Engineering Commons^™

Making The Case For Crew-Centered Design (Ccd) In Merchant Shipping, Aditi Kataria, Gesa Praetorius, Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs, Michael Baldauf

Michael Baldauf

Since 2003, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has emphasised the need to address and integrate ergonomics knowledge in a concerted manner. However, there is little guidance on the application of this knowledge in the design of merchant vessels. Utilizing a mixed methods approach, the paper identifies the need for crew-centered design (CCD), highlighting the importance of using concepts derived from Human-Centred Design (HCD) to be able to design work spaces and operational procedures that facilitate the work of the crew on board. Drawing upon results obtained from accident analysis (utilising the Technique for the Retrospective and predictive Analysis of Cognitive …

Making The Case For Crew-Centered Design (Ccd) In Merchant Shipping, Aditi Kataria, Gesa Praetorius, Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs, Michael Baldauf

Gesa Praetorius

Since 2003, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has emphasised the need to address and integrate ergonomics knowledge in a concerted manner. However, there is little guidance on the application of this knowledge in the design of merchant vessels. Utilizing a mixed methods approach, the paper identifies the need for crew-centered design (CCD), highlighting the importance of using concepts derived from Human-Centred Design (HCD) to be able to design work spaces and operational procedures that facilitate the work of the crew on board. Drawing upon results obtained from accident analysis (utilising the Technique for the Retrospective and predictive Analysis of Cognitive …

Modelling Vessel Traffic Service To Understand Resilience In Everyday Operations, Gesa Praetorius, Erik Hollnagel, Joakim Dahlman

Gesa Praetorius

Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is a service to promote traffic fluency and safety in the entrance to ports. This article׳s purpose has been to explore everyday operations of the VTS system to gain insights in how it contributes to safe and efficient traffic movements. Interviews, focus groups and an observation have been conducted to collect data about everyday operations, as well as to grasp how the VTS system adapts to changing operational conditions. The results show that work within the VTS domain is highly complex and that the two systems modelled realise their services vastly differently, which in turn affects …

Preliminary Seismic Evaluation And Ranking Of Bridges Along I-24 In Western Kentucky, Wael Zatar, Issam Harik, Peng Yuan, Ching Choo

Issam E. Harik

This study represents one of the Seismic Evaluation of I-24 Bridges investigative series. The focus is on preliminary seismic evaluation and ranking of bridges according to their seismic vulnerability. Bridges along I-24 are considered in this investigation. The ranking will assist in identifying and prioritizing bridges for secondary evaluation, retrofit measure, or other course of action. The rating system described herein is based on a methodology provided by the FHWA Retrofitting Manual for highway bridges. One hundred and twenty seven (127) highway bridges were evaluated and rated in this process for projected 50-year and 250-year seismic events. The Tennessee River …

Barge Impact Loads For The Maysville Bridge, Michael Whitney, Issam Harik, James Griffin, David Allen

Issam E. Harik

This report provides the barge equivalent static load distribution data needed to apply method II of vessel impact design for the Maysville, Kentucky bridge over the Ohio River. The information provided in this report is in accordance with the AASHTO Guide Specification and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges.

A computer program was written to process the database and calculate the probability based length, width., and capacity for each barge category. Additionally, a second computer program was written to calculate the probability based number of barges in a flotilla column and row, and subsequently categorize that flotilla based …

Retrofit Of The Louisa-Fort Gay Bridge Using Cfrp Laminates, Ching Choo, Tong Zhao, Issam Harik

Issam E. Harik

This report details the processes pertaining to the repair and strengthening of the Louisa-Fort Gay Bridge, Lawrence County, KY, using advanced composite materials. Site inspections revealed flexural cracks in the reinforced concrete girders of the continuous bridge structure. To determine the cause of these cracks, an evaluation was initiated based on vehicle classification and truck weight data. The results confirmed that certain reinforced concrete girders were stressed beyond the limits allowed by the AASHTO Code. A retrofit scheme using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite was devised and the amount of CFRP laminates needed for flexural strengthening was determined from …

Flexural Behavior Of R/C Beams Strengthened With Cfrp Sheets Or Fabric, P. Alagusundaramoorthy, Issam Harik, Ching Choo

Issam E. Harik

The resistance to electro-chemical corrosion, high-strength to weight ratio, larger creep strain, fatigue resistance, non-magnetic and non-metallic properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites offer a viable alternative to bonding of steel plates in repair and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures. The objective of this investigation is to study the effectiveness of externally bonded CFRP sheets or fabric in increasing the flexural strength of concrete beams. Four-point bending flexural tests are conducted up to failure on nine concrete beams strengthened with different layouts of CFRP sheets and fabric, and three beams with different layouts of anchored CFRP sheets. An …

Implementation Of Remote Sensing Technology On The I-64 Bridge Over Us60, Issam Harik, Ching Choo, Abheetha Peiris, Dan Eaton

Issam E. Harik

Remote sensing devices have been implemented on the I-64 Bridges over US60 in Franklin County, KY. One of the girders in the westbound bridge has been previously repaired due to unexpected fatigue cracking. The exterior girder in the eastbound bridge has shown signs of impacts due to the traversing trucks on US60. Sensing and recording devices such as strain and temperature gauges, infrared sensors, ultrasonic height detectors, and an accelerometer have been installed. Specifically, eleven strain gauges are used on the repaired girder, impacted girders, and girders adjacent to them. Two sets of infrared sensors, ultrasonic detectors, and video cameras …

Seismic Isolation Of A Highly Skewed, Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge, Bradley Robson, Issam Harik, David Allen

Issam E. Harik

A relatively new approach for designing or retrofitting highway bridges in seismic zones involves isolating the superstructure from the substructure. Through experimental and analytical investigations, this study evaluates the effectiveness of isolating one particular bridge: a highly skewed, prestressed concrete, slab-on-girder bridge. Dynamic testing of the bridge was performed using the pullback, quick-release method. A three dimensional finite element model of the bridge was created. It was refined, or calibrated, to match experimentally determined natural frequencies and mode shapes. Time-history analyzes, using site-specific acceleration records, were conducted for the seismically isolated bridge model and an identical, non-isolated bridge model.

For …

Detailed Seismic Evaluation Of Bridges On And Over The Parkways In Western Kentucky, Jian Xie, Issam Harik, Tong Zhao

Issam E. Harik

This report outlines a rating system and details an evaluation procedure for the seismic evaluation of highway bridges. These processes are later used to investigate the structural integrity of selected highway bridges on and over the parkways in Western Kentucky. A total of 349 bridges were rated with the bridge ranking system, and 17 were selected for detailed seismic evaluation.

The capacity/demand ratio method developed by the Federal Highway Administration is employed for the detailed evaluation of bridges. The evaluation involves creating three-dimensional finite element models for all 17 bridges. Dynamic analysis is performed for a projected 250-year event. Among …

Ranking And Assessment Of Seismic Stability Of Highway Embankments In Kentucky (Kyspr 96-173), Kevin Sutterer, Issam Harik, David Allen, Ron Street

Issam E. Harik

This report presents the findings of three independent studies under the same grant. These were (a) assess and rank highway embankments along priority routes in western Kentucky according to seismic stability, (b) assess the seismic stability of the approach embankment for the U.S. 51 Ohio River crossing near Wickliffe, Kentucky, and (c) evaluate the seismic stability of the U.S. 41 Ohio River twin spans north of Henderson, Kentucky. Seismic stability of bridge foundations was not a part of this study. The highway ranking assessed over 400 embankments and delineated each as having high, moderate, or little risk of significant failure …

Preliminary Seismic Evaluation And Ranking Of Bridges On And Over The Parkways In Western Kentucky, Jian Xie, Issam Harik, Tong Zhao, Jindong Hu

Issam E. Harik

Five parkways in Western Kentucky are located in the region that is greatly influenced by the New Madrid and Wabash Valley Seismic Zones. This report executes a preliminary screening process, known also as the Seismic Rating System, for bridges on and over parkways in Western Kentucky to identify the seismic vulnerable bridges.

The ranking of bridges derived from this rating system is based on: structural vulnerability, seismic and geotechnical hazards, and bridge importance. There are 349 bridges were ranked with the Seismic Inventory of Bridges (SIB), a user-oriented database program developed according to the Seismic Retrofitting Manual. The bridge ranks …

Dynamic Site Periods For The Jackson Purchase Region Of Western Kentucky, Ron Street, Zhenming Wang, Edward Woolery, Issam Harik, David Allen, Kevin Sutterer

Issam E. Harik

Bridges, overpasses, and other engineered structures in the Jackson Purchase region of Western Kentucky are, of necessity, built on a thick column of loose to semi-consolidated sediments. Because these sediments tend to amplify seismically induced ground motions at preferred periods, structures with natural periods close to the preferred periods of amplification of the ground motions are particularly vulnerable to damages during an earthquake because of in-phase resonance.

For this report, conventional seismic refraction and reflection techniques were used to determine the shearwave velocities of the more poorly consolidated, near-surface sediments for a matrix of sites in the region. Conventional seismic …

Structural Evaluation Of The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge – Element Level Analysis, Ching Choo, Issam Harik

Issam E. Harik

The primary objective of the structural evaluation of the John A. Roebling Bridge is to determine the maximum allowable gross vehicle weight (GVW) that can be carried by the bridge deck structural elements such as the open steel grid deck, channels, standard sections, or built-up sections. To achieve this objective, an “Element Level Analysis” is carried out. The maximum allowable GVW for different truck and bus types are presented for different levels of structural elements sectional loss. The loss or reduction in element sectional properties is due to rust, cracks, etc. The critical member in the bridge deck is the …

Baseline Modeling Of The Maysville Cable-Stayed Bridge Over The Ohio River, Issam Harik, Jindong Hu, Suzanne Smith, Wei-Xin Ren, Tong Zhao, Jennie Campbell, Clark Graves

Issam E. Harik

This report presents the baseline modeling of the Maysville cable-stayed bridge which connects Maysville, Kentucky and Aberdeen, Ohio over the Ohio River. The objective of this study is to establish the bridge baseline model via the dynamics-based technique and finite element method. The scope of research includes finite element modeling and modal analysis, field free vibration testing, finite element model calibration using field test results, and cable dynamic testing and modeling. It is demonstrated that a cable-stayed bridge is a highly pre-stressed structure. The stress stiffening of cable elements plays an important role in both static and dynamic analysis. The …

Performance Evaluation Of Bridges With Structural Bridge Deck Overlays (Sbdo), James Griffin, Issam Harik, Ching Choo

Issam E. Harik

Structural Bridge Deck Overlay (SBDO) involves applying 6 to 10 inches (150 to 200 mm) of normal weight, class AA, reinforced concrete directly to a bridge’s original slab. The overlay is designed to increase the deck elevation to an extent that standard highway resurfacing procedures can continue uninterrupted up the edges of the bridge. Otherwise, excavation along the bridge approaches or jacking of the superstructure is required to insure proper elevation. Experimental static field tests were conducted on three different bridges: (1) Simply supported prestressed concrete I-girder bridge; (2) cast-in-place reinforced concrete continuous haunched girder bridge; and (3) cast-in-place reinforced …

Detailed Seismic Evaluation Of Bridges Along I-24 In Western Kentucky, Ching Choo, Issam Harik, Peng Yuan

Issam E. Harik

This report presents a seismic rating system and a detailed evaluation procedure for selected highway bridges on/over I-24 in Western Kentucky near the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ). The rating system, based upon structural vulnerability, seismic and geotechnical hazards, and socioeconomic factors, was used to rank 127 (82 on and 45 over I-24) bridges on/over I-24. A total of 14 bridges were selected and subsequently evaluated using a capacity/demand ratio method outlined in the Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Bridges by the Federal Highway Administration. The focus was on four bridge components; namely the expansion joints, bearings, columns, and footings. …

Gfrp Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks (Kyspr 96-169), David Deitz, Issam Harik, Hans Gesund

Issam E. Harik

This report investigates the application of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars in concrete bridge decks as a potential replacement or supplement to conventional steel rebars. Tests were conducted to determine the material properties of the GFRP reinforcement, and experiments were performed to study aspects of GFRP rebar placement in actual bridge decks. These included observation of GFRP rebar handling characteristics and worker response during construction. Load tests of full-scale reinforced concrete specimens were conducted to evaluate the characteristics of three reinforcing schemes: (1) an epoxy coated steel (ECS) reinforcing scheme; (2) a GFRP reinforcing scheme, and (3) a Hybrid …

Seismic Analysis Of The Brent-Spence Bridge, Issam Harik, David Allen, Ronald Street, Meiwan Guo, R. Graves, Jack Harison, Mark Gawry

Issam E. Harik

This report presents the findings of a seismic evaluation of the Brent-Spence bridge. The bridge is a double-deck cantilever through truss which was constructed in 1961; it is a critical highway link conveying 1-75 over the Ohio river. While not yet subjected to a moderate or major earthquake, the bridge is within the influence of the New Madrid, Wabash Valley, and Anna seismic zones. The seismic evaluation program consisted of field testing and seismic analysis. The vibrational properties of the main bridge were determined through field testing and used to calibrate a 3-D finite element model. The model was then …

Post Earthquake Investigation Field Manual For The State Of Kentucky, Ann Sardo, Thomas Sardo, Issam Harik

Issam E. Harik

The rapid assessment of a bridge structure’s safety and functionality is an essential component to restoring vital lifeline routes after a major earthquake. Appropriate posting categories are used to assure the safety of the traveling public. The objective of this manual is to provide a rapid and efficient method of inspecting bridge structures after an earthquake. The primary users of this manual are intended to be the initial Kentucky Transportation Cabinet personnel who will initially reach the bridge sites. It is recognized that such first-line personnel will possess a variety of backgrounds and, therefore, a systematic method of evaluating the …

Structural Evaluation Of The Historic John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge, Wei-Xin Ren, Issam Harik, George Blandford, Michael Lenett, T. Baseheart

Issam E. Harik

The John A. Roebling suspension bridge, formerly the Covington-Cincinnati suspension bridge over the Ohio River was completed in 1867 and is still serving the Northern Kentucky community. The objective of this study is to assess the bridge load capacity via the dynamics-based technique. The scope of research includes finite element modeling and modal analysis, field ambient vibration testing, finite element model calibration to field test results, and bridge load-capacity evaluation. It is demonstrated that stress stiffening of cable elements plays an important role in both static and dynamic analyses of the Roebling suspension bridge. Large deflection behavior has been shown …

Barge Traffic On Kentucky Rivers, Michael Whitney, Issam Harik, James Griffin, David Allen

Issam E. Harik

Kentucky currently has the second longest navigable inland waterway system in the United States. Prior to the design of a bridge at a specific location on a river, a thorough investigation of barge traffic at that location ust be conducted. This report investigates the barge traffic on all navigable waterways in Kentucky. This report provides the data necessary to develop the risk assessment procedures for Kentucky vessel impact design problems in accordance with the AASHTO Guide Specification and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges design Method II. Method II is more rigorous to apply than Method I, but …

Shear Repair Of P/C Box Beams Using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Cfrp) Fabric, Jim Simpson, Issam Harik, Choo Chiaw

Issam E. Harik

The report documents the retrofit work carried out on the KY3297 Bridge over Little Sandy River in Carter County, Kentucky. Field investigation and evaluation revealed that the bridge superstructure was deficient in shear. The repair work was carried out using externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabric system. The repair, using externally bonded fiber system, offers the following benefits: (1) the use of light construction equipment, hand kits and tools, (2) minimal traffic disruption as all lanes were open to traffic while work was being performed underneath the bridge, and (3) cost saving; the cost for the repair and …

Performance Evaluation Of Concrete Bridge Decks Reinforced With Mmfx And Ssc Rebars, Ching Choo, Issam Harik

Issam E. Harik

This report investigates the performance of bridge decks reinforced with stainless steel clad (SSC) and micro-composite multistructural formable steel (MMFX) rebars. The two-span Galloway Road Bridge on route CR5218 over North Elkhorn Creek in Scott County, KY, was reinforced with SSC rebars in one span and MMFX rebars in the second span. The reinforcements are intended to prolong the service life of the newly constructed bridge decks due to the expected corrosion-resistance capability. Moment-curvature analyses indicated that MMFX RC decks had 57% and 85% higher strengths than SSC RC decks in positive and negative moment regions, respectively. The areas under …

Repair Using Steel Fiber Reinforced Polymer On Us 150 Bridges, Ching Chiaw Choo, Abheetha Peiris, Issam Harik

Issam E. Harik

The report details the pre-construction monitoring, planning and design, and construction of the retrofit measures on the US150 bridge over Beech Fork River in Nelson County, KY and Cartwright Creek bridge on the border of Washington-Nelson County, KY. All reinforced concrete girders of the five-span Beech Fork River bridge and three-span Cartwright Creek bridge of deck-girder construction had developed diagonal cracks near or at the transition of the variable-and-constant depth regions.

To remedy the problem steel fiber reinforced polymer (SFRP) sheets were selected as the means of retrofit due to their strength and stiffness, as well as conformability and flexibility. …

Seismic Evaluation Of The Us41 Southbound Bridge Over The Ohio River At Henderson, Ky, Issam Harik, K. Vasudevan, Chelliah Madasamy, Denglin Chen, Leonong Zhou, Kevin Sutterer, Ron Street, David Allen

Issam E. Harik

This report presents the seismic evaluation of the US41 Southbound bridge over the Ohio River connecting Evansville, Indiana and Henderson, Kentucky. The main bridge is a four-span cantilever through-truss type. The approach bridge has 9 spans on the Evansville, IN side and 20 spans on the Henderson, side. Although this bridge has not yet been subjected to a moderate or major earthquake, it is situated within the influence of the New Madrid and Wabash Valley Seismic Zones. The seismic evaluation program consisted of field testing and seismic response analysis. The modal properties of the main bridge were determined through field …

Multi-Barge Flotilla Impact Forces On Bridges, Peng Yuan, Issam Harik, Michael Davidson

Issam E. Harik

The current AASHTO equations for barge impact loads are based on scale models of barges, and may not accurately predict impact loads on bridge piers. The results of this study produce more realistic flotilla impact design loads, potentially leading to a reduction in construction costs of bridges over navigable waterways. The objectives of this study are: (1) To conduct theoretical finite element analysis on various types of flotillas impacting bridge piers. The flotillas and the respective barges will be of the type commonly traversing Kentucky’s waterways; and (2) To generate design equations for barge/flotilla impact loads. The study concludes the …

Seismic Evaluation Of The Cumberland River Bridges On I-24 In Western Kentucky, Wael Zatar, Wei-Xin Ren, Issam Harik

Issam E. Harik

The main objective of this study is to assess the structural integrity of the I-24 parallel bridges at the Cumberland River crossing in western Kentucky. Due to its importance, the bridge is evaluated for the 250-year event and the maximum credible 500-year event. The scope of the work included: 1) Field testing of the main bridge; 2) Finite element modeling and calibration; 3) Time-history seismic response analysis for the main spans; and 4) Seismic evaluation for both the main and the approach spans. The seismic analysis for the 250-year event indicates that the main spans of the bridge can resist …

Seismic Evaluation Of The Tennessee River Bridges On I-24 In Western Kentucky, Tong Zhao, Wei-Xin Ren, Issam Harik, Jin-Dong Hu

Issam E. Harik

This report presents the seismic evaluation of the approaches and parallel bridges on I-24 crossing the Tennessee River between Marshall and Livingston counties in Western Kentucky. The main bridges are steel tied-arch bridges. The bridges are situated within the influence of the New Madrid Seismic Zone. The seismic evaluation program consisted of field testing, 3-dimensional finite element modeling and seismic response analysis. The dynamic properties of the main bridges are determined through field testing, and are used to calibrate the finite element models. The finite element model is then subjected to time histories of the 250-year and 500-year earthquake events. …

Inspection And Evaluation Of A Bridge Deck Reinforced With Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Cfrp) Bars, Choo Chiaw, Issam Harik

Issam E. Harik

Cracking in reinforced concrete decks is inevitable. It leads to the corrosion and eventual deterioration of the deck system. The use of non-corrosive reinforcement is one alternative to steel in reinforced concrete construction. This report deals with the field evaluation and performance of a concrete bridge deck reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars. The bridge is identified as the Elkin Station Road Bridge on route CR1210 over the Two Mile Creek in Clark County, KY. The CFRP bars were placed in the top and bottom mats of the bridge deck in both the transverse and longitudinal directions. The …