced by the proposed taxi methodology. Operational and safety risks are also considered. Findings — The results indicate that significant fuel and costs savings are available via the employment of reduced-engine taxi procedures. On an annual basis, the mobility …


A Computational Investigation Of The Interstitial Oxidation Thermodynamics Of A Mo-Nb-Ta-W High Entropy Alloy Beyond The Dilute Regime, Adib J. Samin Dec 2020

A Computational Investigation Of The Interstitial Oxidation Thermodynamics Of A Mo-Nb-Ta-W High Entropy Alloy Beyond The Dilute Regime, Adib J. Samin

Faculty Publications

High entropy alloys (HEAs) are promising candidates for high-temperature structural material applications. Oxidation is a major factor that must be accounted for when designing such materials and it is thus important to study the oxidation behavior of HEAs to enable the optimum design of next generation materials. In this study, the thermodynamic behavior of interstitial oxygen in a Mo-Nb-Ta-W high entropy alloy was explored beyond the dilute limit. This was accomplished by sampling configurations of the HEA and HEA-oxygen systems from an isothermal–isobaric ensemble using a series of first-principle-based Monte Carlo simulations. It was found that the interstitial oxygen had …


Sparse Bases And Bayesian Inference Of Electromagnetic Scattering, John Lee Dec 2020

Sparse Bases And Bayesian Inference Of Electromagnetic Scattering, John Lee

Theses and Dissertations

Many approaches in CEM rely on the decomposition of complex radiation and scattering behavior with a set of basis vectors. Accurate estimation of the quantities of interest can be synthesized through a weighted sum of these vectors. In addition to basis decompositions, sparse signal processing techniques developed in the CS community can be leveraged when only a small subset of the basis vectors are required to sufficiently represent the quantity of interest. We investigate several concepts in which novel bases are applied to common electromagnetic problems and leverage the sparsity property to improve performance and/or reduce computational burden. The first …


3-D Fabry–Pérot Cavities Sculpted On Fiber Tips Using A Multiphoton Polymerization Process, Jonathan W. Smith, Jeremiah C. Williams, Joseph S. Suelzer, Nicholas G. Usechak, Hengky Chandrahalim Dec 2020

3-D Fabry–Pérot Cavities Sculpted On Fiber Tips Using A Multiphoton Polymerization Process, Jonathan W. Smith, Jeremiah C. Williams, Joseph S. Suelzer, Nicholas G. Usechak, Hengky Chandrahalim

Faculty Publications

This paper presents 3-D Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavities fabricated directly onto cleaved ends of low-loss optical fibers by a two-photon polymerization (2PP) process. This fabrication technique is quick, simple, and inexpensive compared to planar microfabrication processes, which enables rapid prototyping and the ability to adapt to new requirements. These devices also utilize true 3-D design freedom, facilitating the realization of microscale optical elements with challenging geometries. Three different device types were fabricated and evaluated: an unreleased single-cavity device, a released dual-cavity device, and a released hemispherical mirror dual-cavity device. Each iteration improved the quality of the FP cavity's reflection spectrum. The …


Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery Pipeline For Air Force Distributed Common Ground System (Af Dcgs), Carolyn W. Fuller Dec 2020

Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery Pipeline For Air Force Distributed Common Ground System (Af Dcgs), Carolyn W. Fuller

Theses and Dissertations

AF DCGS has a recognized need to improve speed of delivery for modification and sustainment of the weapon system. Given that the program office implemented a Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) process for the sole purpose of delivering capability to the field faster, there is a need to measure and report the pipeline throughput. This research conducts an independent evaluation of the newly implemented pipeline within AF DCGS’s existing integration and test laboratories. Actual project data from the agile development work environments is studied and hypothesis tests are conducted to substantiate that the CI/CD pipeline improved the speed of delivery. The …


Electro-Optic Satellite Constellation Design Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm, Yasin Tamer Dec 2020

Electro-Optic Satellite Constellation Design Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm, Yasin Tamer

Theses and Dissertations

Satellite constellation design is a complex, highly constrained, and multidisciplinary problem. Unless optimization tools are used, tradeoffs must be conducted at the subsystem level resulting in feasible, but not necessarily optimal, system designs. As satellite technology advances, new methods to optimize the system objectives are developed. This study is based on the development of a representative regional remote sensing constellation design. This thesis analyses the design process of an electrooptic satellite constellation with regional coverage considerations using system-level optimization tools. A multi objective genetic algorithm method is used to optimize the constellation design by utilizing MATLAB and STK integration. Cost, …


Deep Learning-Based, Passive Fault Tolerant Control Facilitated By A Taxonomy Of Cyber-Attack Effects, Dean C. Wardell Dec 2020

Deep Learning-Based, Passive Fault Tolerant Control Facilitated By A Taxonomy Of Cyber-Attack Effects, Dean C. Wardell

Theses and Dissertations

In the interest of improving the resilience of cyber-physical control systems to better operate in the presence of various cyber-attacks and/or faults, this dissertation presents a novel controller design based on deep-learning networks. This research lays out a controller design that does not rely on fault or cyber-attack detection. Being passive, the controller’s routine operating process is to take in data from the various components of the physical system, holistically assess the state of the physical system using deep-learning networks and decide the subsequent round of commands from the controller. This use of deep-learning methods in passive fault tolerant control …


Analysis For Hybrid Rocket Fuel Regression Using Stereolithographic Geometry, Michael P. King Dec 2020

Analysis For Hybrid Rocket Fuel Regression Using Stereolithographic Geometry, Michael P. King

Theses and Dissertations

Hybrid Rocket Engines (HRE) have characteristically low fuel regression that limits their performance. Additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping can possibly solve some of the problems with Hybrid propulsion regression by creating geometry not possible with conventional manufacturing. This work is attempting to make geometric regression simulation of HRE easier by using STereoLithography (STL files) as the geometry. This analysis sets flow conditions, boundary conditions, propellant selection, and allows for fuel geometry to be altered to simulate geometry’s effects on regression rate and propellant performance. This model can be used for more advanced geometric analysis to improve and predict performance.


Experimental And Computational Analysis Of Progressive Failure In Bolted Hybrid Composite Joints, John S. Brewer Dec 2020

Experimental And Computational Analysis Of Progressive Failure In Bolted Hybrid Composite Joints, John S. Brewer

Theses and Dissertations

Composite materials are strong, lightweight, and stiff making them desirable in aerospace applications. However, a practical issue arises with composites in that they behave unpredictably in bolted joints, where damage and cracks are often initiated. This research investigated a solution to correcting the problem with composite bolted joints. A novel hybrid composite material was developed, where thin stainless steel foils were placed between and in place of preimpregnated composite plies during the cure cycle to reinforce stress concentrations in bolted joints. This novel composite was compared to control samples experimentally in quasi-static monotonic loading in double shear configuration in 9-ply …


Assessing Observer Stations For Cislunar Space Domain Awareness, Michael S. Rosenof Dec 2020

Assessing Observer Stations For Cislunar Space Domain Awareness, Michael S. Rosenof

Theses and Dissertations

With renewed worldwide interest in cislunar space, the need for reliable domain awareness in that extended region of space is clear. This investigation quantifies the suitability of several possible stations for observer satellites in cislunar space by calculating the specific irradiance each would observe as they track satellites in various realistic lunar free-return trajectories across a decade, using reflected sunlight. This investigation includes one class of free return trajectories for target satellites, eleven distinct observer stations, and three different metrics for comparing the effectiveness of each observer station or combination of observer stations for sensing targets using reflected sunlight. The …


Electromagnetic Interference Estimation Via Conditional Neural Processing, Edgar E. Gomez Dec 2020

Electromagnetic Interference Estimation Via Conditional Neural Processing, Edgar E. Gomez

Theses and Dissertations

The goal of this thesis is to determine the efficacy of employing Machine Learning (ML) to solve Joint Urgent Operational Need (JUON) CC-0575, which aims to develop a Common Operating Picture (COP) of the Global Positioning System (GPS) Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) environment. With the growing popularity of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), ML solutions are quickly gaining traction in businesses, academia and government. This in turn allows for problem solutions that were previously inconceivable using the classical programming paradigm. This thesis proposes a method to develop a COP of the battlefield via ANN ingestion of multiple-source signals and sensors. We conduct …


The Effects Of Aircraft Use And Available Repar Spares On Aircraft Sortie Generaiton: A Long-Duration Logistical Wargaming Simulationtool, Nathaniel M. Choo Dec 2020

The Effects Of Aircraft Use And Available Repar Spares On Aircraft Sortie Generaiton: A Long-Duration Logistical Wargaming Simulationtool, Nathaniel M. Choo

Theses and Dissertations

A long-duration logistical wargame simulation tool that can provide quick insights into the daily aircraft availability and the daily number of missions accomplished for a variety of operational scenarios is developed. This simulation tool is designed to be a stepwise wargaming support tool for adjudication within long-duration logistical wargames and provides the user many capabilities including, but not limited to, the ability to have multiple bases and types of aircraft. Additionally, the user has the ability to control types of part failures, control parts availability, control maintenance capabilities, and control number of mission scheduled. Finally, the user can account for …


Specifying Space Defense Operator Interfaces Through The Application Of Cognitive Systems Engineering And Prototyping, Justin E. Oryschak Nov 2020

Specifying Space Defense Operator Interfaces Through The Application Of Cognitive Systems Engineering And Prototyping, Justin E. Oryschak

Theses and Dissertations

The Department of Defense needs better tools to support its operators as they strive to defend its space assets. The growing sophistication of anti-satellite weapons increasingly challenges the nation’s orbital communications and surveillance infrastructure. Operators face difficulties gathering useful information and dealing with the complexity of potential enemy actions. This research applied cognitive systems engineering and ecological interface design (EID) methodologies to create a prototype space mission management tool that enhances operator situation awareness and decision-making ability. Applied cognitive task analysis interviews were used to document space operator decision-making in their domain. Model-based systems engineering was applied to integrate work …


Hexakis Icosahedron Frame-Skin Vacuum Lighter Than Air Vehicle, Brian Cranston, Anthony N. Palazotto Nov 2020

Hexakis Icosahedron Frame-Skin Vacuum Lighter Than Air Vehicle, Brian Cranston, Anthony N. Palazotto

AFIT Patents

A vacuum lighter than air vehicle (VLTAV) includes a rigid frame of rods connected together to form a hexakis icosahedron. A membrane skin covers the rigid frame and defines therewith a vessel configured to hold an internal vacuum that allows the vessel to float in the air. The plurality of rods and membrane skin have weights and dimensions that result in a neutral and/or positive buoyancy for the vessel while preventing geometric instability.


Temporally Multiplexed Ladar Polarimeter, Christian Keyser, Richard Kenneth Martin Oct 2020

Temporally Multiplexed Ladar Polarimeter, Christian Keyser, Richard Kenneth Martin

AFIT Patents

In a polarimeter, a polarization modulator changes a polarization phase of an output optical pulse with a modulation function that varies in time over the duration of the optical pulse. A static polarization state analyzer, which includes a one or more static polarization component analyzers and detectors, receives the modulated optical pulse after interaction with a target medium and provides time varying intensities of the polarization components of the received pulse. A signal processing module determines a polarization property of the target medium, such as a Mueller matrix, dependent upon time varied intensities over the duration of the received optical …


Cost Estimating Using A New Learning Curve Theory For Non-Constant Production Rates, Dakotah Hogan, John J. Elshaw, Clay M. Koschnick, Jonathan D. Ritschel, Adedeji B. Badiru, Shawn M. Valentine Oct 2020

Cost Estimating Using A New Learning Curve Theory For Non-Constant Production Rates, Dakotah Hogan, John J. Elshaw, Clay M. Koschnick, Jonathan D. Ritschel, Adedeji B. Badiru, Shawn M. Valentine

Faculty Publications

Traditional learning curve theory assumes a constant learning rate regardless of the number of units produced. However, a collection of theoretical and empirical evidence indicates that learning rates decrease as more units are produced in some cases. These diminishing learning rates cause traditional learning curves to underestimate required resources, potentially resulting in cost overruns. A diminishing learning rate model, namely Boone’s learning curve, was recently developed to model this phenomenon. This research confirms that Boone’s learning curve systematically reduced error in modeling observed learning curves using production data from 169 Department of Defense end-items. However, high amounts of variability in …


End-To-End Direct Digital Synthesis Simulation And Mathematical Model To Minimize Quantization Effects Of Digital Signal Generation, Pranav R. Patel, Richard K. Martin Oct 2020

End-To-End Direct Digital Synthesis Simulation And Mathematical Model To Minimize Quantization Effects Of Digital Signal Generation, Pranav R. Patel, Richard K. Martin

Faculty Publications

Direct digital synthesis (DDS) architectures are becoming more prevalent as modern digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and programmable logic devices evolve to support higher bandwidths. The DDS architecture provides the benefit of digital control but at a cost of generating spurious content in the spectrum. The generated spurious content may cause intermodulation distortion preventing proper demodulation of the received signal. The distortion may also interfere with the neighboring frequency bands. This article presents the various DDS architectures and explores the DDS architecture which provides the most digital reconfigurability with the lowest spurious content. End-to-end analytical equations, numerical and mathematical models are developed …


United States Department Of Defense (Dod) Real Property Repair, Alterations, Maintenance, And Construction Project Contract Data: 2009–2020, Tyler Stout, Adam Teston, Brent T. Langhals, Justin D. Delorit, Carlton Hendrix, Steven J. Schuldt Oct 2020

United States Department Of Defense (Dod) Real Property Repair, Alterations, Maintenance, And Construction Project Contract Data: 2009–2020, Tyler Stout, Adam Teston, Brent T. Langhals, Justin D. Delorit, Carlton Hendrix, Steven J. Schuldt

Faculty Publications

Nearly one-half of all construction projects exceed planned costs and schedule, globally [1]. Owners and construction managers can analyze historical project performance data to inform cost and schedule overrun risk-reduction strategies. Though, the majority of open-source project datasets are limited by the number of projects, data dimensionality, and location. A significant global customer of the construction industry, the Department of Defense (DoD) maintains a vast database of historical project data that can be used to determine the sources and magnitude of construction schedule and cost overruns for many continental and international locations. The selection of data provided by the authors …


Cost Analysis Of Optimized Islanded Energy Systems In A Dispersed Air Base Conflict, Jay F. Pearson, Torrey J. Wagner, Justin D. Delorit Sep 2020

Cost Analysis Of Optimized Islanded Energy Systems In A Dispersed Air Base Conflict, Jay F. Pearson, Torrey J. Wagner, Justin D. Delorit

Faculty Publications

The United States Air Force has implemented a dispersed air base strategy to enhance mission effectiveness for near-peer conflicts. Asset dispersal places many smaller bases across a wide geographic area, which increases resupply requirements and logistical complexity. Hybrid energy systems reduce resupply requirements through sustainable, off-grid energy production. This paper presents a novel hybrid energy renewable delivery system (HERDS) model capable of (1) selecting the optimal hybrid energy system design that meets demand at the lowest net present cost and (2) optimizing the delivery of the selected system using existing Air Force cargo aircraft. The novelty of the model’s capabilities …


Nonlinear Optical Measurements Of Cdsip2 At Near And Mid-Infrared Wavelengths, Manuel R. Ferdinandus, Jamie J. Gengler, Kent L. Averett, Kevin T. Zawilski, Peter G. Schunemann, Carl M. Liebig Sep 2020

Nonlinear Optical Measurements Of Cdsip2 At Near And Mid-Infrared Wavelengths, Manuel R. Ferdinandus, Jamie J. Gengler, Kent L. Averett, Kevin T. Zawilski, Peter G. Schunemann, Carl M. Liebig

Faculty Publications

We measure the birefringence of the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of cadmium silicon phosphide via the Z-scan technique at near and mid-infrared wavelengths. We discuss the implications of the NLO properties on optical parametric amplifier performance. We find that the nonlinear absorption does reduce the conversion efficiency, while the nonlinear refraction has a negligible effect.


Investigation Of An Avionics Part Deficiencies In Royal Saudi Air Force Fleets, Nasser S. Alanazi Sep 2020

Investigation Of An Avionics Part Deficiencies In Royal Saudi Air Force Fleets, Nasser S. Alanazi

Theses and Dissertations

The Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) is experiencing a shortage in certain avionics parts due to a lack of reliability. This issue is causing a supply chain disturbance in the F1-15 fleet and the Hawk fleet. One of the factors behind this problem is the environmental effects in Saudi Arabia .The study will investigate and analyze the methods for the Improvement Cycle Processes and the Quality Management within the RSAF repair cycle. Finding show that, the discrepancies are rising during summer and fall time due to the environment change, Other finding were addressed in the study.


Strategic Decision Facilitation: Supporting Critical Assumptions Of The Human In Empirical Modeling Of Pairwise Value Comparisons, Joseph P. Kristbaum, Frank W. Ciarallo Sep 2020

Strategic Decision Facilitation: Supporting Critical Assumptions Of The Human In Empirical Modeling Of Pairwise Value Comparisons, Joseph P. Kristbaum, Frank W. Ciarallo

Faculty Publications

Modeling human decision-making is difficult. Decision-makers are typically primed with unique biases that widen the confidence interval of judgment. Therefore, it is important that the human process in the system being modeled is designed to alleviate damaging biases and assumptions in an effort to increase process consistency between decision-makers. In this experiment, it is hypothesized that coupling specific decision-facilitation methods with a specific scale range will affect the consistency between decision-makers. This article presents a multiphase experiment that examines a varying presentation mode as well as scale range to determine how value is determined in subsequent pairwise comparisons of alternatives …


Analysis Of The Factors That Correlate With Transition Outcomes Of Commercial Technology Prototype Projects, Matthew D. Schoemaker Sep 2020

Analysis Of The Factors That Correlate With Transition Outcomes Of Commercial Technology Prototype Projects, Matthew D. Schoemaker

Theses and Dissertations

A key metric of success for Department of Defense (DoD) Research and Development organizations is the ability to transition technologies and prototypes. Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Research and Engineering's prototyping guide shows successful transition pathways come in the forms of transition to operational use, rapid fielding, existing program adoption, or a new acquisition program (2018). There are many factors that occur throughout a prototype projects lifecycle that impact the likelihood of transition. These factors include both qualitative and quantitative factors. Limited research has been performed, past the best practice considerations, of what factors impact transition of prototyping …


Direct Digital Synthesis: A Flexible Architecture For Advanced Signals Research For Future Satellite Navigation Payloads, Pranav R. Patel Sep 2020

Direct Digital Synthesis: A Flexible Architecture For Advanced Signals Research For Future Satellite Navigation Payloads, Pranav R. Patel

Theses and Dissertations

In legacy Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellite Navigation (SatNav) payloads, the architecture does not provide the flexibility to adapt to changing circumstances and environments. GPS SatNav payloads have largely remained unchanged since the system became fully operational in April 1995. Since then, the use of GPS has become ubiquitous in our day-to-day lives. GPS availability is now a basic assumption for distributed infrastructure; it has become inextricably tied to our national power grids, cellular networks, and global financial systems. Emerging advancements of easy to use radio technologies, such as software-defined radios (SDRs), have greatly lowered the difficulty of discovery and …


Operationalized Intent For Improving Coordination In Human-Agent Teams, Michael F. Schneider Sep 2020

Operationalized Intent For Improving Coordination In Human-Agent Teams, Michael F. Schneider

Theses and Dissertations

With the increasing capabilities of artificial intelligent agents (AIAs) integrated into multi-agent systems, future concepts include human-agent teams (HATs) in which the members perform fluidly as a coordinated team. Research on coordination mechanisms in HATs is largely focused on AIAs providing information to humans to coordinate better (i.e. coordination from the AIA to the human). We focus on the compliment where AIAs can understand the operator to better synchronize with the operator (i.e. from the human to the AIA). This research focuses specifically on AIA estimation of operator intent. We established the Operationalized Intent framework which captures intent in a …


Investigation Of Factors Impacting A Helicopter Height-Velocity Diagram, Timothy A. Brown Sep 2020

Investigation Of Factors Impacting A Helicopter Height-Velocity Diagram, Timothy A. Brown

Theses and Dissertations

A dynamic helicopter model was incorporated into an optimal control problem to determine minimal landing velocities. The solutions were determined using pseudospectral collocation methods as implemented by the GPOPS-II software. These solutions were then compiled to develop a HV diagram. An HV diagram displays regions of flight based on a helicopter's airspeed and height above the ground in which a safe landing would not be possible following engine failure. The applied methodology for constructing the HV diagram reduced issues involving solution convergence that was encountered in previous research. The influence of ground effect on the dynamic model was also investigated. …


Chronos Spacecraft With Chiron Probe: Exploration Of The Hydrosphere, Principle Satellites, Atmosphere, And Rings Of Uranus, Payton E. Pearson Sep 2020

Chronos Spacecraft With Chiron Probe: Exploration Of The Hydrosphere, Principle Satellites, Atmosphere, And Rings Of Uranus, Payton E. Pearson

Theses and Dissertations

A design reference mission using more modern technological innovations has been developed for exploration of the outer reaches of our Solar System, specifically Uranus and its system of satellites. This mission will utilize theoretical technologies mostly without regard to their current technological readiness level (TRL), though most systems have a TRL of at least 5. The primary innovations explored in this thesis are the new launch systems that provide far greater payload capacity potentially sent to anywhere in the Solar System, new Stirling-engine radioisotope thermoelectric generators (SRTGs), vastly improved data storage technologies, optimized satellite antenna relay of data using much …


Aligning Performance Management Systems For Lasting Outcomes In Humanitarian Operations, Kalyn M. Howard Sep 2020

Aligning Performance Management Systems For Lasting Outcomes In Humanitarian Operations, Kalyn M. Howard

Theses and Dissertations

Logistics is dynamic, expansive, and critical to organizational success. While it is generally believed that effective logistics management is associated with positive performance outcomes, the links between organizational practice and performance are understudied. This dissertation leverages resource-based theory and organizational learning theory to examine organizational practice and performance in non-traditional logistics settings, with particular focus on military organizations and humanitarian operational settings. First, a meta-analytical study establishes generalizable associations between various operations management practices and performance outcomes. Then, this is applied to dynamic humanitarian logistics settings, exploring how practitioners perceive practice and performance, and how this is reported and documented …


3d Printing For Solving Part Obscolescence, Ayman G. Alqarni Sep 2020

3d Printing For Solving Part Obscolescence, Ayman G. Alqarni

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this research was to highlight the issue of parts obsolescence and to highlight the possibility of using alternative methods to overcome parts shortage. Specifically, this thesis sought to answer the research question: is the three-dimensional printing technology (3D) an applicable approach to overcome part obsolescence. The research question was answered through data research and survey analysis. Notwithstanding, the diminished manufacturing sources and material shortages (DMSMS) management and other existing approaches, such as forecasting, contracting, and reverse engineering (RE), were discussed briefly in the literature review and profoundly in chapter IV to differentiate among applicable existing solutions toward …