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Vocational education

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Full-Text Articles in Vocational Education

Application Of Augmented Reality (Ar) In Vocational Education: A Systematic Literature Review, Supriyanto Supriyanto, Quienera Joshua, Ade Gafar Abdullah, Emmanuel Obobi Tettehfio, Sulaeman Deni Ramdani Dec 2023

Application Of Augmented Reality (Ar) In Vocational Education: A Systematic Literature Review, Supriyanto Supriyanto, Quienera Joshua, Ade Gafar Abdullah, Emmanuel Obobi Tettehfio, Sulaeman Deni Ramdani

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that combines two-dimensional and or three-dimensional virtual objects into a real environment and then projects these virtual objects in reality in real time. Through this AR technology, users can see virtual objects added to the real world with contextual information. In education, AR has been widely used to complement the standard curriculum. Text, graphics, video, and audio can be superimposed into the student's real-time environment. This article aims to examine how the application and impact of the use of AR in vocational education. The Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method is used to identify, study, …


Android-Based Learning Media Development With Ispring Suite Application In Pastry Course, Febri Ananda, Elida Elida, Kasmita Kasmita, Dedy Irfan Dec 2023

Android-Based Learning Media Development With Ispring Suite Application In Pastry Course, Febri Ananda, Elida Elida, Kasmita Kasmita, Dedy Irfan

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

The utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the things needed in the education era for effective learning. This study aims to produce Android application-based media using iSpring Suite in feasible pastry courses based on the values and tests of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The development research used the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). The limited trial of Android application media was conducted on 30 Department of Family Welfare Science, Concentration of Catering students at Universitas Negeri Padang who were taking pastry courses. Data collection instruments used validation sheets, evaluation questions, and student response questionnaires. …


Development Of Media Animated Video To Improve Learning Outcomes Of Sunda Siger Bridal Makeup, Siti Wahida, Marnala Tobing, Astrid Sitompul Dec 2023

Development Of Media Animated Video To Improve Learning Outcomes Of Sunda Siger Bridal Makeup, Siti Wahida, Marnala Tobing, Astrid Sitompul

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

The teaching and learning process for cosmetology education students needs to be developed to provide meaningful experiences in the learning process both in theory and practice, as well as being able to provide solutions to the problems found to improve learning outcomes and creativity, one of which is in the Sunda siger bridal makeup learning material. The development model refers to Research and development (R&D) and the Borg & Gall model. The development research results show that video-based learning media exists in the Indonesian bridal makeup course, especially in the Sunda Siger bridal makeup learning material, with an average feasibility …


Indonesia-Germany Cooperation In Efforts To Improve Vocational Education Levels: Analysis Of The Ausbildung Program, Rafflialdi Hugo Atthareq, Rmt Nurhasan Affandi Dec 2023

Indonesia-Germany Cooperation In Efforts To Improve Vocational Education Levels: Analysis Of The Ausbildung Program, Rafflialdi Hugo Atthareq, Rmt Nurhasan Affandi

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

The quality of Indonesian human resources still needs improvement to compete in the international world. Currently, the international market requires a lot of competence in technical skills in the vocational field. For this reason, Indonesia focuses on developing vocational training and education. This demand was not fulfilled because Indonesian vocational graduates did not have the right skills. With abundant but ineffective resources, Indonesia must learn much from other countries, including Germany. The output of this international collaboration is the Ausbildung program or Apprenticeship Training. This article seeks to reveal how Indonesian-Germany cooperation in vocational education impacts the two countries by …


Cognitive Apprenticeship In Vocational Students Mathematical Decision Making Skills, Rina Oktaviyanthi, Indri Lestari Dec 2023

Cognitive Apprenticeship In Vocational Students Mathematical Decision Making Skills, Rina Oktaviyanthi, Indri Lestari

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

Exploring the decision-making abilities of undergraduate students, including students from vocational education backgrounds, is the main priority in the achievement of mathematics learning in general and in Calculus courses particularly. Decision-making processes require cognitive guidance through activities describing in detail the systematic steps of each process. It is implicitly said as part of a cognitive apprenticeship procedure. There are claims that students with a vocational education background can develop their academic and practical potential more through a cognitive apprenticeship model. In addition, using video as visual media learning allows students to sharpen their skills. Therefore, the study aims to explore …


Implementation Of Bmc-Based Teaching And Learning Factory Model In Increasing Student Competencies In Leather Creative Skills Concentration And Imitation In Vocational School, Cucu Sutianah, Meita Annisa Nurhutami, Alfian Azhar Yamin Dec 2023

Implementation Of Bmc-Based Teaching And Learning Factory Model In Increasing Student Competencies In Leather Creative Skills Concentration And Imitation In Vocational School, Cucu Sutianah, Meita Annisa Nurhutami, Alfian Azhar Yamin

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

Learning in vocational education must be carried out with collaboration between educators, vocational schools, curriculum alignment, and learning in factories as miniature industries stakeholders to achieve assessment in the form of real assessment so that the achievement of learning objectives follows the needs of students and the world of work. Assessment in the form of assessment must be measured in real terms, with religious, character, moral, and cultural education values and work competencies following community expectations. The objectives to be achieved through this research are to produce a learning program that can improve student competence in Vocational High School (VHS), …


Model Concepts To Support The Improvement Of Students' Skills In Learning Tasks, Kemala Jeumpa, Rumila Harahap Dec 2023

Model Concepts To Support The Improvement Of Students' Skills In Learning Tasks, Kemala Jeumpa, Rumila Harahap

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

This article aims to design a concept model that can support learning to improve students' ability in learning tasks to deal with problems that exist in the real world. Based on KKNI (Indonesian National Qualification Framework), there are six tasks in learning, namely routine tasks, critical book reports, critical journal reports, idea engineering (scientific or creative writing), mini research, and projects. Therefore, the learning process must be able to increase student learning motivation. In addition, it must also develop their competencies and skills to think critically, have high creativity, be able to work together in teams, be disciplined, be responsible, …


Public Vocational School Teachers' Experiences And Perceived Self-Efficacy In Working With Students With Disabilities In An Inclusive Environment: A Phenomenological Inquiry Study, Amber Jean Caproni Apr 2023

Public Vocational School Teachers' Experiences And Perceived Self-Efficacy In Working With Students With Disabilities In An Inclusive Environment: A Phenomenological Inquiry Study, Amber Jean Caproni

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Full inclusion of students with disabilities within the general education classroom has been a longstanding goal of many school districts within the United States. Many studies have been conducted to understand what attributes are needed for successful inclusion with the evidence pointing to the need for teachers to have a strong sense of instructional self-efficacy when working with students with disabilities. Copious research concerning teachers’ experiences with inclusive education has been conducted across typical public-school settings; however, scant information is known about inclusive education experiences of general education teachers employed in vocational high schools. The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological …


Vocational Tertiary Education Of Young Adults In Kenya: Model Development, Kristina Marie Lux Jan 2023

Vocational Tertiary Education Of Young Adults In Kenya: Model Development, Kristina Marie Lux

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study is to create a model of tertiary vocational education in Kenya. Despite considerable progress in Kenya over the last 20 years, current education models, low attendance, and low academic proficiency levels preclude many vulnerable learners from becoming employable. Utilizing semi-structured interviews of eight Kenyan participants, this study explores the testable design principles necessary to create such a micro-trade model. Utilizing Epistemic Network Analysis (ENA), a quantitative ethnographic technique, to model the structure of connections in data, this study attempts to systematically identify a set of constructs, as they are recorded in interview codes, connected to …


A Comparative Examination Of Vocational Education Teacher Qualifications And Preparation Between Finland And The State Of Ohio In The United States, Chris Zirkle, Jari Laukia, David Mauffret, Sergio Prudant Vilches Dec 2022

A Comparative Examination Of Vocational Education Teacher Qualifications And Preparation Between Finland And The State Of Ohio In The United States, Chris Zirkle, Jari Laukia, David Mauffret, Sergio Prudant Vilches

Journal of Research in Technical Careers

Working between the formal education system and workplace, vocational education teachers contribute to the growth and development of a country’s future workforce. Using interviews of university professors, examination of legislation and administrative rules and information obtained from applicable websites, this article compares two different teacher education systems for the preparation of vocational teachers in the country of Finland and the state of Ohio in the United States. Findings indicate both systems have commonalities as well as significant differences. This comparison will contribute to a better understanding of vocational teacher education from an international perspective and examines such aspects as qualification …


Innovative Behavior; Raising Awareness For Creative Behavior In Education To Cultivate An Innovative Approach In Vocational Education., Jeanette Janine Matser May 2022

Innovative Behavior; Raising Awareness For Creative Behavior In Education To Cultivate An Innovative Approach In Vocational Education., Jeanette Janine Matser

Creativity and Change Leadership Graduate Student Master's Projects

Innovative Behavior; Raising Awareness for Creative Behavior in Education to Cultivate an Innovative Approach in Vocational Education.

The development of a rubric for innovative behavior in teachers is related to encouraging the status of creativity in the innovation process. It is powerful to use feedback to create a more creative approach in schools, it helps teachers to think creatively and how to cultivate a more innovative approach in the classroom. It creates and structures conversations among teachers interested in teaching and assessing creativity.

This project presents a background and the development of a rubric and a complimentary booklet to self-test …


Cognitive And Affective Academic Self-Concepts: Which Predicts Vocational Education Students’ Career Choice?, Monica W.C. Choy, Alexander Seeshing Yeung Jan 2022

Cognitive And Affective Academic Self-Concepts: Which Predicts Vocational Education Students’ Career Choice?, Monica W.C. Choy, Alexander Seeshing Yeung

Faculty of Management & Hospitality (THEi)

Grounded in self-concept theory, this study examined the predictability of cognitive and affective academic self-concepts in relation to vocational education students’ education and career choice outcomes in the Hong Kong HE setting in two studies (Ns = 384 and 476). Structural equation modeling revealed that sense of competence (i.e., cognitive) is more related to competence/performance-based outcomes (i.e., operational capability and resilience at work in Study 1; and competition in Study 2). Liking of the vocation (i.e., affective) is more related to non-performance-based emotional-motivational outcomes (i.e., career intention in both studies and educational aspiration in Study 2) than is …


Implementation Of The Learning Process: Efforts To Improve The Quality Of Vocational Education Graduates, Ernawati Ernawati Dec 2021

Implementation Of The Learning Process: Efforts To Improve The Quality Of Vocational Education Graduates, Ernawati Ernawati

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

The quality of education is determined by a good management process, including the evaluation process of vocational education graduates. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the learning process in vocational education programs, which includes an implementation of the teaching and learning process, the implementation of industrial training, lecturer skills in industrial supervision training, and encouraging entrepreneurship by lecturers to students. This study used a mixed-method design, and data were collected by questionnaires and depth-interview questions. The sample size is 218 graduates successfully collected using the total sampling technique. Data analysis used quantitative descriptive statistics …


Evaluation Of Policy In The Vocational Education System Revitalization In Indonesia: Examining The Teaching Factory Readiness Of Industry, Bernadetta Quinta Pradipta, Fajar Bambang Hirawan, Safendrri Komara Ragamustari Dec 2021

Evaluation Of Policy In The Vocational Education System Revitalization In Indonesia: Examining The Teaching Factory Readiness Of Industry, Bernadetta Quinta Pradipta, Fajar Bambang Hirawan, Safendrri Komara Ragamustari

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

A future forecast for 2030-2040 predicts that Indonesia will face a demographic bonus, in which the productive aging population is greater than the unproductive age population. Graduates are expected to compete for a job on the national and international levels. It is a challenge where the Indonesian government began to enforce revitalization towards industries to collaborate with schools, and industries are expected to contribute to the implementation of the teaching factory, as both can contribute a mutual advantage in the long run. This research aims to illustrate the Indonesian government's progress, starting from 2016-2019, on revitalizing the vocational education system. …


Inclusive Academic Education & Vocationally-Oriented Transition Predictors’ Association With Post-Secondary Outcomes Of Youth With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities, Joshua P. Taylor Jan 2021

Inclusive Academic Education & Vocationally-Oriented Transition Predictors’ Association With Post-Secondary Outcomes Of Youth With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities, Joshua P. Taylor

Theses and Dissertations

Despite efforts through legislation to increase the engagement of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in competitive integrated employment (CIE) and post-secondary education, outcomes remain poor. However, recent policy has emphasized CIE as a preferred outcome and created new opportunities to engage individuals with IDD in post-secondary education. Likewise, research into the transition of youth with disabilities has revealed several predictors of post-school success including inclusive education and a variety of vocationally-oriented experiences. Previous research had not determined whether students with IDD received both inclusive academic education and vocational transition experiences or how these predictors might interact. The purpose …


Enhancing E-Learning Effectivity Through The Discussion Method Combined With E-Portfolio Assignments For Vocational Education Master Students During A Pandemic, Muchlas Muchlas Dec 2020

Enhancing E-Learning Effectivity Through The Discussion Method Combined With E-Portfolio Assignments For Vocational Education Master Students During A Pandemic, Muchlas Muchlas

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

Discussion is one of the effective methods to make the e-learning condition to be student-centered. However, the use of the discussion method only focuses on specific issues, so that it could not explore broader knowledge and obtain feedback from many sources. The study aims to get the impact of using the discussion method combined with e-portfolio assignments on e-learning during the Covid-19 pandemic in students' perceptions perspective. This research has been carried out with a simple procedure using a survey approach. The research subjects are students of the Vocational Education Master Degree who participated in the Vocational Learning Theory and …


Building Interdisciplinary Research Group For Vocational College Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indah Novita Sari, Ahmad Mu'am Dec 2020

Building Interdisciplinary Research Group For Vocational College Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indah Novita Sari, Ahmad Mu'am

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

This research aimed to form a collaborative research and research group in the Department of Languages, Arts and Culture Management, Vocational College of Universitas Gadjah Mada (Departemen Bahasa, Seni, dan Manajemen Budaya or DBSMB). This research is essential for considering DBSMB's needs in developing applied products as a result of interdisciplinary research. On a broader scale, vocational education institutions outside UGM can see an overview of the multidisciplinary research process that has been carried out. The research group was formed in the Culture and Tourism Center, which was based on a functional perspective of organizational functions. The exploratory method was …


Motivation And Satisfaction Towards Two-Year Vocational Diploma, Tanzir Masykar, Febri Nurrahmi Dec 2020

Motivation And Satisfaction Towards Two-Year Vocational Diploma, Tanzir Masykar, Febri Nurrahmi

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

Lack of students enrolling in diploma programs compared to what occurred Germany is a sign that Indonesian high school graduates are discouraged from enrolling in the program. Previous studies have mostly focused on the perception and expectation toward vocational high school, leaving motivation and satisfaction under-researched. This study aims to look at the motivation of students enrolling at the two-year diploma and how satisfied they are with the program. Factors contributing to their satisfaction would be presented accordingly. The study used a qualitative research approach with a case study design by examining current students at AKN Aceh Barat. A focus …


Modeling And Analysis Of The Impact Of Vocational Education On The Unemployment Rate In Nigeria, Abayomi Ayoade, Opeyemi Odetunde, Bidemi Falodun Jun 2020

Modeling And Analysis Of The Impact Of Vocational Education On The Unemployment Rate In Nigeria, Abayomi Ayoade, Opeyemi Odetunde, Bidemi Falodun

Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)

Unemployment is a major determinant of a weak economy and a good measure of living standard in a country. Nigeria is faced with the problem of unemployment at present. By that, a mathematical model is formulated to investigate the effect of vocational education on the unemployment challenges in Nigeria. The model is tested for the basic requirements of a good mathematical model. The equilibrium analysis of the model is conducted and both the unemployment-free and the unemployment endemic equilibria are obtained. The threshold for the implementation success of the vocational education program is also derived following the approach of epidemic …


An Examination Of Motivation And Teacher Identity In Minority High School Students Enrolled In A Career And Technical Education Teacher Preparation Program, Elizabeth M. Aguila Mar 2020

An Examination Of Motivation And Teacher Identity In Minority High School Students Enrolled In A Career And Technical Education Teacher Preparation Program, Elizabeth M. Aguila

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This quantitative research describes the measures of motivating factors, through a social learning lens, that empower minority high school students in a CTE program to develop a teacher identity through time in clinical teaching practice. This quasi-experimental study found interactions between student motivation, teacher identity, and student achievement through an early clinical practice intervention used in SCHOOL A ECE 1. A comparison group, SCHOOL B ECE 2, was used to measure any effect of a community of practice framework on these factors. The present study also used a non-teacher education program, SCHOOL A BIO 1 to measure if motivation and …


The Social Construction Of The Progressive Era: A Critical-Historiographical Case Study In Vocationalism, Brian D. Carlson Mar 2020

The Social Construction Of The Progressive Era: A Critical-Historiographical Case Study In Vocationalism, Brian D. Carlson

College of Education Theses and Dissertations

For centuries, schooling has served as the primary precursor to jobs and careers, and ultimately the window of opportunity toward economic mobility. Vocationalism describes the economic potential of education, represented by the synthesis of educational policy, curricula, and ideology. This study contends that vocationalism has conditioned the public toward the disposition of education as a social commodity for the development of human capital. In turn, this study explores the significance of vocationalism through a critical-historiographical case study of educational reforms within Milwaukee during the Progressive Era. This study asks the question, how has ideology contributed toward the establishment of vocationalism …


Factors Influencing Dual Enrolled Students To Pursue Postsecondary Career And Technical Education, Debbie Petree Feb 2020

Factors Influencing Dual Enrolled Students To Pursue Postsecondary Career And Technical Education, Debbie Petree

Ed.D. Dissertations

Employers struggle to find employees for middle skills jobs in computer technology, nursing, advanced manufacturing and other fields requiring postsecondary technical education. The number of students pursuing postsecondary education does not meet the needs of employers. This study examined the influence of economic, social/cultural, institutional, dual credit participation, and academic variables upon students’ intentions to enroll in program options at a technical college. The study was conducted with the dual enrolled or former dual enrolled students at a small rural technical college in East Tennessee with a sample size of 75. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship between …


Persistence And Academic Attainment Of Community College Student Service Members/Veterans Earning Career And Technical Education Credits, Brennan Jeremy Carr Jan 2020

Persistence And Academic Attainment Of Community College Student Service Members/Veterans Earning Career And Technical Education Credits, Brennan Jeremy Carr

Theses and Dissertations

This study examined the impact of Career & Technical Education (CTE) credit accumulation on the persistence and academic attainment of student service members/veterans (SSM/V) within the 2-year public postsecondary education segment. SSM/V are a small but significant population of underrepresented non-traditional students within postsecondary education. This study sought to explore the effect of CTE credit accumulation on SSM/V performance in five key dichotomous outcome areas: (a) persistence, (b) degree attainment, (c) certificate attainment, (d) any award attainment, and (e) vertical transfer. Data from the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS), which are maintained by the National Center for Education Statistics …


Visualizing The Stages Of The Educational Research Methodology Into Animation Infographics For Vocational Students, Ketut Agustini, Gede Saindra Santyadiputra, Nyoman Sugihartini Dec 2019

Visualizing The Stages Of The Educational Research Methodology Into Animation Infographics For Vocational Students, Ketut Agustini, Gede Saindra Santyadiputra, Nyoman Sugihartini

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

Visualizing something abstract into a concrete object can help students improve their mastery of concepts in learning. The purpose of this study is to visualize the stages of the educational research methodology into an animation infographic media. The method used refers to the instructional development model. The target subjects of this study were students of informatics engineering education study program who had taken courses in educational research methodology. In order to get valid, practical, and effective media, several tests were carried out, such as formative evaluation and effectiveness testing with Hake formula. The results show that the dynamic infographic media …


The Importance Of Earnings In Career Technical Education Field Of Study Choice, Karen S. Childers Dec 2019

The Importance Of Earnings In Career Technical Education Field Of Study Choice, Karen S. Childers

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

The purpose of this mixed methods research study was to examine factors influencing community college Career Technical Education (CTE) students in their field of study choice. The problem was twofold: (1) Community college CTE performance metrics include earnings goals, but there is little research to inform the performance metric (Harrington, Mbomeda, & Casillas, 2018; Roberts, Leufgen, & Booth, 2018); and (2) CTE students, who are disproportionately economically disadvantaged, pursue fields of study that do not lead to a living wage (Bahr, 2010; Booth & Bahr, 2012; Zhang & Oymak, 2018).

For this within-stage mixed model design (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004), …


Infographic: Participation Rates In Vet, Dominique Russell Jun 2019

Infographic: Participation Rates In Vet, Dominique Russell

Teacher infographics

A new report provides an overview of the participation rates of secondary students in VET (Vocational Education and Training) Programs across Australia. In this infographic, we look at the figures for 2017.


Developing A Model Of Partnership Management Between The Vocational High School And The Employment Domain In The Curriculum Of Industrial Working Practice, Harbiyah Gani, Husaini Usman Dec 2018

Developing A Model Of Partnership Management Between The Vocational High School And The Employment Domain In The Curriculum Of Industrial Working Practice, Harbiyah Gani, Husaini Usman

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

The study was to develop a model of partnership management between the vocational high school (VHS) and the employment domain in the curriculum of industrial working practice under the activities of planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation in the vocational high schools of Banda Aceh. The study used the research and development method design with several phases that had been developed by Borg & Gall. The data type in the study was qualitative and quantitative. For the qualitative data analysis, the researcher used the interactive analysis that had been developed by Milles & Huberman. On the other hand, for the quantitative …


The Future Orientation For Novice Teacher Induction Program In Vocational Education, Pramudi Utomo Dec 2018

The Future Orientation For Novice Teacher Induction Program In Vocational Education, Pramudi Utomo

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

This paper presents the discussion with purpose to identify the orientation of teacher induction program in vocational education that is in line with changing times and future challenges. The problems associated with the teacher induction program in vocational education are whether the program has been oriented towards changes and future challenges. This research was conducted explanatory sequential mixed method approach. This study applies a six-step on research procedure. Respondents consisted of 52 novice teachers, 115 mentors, 15 principals, and 24 school supervisors. The subject of the qualitative research was nine resources persons. The respondents were given a Likert scale questionnaire …


Supervision Of School-Based, Agricultural Education: A Historical Review, Cassie M. Graham, M. Craig Edwards May 2018

Supervision Of School-Based, Agricultural Education: A Historical Review, Cassie M. Graham, M. Craig Edwards

Journal of Research in Technical Careers

This study’s purpose was to understand the historical evolution of the supervision of school-based, agricultural education (SBAE). Supervision as a concept is described, including its emergence as an integral part of public school education in the United States. Moreover, the perspectives of early leaders of vocational education, such as Charles Prosser, are examined, as well as the impact of the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 and other key federal legislation that came afterward. Supervision of SBAE as inspection and administrative oversight and for the purpose of instructional improvement is explored. We also discuss the early supervisory role of teacher educators of …


Meta-Analytic Procedures For Career And Technical Education Post-Secondary Researchers And Practitioners, Conrad Oh-Young, Howard R. D. Gordon, Xue Xing, John Filler May 2018

Meta-Analytic Procedures For Career And Technical Education Post-Secondary Researchers And Practitioners, Conrad Oh-Young, Howard R. D. Gordon, Xue Xing, John Filler

Journal of Research in Technical Careers

Meta-analytic studies are syntheses of literature in which researchers use statistical means to summarize the findings presented across primary studies. They are of great interest in the fields of medicine and social sciences with numerous examples published in peer-reviewed journals. However, it appears that career and technical education (CTE) researchers are either not performing these research syntheses, or are not publishing their findings. Thus, there are three purposes to this manuscript. The first is to present CTE researchers and practitioners with a rationale as to why meta-analyses should be performed. The second is to provide guidelines that researchers and practitioners …