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Articles 1 - 30 of 94
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Fatigue Behavior Of Cu-Zr Metallic Glasses Under Cyclic Loading, Nikolai Priezjev
Fatigue Behavior Of Cu-Zr Metallic Glasses Under Cyclic Loading, Nikolai Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The effect of oscillatory shear deformation on the fatigue life, yielding transition, and flow localization in metallic glasses is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. We study a well-annealed Cu-Zr amorphous alloy subjected to periodic shear at room temperature. We find that upon loading for hundreds of cycles at strain amplitudes just below a critical value, the potential energy at zero strain remains nearly constant and plastic events are highly localized. By contrast, at strain amplitudes above the critical point, the plastic deformation is gradually accumulated upon continued loading until the yielding transition and the formation of a shear band across …
Developing Scaling Laws To Predict Compressive Mechanical Properties And Determine Geometrical Parameters Of Modified Bcc Lattice Structures, Hasanain Abdulhadi, Abdalsalam Fadeel, Tahseen A. Alwattar, Ahsan Mian
Developing Scaling Laws To Predict Compressive Mechanical Properties And Determine Geometrical Parameters Of Modified Bcc Lattice Structures, Hasanain Abdulhadi, Abdalsalam Fadeel, Tahseen A. Alwattar, Ahsan Mian
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The objective of this study is to develop generalized empirical closed-form equations to predict the compressive mechanical properties and determine geometrical parameters. To achieve that, 117 models are built and analyzed using ABAQUS/CAE 2016 to provide two types of reliable data: one for lattice mechanical properties based on finite element method and the other for geometrical parameters using the measurements of ABAQUS diagnostic tool. All the models are created by modifying the basic feature of body-centered cubic lattice structure based on a range of strut angles, a set of relative densities, and two design sets. Also, the influence of lattice …
Advances In Mechanical Metamaterials For Vibration Isolation: A Review, Mohammed Al Rifaie, Hasanain Abdulhadi, Ahsan Mian
Advances In Mechanical Metamaterials For Vibration Isolation: A Review, Mohammed Al Rifaie, Hasanain Abdulhadi, Ahsan Mian
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The adverse effect of mechanical vibration is inevitable and can be observed in machine components either on the long- or short-term of machine life-span based on the severity of oscillation. This in turn motivates researchers to find solutions to the vibration and its harmful influences through developing and creating isolation structures. The isolation is of high importance in reducing and controlling the high-amplitude vibration. Over the years, porous materials have been explored for vibration damping and isolation. Due to the closed feature and the non-uniformity in the structure, the porous materials fail to predict the vibration energy absorption and the …
Computational Investigation Of The Post-Yielding Behavior Of 3d-Printed Polymer Lattice Structures, Abdalsalam Fadeel, Hasanain Abdulhadi, Golam Newaz, Raghavan Srinivasan, Ahsan Mian
Computational Investigation Of The Post-Yielding Behavior Of 3d-Printed Polymer Lattice Structures, Abdalsalam Fadeel, Hasanain Abdulhadi, Golam Newaz, Raghavan Srinivasan, Ahsan Mian
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
Sandwich structures are widely used due to their light weight, high specific strength, and high specific energy absorption. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has recently been explored for creating the lattice cores of these sandwich structures. Experimental evaluation of the mechanical response of lattice cell structures (LCSs) is expensive in time and materials. As such, the finite element analysis (FEA) can be used to predict the mechanical behavior of LCSs with many different design variations more economically. Though there have been several reports on the use of FEA to develop models for predicting the post-yielding stages of 3D-printed LCSs, they are still …
Cooling Under Applied Stress Rejuvenates Amorphous Alloys And Enhances Their Ductility, Nikolai Priezjev
Cooling Under Applied Stress Rejuvenates Amorphous Alloys And Enhances Their Ductility, Nikolai Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The effect of tensile stress applied during cooling of binary glasses on the potential energy states and mechanical properties is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. We study the three-dimensional binary mixture that was first annealed near the glass transition temperature and then rapidly cooled under tension into the glass phase. It is found that at larger values of applied stress, the liquid glass former freezes under higher strain and its potential energy is enhanced. For a fixed cooling rate, the maximum tensile stress that can be applied during cooling is reduced upon increasing initial temperature above the glass transition point. …
Developing An Equivalent Solid Material Model For Bcc Lattice Cell Structures Involving Vertical And Horizontal Struts, Tahseen A. Alwattar, Ahsan Mian
Developing An Equivalent Solid Material Model For Bcc Lattice Cell Structures Involving Vertical And Horizontal Struts, Tahseen A. Alwattar, Ahsan Mian
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
In this study, a body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice unit cell occupied inside a frame structure to create a so-called “InsideBCC” is considered. The equivalent quasi-isotropic properties required to describe the material behavior of the InsideBCC unit cell are equivalent Young’s modulus ( E e ) , equivalent shear modulus ( G e ) , and equivalent Poisson’s ratio ( ν e ) . The finite element analysis (FEA) based computational approach is used to simulate and calculate the mechanical responses of InsideBCC unit cell, which are the mechanical responses of the equivalent solid. Two separates finite element models are then …
Additive Manufacturing And How 3d Printing Is Fighting Covid-19, Raghavan Srinivasan, Ahsan Mian, Joy Gockel, Laura M. Luehrmann
Additive Manufacturing And How 3d Printing Is Fighting Covid-19, Raghavan Srinivasan, Ahsan Mian, Joy Gockel, Laura M. Luehrmann
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
This is the fourth installment in the Shelter in Place (SiP) Lecture series. This installment covers the creative ways that 3D printing has supported efforts to combat the pandemic. It covers the basics of what 3D printing is, some of the various creative projects that have used 3D printing to combat the pandemic, among other topics and questions by the pandemic.
Characteristics Of Nanosilver Ink (Utdag) Microdroplets And Lines On Polyimide During Inkjet Printing At High Stage Velocity, Aamir Hamad, Adam Archacki, Ahsan Mian
Characteristics Of Nanosilver Ink (Utdag) Microdroplets And Lines On Polyimide During Inkjet Printing At High Stage Velocity, Aamir Hamad, Adam Archacki, Ahsan Mian
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The performance of printed electronics strongly depends on printing techniques and printing resolution that enhance their electrical and mechanical properties. In this research paper, a Jetlab 4xl was used to control and dispense microdroplets of highly conductive nanosilver ink (UTDAg) on a polyimide substrate. The waveform effect on the droplet generation is characterized by measuring the size and the speed of the drops. The behavior of ejected drops on the substrate is studied by printing lines at different drop spacing and stage velocity. The jetting parameters that drive the piezoelectric actuator were properly determined and two waveforms (bipolar) were created …
The Effect Of Thermal History On The Atomic Structure Andmechanical Properties Of Amorphous Alloys, Nikolai V. Priezjev
The Effect Of Thermal History On The Atomic Structure Andmechanical Properties Of Amorphous Alloys, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The influence of thermal processing on the potential energy, atomic structure, and mechanical properties of metallic glasses is examined using molecular dynamics simulations. We study the three-dimensional binary mixture, which was first relaxed near the glass transition temperature and zero pressure, and then rapidly cooled deep into the glass phase. It was found that glasses annealed at higher temperatures are relocated to higher energy states and their average glass structure remains more disordered, as reflected in the height of the first two peaks in the pair distribution function. The results of mechanical testing demonstrate that both the shear modulus and …
Accelerated Relaxation In Disordered Solids Under Cyclic Loading With Alternating Shear Orientation, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Accelerated Relaxation In Disordered Solids Under Cyclic Loading With Alternating Shear Orientation, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The effect of alternating shear orientation during cyclic loading on the relaxation dynamics in disordered solids is examined using molecular dynamics simulations. The model glass was initially prepared by rapid cooling from the liquid state and then subjected to cyclic shear along a single plane or periodically alternated in two or three dimensions. We showed that with increasing strain amplitude in the elastic range, the system is relocated to deeper energy minima. Remarkably, it was found that each additional alternation of the shear orientation in the deformation protocol brings the glass to lower energy states. The results of mechanical tests …
Aging And Rejuvenation During Elastostatic Loading Of Amorphous Alloys, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Aging And Rejuvenation During Elastostatic Loading Of Amorphous Alloys, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the effect of uniaxial elastostatic compression on the potential energy, structural relaxation, and mechanical properties of binary glasses. We consider the three-dimensional Kob-Andersen binary mixture, which was initially cooled from the liquid state to the glass phase with a slow rate at zero pressure. The glass was then loaded with a static stress at the annealing temperature during extended time intervals. It is found that the static stress below the yielding point induces large-scale plastic deformation and significant rejuvenation when the annealing temperature is smaller than a fraction of the glass transition temperature. By …
Atomistic Modeling Of Heat Treatment Processes For Tuning The Mechanical Properties Of Disordered Solids, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Atomistic Modeling Of Heat Treatment Processes For Tuning The Mechanical Properties Of Disordered Solids, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
We investigate the effect of a single heat treatment cycle on the potential energy states and mechanical properties of metallic glasses using molecular dynamics simulations. We consider the three-dimensional binary mixture, which was initially cooled with a computationally slow rate from the liquid state to the solid phase at a temperature well below the glass transition. It was found that a cycle of heating and cooling can relocate the glass to either rejuvenated or relaxed states, depending on the maximum temperature and the loading period. Thus, the lowest potential energy is attained after a cycle with the maximum temperature slightly …
The Potential Energy States And Mechanical Properties Of Thermally Cycled Binary Glasses, Nikolai V. Priezjev
The Potential Energy States And Mechanical Properties Of Thermally Cycled Binary Glasses, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The influence of repeated thermal cycling on mechanical properties, structural relaxation, and evolution of the potential energy in binary glasses is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. We consider a binary mixture with strongly non-additive cross interactions, which is annealed across the glass transition with different cooling rates and then exposed to one thousand thermal cycles at constant pressure. We found that during the first few hundred transient cycles, the potential energy minima after each cycle gradually decrease and the structural relaxation proceeds via collective, irreversible displacements of atoms. With increasing cycle number, the amplitudes of the volume and potential energy …
The Influence Of Complex Thermal Treatment On Mechanical Properties Of Amorphous Materials, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Qing-Long Liu
The Influence Of Complex Thermal Treatment On Mechanical Properties Of Amorphous Materials, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Qing-Long Liu
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
We study the effect of periodic, spatially uniform temperature variation on mechanical properties and structural relaxation of amorphous alloys using molecular dynamics simulations. The disordered material is modeled via a non-additive binary mixture, which is annealed from the liquid to the glassy state with various cooling rates and then either aged at constant temperature or subjected to thermal treatment. We found that in comparison to aged samples, thermal cycling with respect to a reference temperature of approximately half the glass transition temperature leads to more relaxed states with lower levels of potential energy. The largest energy decrease was observed for …
The Influence Of Periodic Shear On Structural Relaxation And Pore Redistribution In Binary Glasses, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Maxim A. Makeev
The Influence Of Periodic Shear On Structural Relaxation And Pore Redistribution In Binary Glasses, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Maxim A. Makeev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The evolution of porous structure, potential energy and local density in binary glasses under oscillatory shear deformation is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The porous glasses were initially prepared via a rapid thermal quench from the liquid state across the glass transition and allowed to phase separate and solidify at constant volume, thus producing an extended porous network in an amorphous solid. We find that under periodic shear, the potential energy decreases over consecutive cycles due to gradual rearrangement of the glassy material, and the minimum of the potential energy after thousands of shear cycles is lower at larger strain …
The Effect Of Cryogenic Thermal Cycling On Aging, Rejuvenation, And Mechanical Properties Of Metallic Glasses, Nikolai V. Priezjev
The Effect Of Cryogenic Thermal Cycling On Aging, Rejuvenation, And Mechanical Properties Of Metallic Glasses, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The structural relaxation, potential energy states, and mechanical properties of a model glass subjected to thermal cycling are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. We study a non-additive binary mixture which is annealed with different cooling rates from the liquid phase to a low temperature well below the glass transition. The thermal treatment is applied by repeatedly heating and cooling the system at constant pressure, thus temporarily inducing internal stresses upon thermal expansion. We find that poorly annealed glasses are relocated to progressively lower levels of potential energy over consecutive cycles, whereas well annealed glasses can be rejuvenated at sufficiently large …
Structural Transformations During Periodic Deformation Of Low-Porosity Amorphous Materials, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Maxim A. Makeev
Structural Transformations During Periodic Deformation Of Low-Porosity Amorphous Materials, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Maxim A. Makeev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
Atomistic simulations are employed to study structural evolution of pore ensembles in binary glasses under periodic shear deformation with varied amplitude. The consideration is given to porous systems in the limit of low porosity. The initial ensembles of pores are comprised of multiple pores with small sizes, which are approximately normally distributed. As periodic loading proceeds, the ensembles evolve into configurations with a few large-scale pores and significantly reduced number of small pores. These structural changes are reflected in the skewed shapes of the pore-size distribution functions and the appearance of a distinct peak at large length scales after hundreds …
Structural Relaxation Of Porous Glasses Due To Internal Stresses And Deformation Under Tensile Loading At Constant Pressure, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Maxim A. Makeev
Structural Relaxation Of Porous Glasses Due To Internal Stresses And Deformation Under Tensile Loading At Constant Pressure, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Maxim A. Makeev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The time evolution of the pore size distributions and mechanical properties of amorphous solids at constant pressure is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The porous glasses were initially prepared at constant volume conditions via a rapid thermal quench from the liquid state to the glassy region and allowing for simultaneous phase separation and material solidification. We found that at constant pressure and low temperature, the porous network becomes more compact and the glassy systems relocate to progressively lower levels of the potential energy. Although the elastic modulus and the average glass density both increase with the waiting time, their dependence …
Spatiotemporal Analysis Of Nonaffine Displacements In Disorderedsolids Sheared Across The Yielding Point, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Spatiotemporal Analysis Of Nonaffine Displacements In Disorderedsolids Sheared Across The Yielding Point, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The time evolution and spatial correlations of nonaffine displacements in deformed amorphous solids are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The three-dimensional model glass is represented via the binary mixture, which is slowly annealed well below the glass transition temperature and then sheared at a constant strain rate. It is shown that with increasing strain,the typical size of clusters of atoms with large nonaffine displacements increases, and these clusters remain spatially homogeneously distributed, until the yielding point when mobile atoms become localized within a system-spanning shear band. Furthermore, the yielding transition is associated with an abrupt change in the spatial correlation …
Shear Band Formation In Amorphous Materials Under Oscillatoryshear Deformation, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Shear Band Formation In Amorphous Materials Under Oscillatoryshear Deformation, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The effect of periodic shear on strain localization in disordered solids is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. We consider a binary mixture of one million atoms annealed to a low temperature with different cooling rates and then subjected to oscillatory shear deformation with a strain amplitude slightly above the critical value. It is found that the yielding transition occurs during one cycle but the accumulation of irreversible displacements and initiation of the shear band proceed over larger number of cycles for more slowly annealed glasses. The spatial distribution and correlation function of nonaffine displacements reveal that their collective dynamics changes …
Structural Transformations In Porous Glasses Under Mechanical Loading. Ii. Compression, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Maxim A. Makeev
Structural Transformations In Porous Glasses Under Mechanical Loading. Ii. Compression, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Maxim A. Makeev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The role of porous structure and glass density in response to compressive deformation of amorphous materials is investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. The disordered, porous structures were prepared by quenching a high-temperature binary mixture below the glass transition into the phase coexistence region. With decreasing average glass density, the pore morphology in quiescent samples varies from a random distribution of compact voids to a porous network embedded in a continuous glass phase. We find that during compressive loading at constant volume, the porous structure is linearly transformed in the elastic regime and the elastic modulus follows a power-law increase as …
Slow Relaxation Dynamics In Binary Glasses During Stress-Controlled, Tension-Compression Cyclic Loading, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Slow Relaxation Dynamics In Binary Glasses During Stress-Controlled, Tension-Compression Cyclic Loading, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The effect of cyclic loading on relaxation dynamics and mechanical properties of metallic glasses is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. We consider the Kob-Andersen three-dimensional binary mixture rapidly cooled across the glass transition and subjected to thousands of tension-compression cycles in the elastic range. It was found that during cyclic loading at constant pressure, the system is relocated to progressively lower levels of the potential energy, thus promoting greater densification and higher strength. Furthermore, with increasing stress amplitude, the average glass density increases and the minimum of the potential energy becomes deeper, while the elastic modulus is reduced. The typical …
The Critical Pressure For Microfiltration Of Oil-In-Water Emulsions Using Slotted-Pore Membranes, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Tohid Darvishzadeh, Bishal Bhattarai
The Critical Pressure For Microfiltration Of Oil-In-Water Emulsions Using Slotted-Pore Membranes, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Tohid Darvishzadeh, Bishal Bhattarai
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The influence of geometrical parameters and fluid properties on the critical pressure of permeation of an oil micro-droplet into a slotted pore is studied numerically by solving the Navier-Stokes equations. We consider a long slotted pore, which is partially blocked by the oil droplet but allows a finite permeate flux. An analytical estimate of the critical permeation pressure is obtained from a force balance model that involves the drag force from the flow around the droplet and surface tension forces as well as the pressure variation inside the pore. It was found that numerical results for the critical pressure as …
Structural Transformations In Porous Glasses Under Mechanical Loading. I. Tension, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Maxim A. Makeev
Structural Transformations In Porous Glasses Under Mechanical Loading. I. Tension, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Maxim A. Makeev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The evolution of porous structure and mechanical properties of binary glasses under tensile loading were examined using molecular dynamics simulations. We consider vitreous systems obtained in the process of phase separation after a rapid isochoric quench of a glass-forming liquid to a temperature below the glass transition. The porous structure in undeformed samples varies from a connected porous network to a random distribution of isolated pores upon increasing average glass density. We find that at small strain, the elastic modulus follows a power-law dependence on the average glass density and the pore size distribution remains nearly the same as in …
The Yielding Transition In Periodically Sheared Binary Glasses At Finite Temperature, Nikolai V. Priezjev
The Yielding Transition In Periodically Sheared Binary Glasses At Finite Temperature, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the dynamic behavior of three-dimensional binary glasses prepared via an instantaneous quench across the glass transition. We found that with increasing strain amplitude up to a critical value, the potential energy approaches lower minima in steady state, whereas the amplitude of shear stress oscillations becomes larger. Below the yielding transition, the storage modulus dominates the mechanical response, and the gradual decay of the potential energy over consecutive cycles is accompanied by reduction in size of transient clusters of atoms with large nonaffine displacements. In contrast, above the yield strain, the loss modulus …
Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays Bonded To Solid Graphite Substrates: Thermal Analysis For Future Device Cooling Applications, Betty T. Quinton, Levi Elston, James D. Scofield, Sharmila M. Mukhopadhyay
Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays Bonded To Solid Graphite Substrates: Thermal Analysis For Future Device Cooling Applications, Betty T. Quinton, Levi Elston, James D. Scofield, Sharmila M. Mukhopadhyay
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known for high thermal conductivity and have potential use as nano-radiators or heat exchangers. This paper focuses on the thermal performance of carpet-like arrays of vertically aligned CNTs on solid graphite substrates with the idea of investigating their behavior as a function of carpet dimensions and predicting their performance as thermal interface material (TIM) for electronic device cooling. Vertically aligned CNTs were grown on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate, which creates a robust and durable all-carbon hierarchical structure. The multi-layer thermal analysis approach using Netzsch laser flash analysis system was used to evaluate their performance …
Distributions Of Pore Sizes And Atomic Densities In Binary Glasses Revealed By Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Maxim A. Makeev
Distributions Of Pore Sizes And Atomic Densities In Binary Glasses Revealed By Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Maxim A. Makeev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
We report on the results of a molecular dynamics simulation study of porous glassy media, formed in the process of isochoric rapid quenching from a high-temperature liquid state. The transition to a porous solid occurs due to the concurrent processes of phase separation and material solidification. The study is focused on topographies of the model porous structures and their dependence on temperature and average density. To quantify the pore-size distributions, we put forth a scaling relation that provides a satisfactory data collapse in systems with high porosity. We also find that the local density of the solid domains in the …
Wetting Properties Of Structured Interfaces Composed Of Surface-Attached Spherical Nanoparticles, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Bishal Bhattarai
Wetting Properties Of Structured Interfaces Composed Of Surface-Attached Spherical Nanoparticles, Nikolai V. Priezjev, Bishal Bhattarai
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
The influence of the external pressure and surface energy on the wetting transition at nanotextured interfaces is studied using molecular dynamics and continuum simulations. The surface roughness of the composite interface is introduced via an array of spherical nanoparticles with controlled wettability. We find that in the absence of an external pressure, the liquid interface is flat and its location relative to the solid substrate is determined by the particle size and the local contact angle. With increasing pressure on the liquid film, the interface becomes more curved and the three-phase contact line is displaced along the spherical surface but …
Hierarchical Hybrid Architectures For Robust And Reusable Nano-Devices, Sharmila M. Mukhopadhyay
Hierarchical Hybrid Architectures For Robust And Reusable Nano-Devices, Sharmila M. Mukhopadhyay
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Mechanical Annealing Of Model Glasses: Effects Of Strain Amplitude And Temperature, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Mechanical Annealing Of Model Glasses: Effects Of Strain Amplitude And Temperature, Nikolai V. Priezjev
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications
Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to examine the dynamic response of amorphous solids to oscillatory shear at finite temperatures. The data were collected from a poorly annealed binary glass, which was deformed periodically in the elastic regime during several hundred shear cycles. We found that the characteristic time required to reach a steady state with a minimum potential energy is longer at higher temperatures and larger strain amplitudes. With decreasing strain amplitude, the asymptotic value of the potential energy increases but it remains lower than in quiescent samples. The transient decay of the potential energy correlates well with a gradual …