Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (21)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (19)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (9)
- Curriculum and Instruction (7)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (7)
-
- Educational Leadership (6)
- Arts and Humanities (3)
- Educational Methods (3)
- English Language and Literature (3)
- Higher Education (3)
- Literature in English, British Isles (3)
- Sociology (3)
- Special Education and Teaching (3)
- Higher Education Administration (2)
- Instructional Media Design (2)
- International and Comparative Education (2)
- Other Education (2)
- Other Teacher Education and Professional Development (2)
- Psychology (2)
- Science and Mathematics Education (2)
- Secondary Education and Teaching (2)
- Student Counseling and Personnel Services (2)
- Applied Behavior Analysis (1)
- Collection Development and Management (1)
- Computer Engineering (1)
- Counseling (1)
- Criminology (1)
- Criminology and Criminal Justice (1)
- Curriculum and Social Inquiry (1)
- Institution
-
- University of Wollongong (12)
- Selected Works (8)
- Walden University (4)
- Western Michigan University (3)
- Dordt University (2)
-
- Eastern Michigan University (2)
- Loyola University Chicago (2)
- Wayne State University (2)
- Butler University (1)
- Chapman University (1)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (1)
- East Tennessee State University (1)
- Illinois Math and Science Academy (1)
- Kansas State University Libraries (1)
- Kennesaw State University (1)
- Marshall University (1)
- Messiah University (1)
- National Louis University (1)
- Old Dominion University (1)
- Olivet Nazarene University (1)
- The University of Maine (1)
- The University of Southern Mississippi (1)
- Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta (1)
- University at Albany, State University of New York (1)
- University of Kentucky (1)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (1)
- University of New England (1)
- Western Kentucky University (1)
- Publication
-
- Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive) (12)
- Dissertations (5)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (4)
- Adam Kotlarczyk (3)
- Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations (2)
-
- Wayne State University Dissertations (2)
- Academic Chairpersons Conference Proceedings (1)
- All Theses And Dissertations (1)
- Brent Wilson (1)
- Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership Dissertations (1)
- Dr Daniel Edwards (1)
- Dr Hilary Hollingsworth (1)
- Dr Kate Reid (1)
- Dr Petra Lietz (1)
- Ed.D. Dissertations (1)
- Education Faculty Articles and Research (1)
- Education: School of Education Faculty Publications and Other Works (1)
- Educational & Counseling Psychology Faculty Scholarship (1)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (1)
- Faculty Work Comprehensive List (1)
- Graduate Education Student Scholarship (1)
- Human Movement Sciences Faculty Publications (1)
- Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE) (1)
- Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan (1)
- Master of Education Program Theses (1)
- Master's Theses (1)
- Publications & Research (1)
- Publications and Research (1)
- STEM Faculty Scholarship (1)
- Scholarship and Professional Work – Education (1)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 1 - 30 of 55
Full-Text Articles in Education
Kemampuan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi Siswa Smp Di Kabupaten Jember Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Berstandar Pisa, Dian Kurniati, Romi Harimukti, Nur Asiyah Jamil
Kemampuan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi Siswa Smp Di Kabupaten Jember Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Berstandar Pisa, Dian Kurniati, Romi Harimukti, Nur Asiyah Jamil
Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi (Higher Order Thinking Skills/HOTS) siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal PISA berdasarkan indikator yang telah disusun. Kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi dalam penelitian ini meliputi kemampuan logika dan penalaran, analisis, evaluasi, serta kreasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data meliputi metode dokumentasi, tes, dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian dari 30 siswa yang tersebar di beberapa SMP di Kabupaten Jember didapatkan bahwa 18 siswa mampu melakukan kemampuan logika dan penalaran, analisis, evaluasi, serta kreasi dengan baik dalam menyelesaikan beberapa soal, sehingga tergolong memiliki kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi dengan level …
The Assistant Principal Position As Preparation For The Principalship, Abigail M. May
The Assistant Principal Position As Preparation For The Principalship, Abigail M. May
Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership Dissertations
The purposes of this study were to determine if the position of the assistant principal is an effective pathway to the principalship and to examine the links between actual and ideal responsibilities of the assistant principal and principal positions, and the accountability measures of preparation for the principalship. This research study was conducted using a qualitative case study with a phenomenological touch. The particular phenomena studied in this research is the assistant principal role as preparation for the principalship within a large metropolitan school district in the southeast. By nature, case studies involve a small target population.
The study analyzed …
Elementary Principal Perceptions Of The Tennessee Educator Acceleration Model, Jason W. Vance
Elementary Principal Perceptions Of The Tennessee Educator Acceleration Model, Jason W. Vance
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Tennessee Educator Acceleration Model (TEAM) had been in a state of reform since being awarded the Race to the Top Grant. Few teachers admit that an evaluation influenced them significantly; additionally, few administrators agreed that when they evaluated a teacher, it did not significantly affect the teacher or students. The purpose of this qualitative study was to determine the perceptions of building‑level principals regarding the effectiveness (i.e., increased teacher participation and quality) and efficiency (i.e., produces the required results) of the TEAM in regard to teacher evaluations. Four elementary school principals from East Tennessee participated in the study. The …
Three Empirical Investigations Into The Logic Of Evaluation And Valuing Practices, Satoshi Ozeki
Three Empirical Investigations Into The Logic Of Evaluation And Valuing Practices, Satoshi Ozeki
Dissertations
This three-paper dissertation investigates the logic of evaluation proposed by Michael Scriven using two different methods of inquiry: content analysis and a survey method. Scriven’s logic of evaluation is one of the central concepts in evaluation, but has not been empirically investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this three-paper dissertation is to accumulate empirical knowledge on Scriven’s logic of evaluation to investigate the extent to which evaluators follow his logic and their perceptions of and familiarity with his logic. Furthermore, this dissertation aims to explore valuing practices in terms of Scriven’s logic of evaluation. Scriven’s logic of evaluation is important because …
A Formative Evaluation Of A Program Providing Support To College Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Kourtney Kay Bakalyar
A Formative Evaluation Of A Program Providing Support To College Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Kourtney Kay Bakalyar
Dissertations
Young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are attending institutions of higher education more than ever before (Smith, 2007). All college students with disabilities have the right to accommodations under the American with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA; P.L. 110-325); however, these accommodations frequently do not address barriers that prevent students with ASD from successfully completing their academic programs. The Autism Services Center at a public, four-year university provides services to its college students with ASD to address difficulties with communication and social skills, unique emotional and behavior characteristics, insufficient executive function, and difficulties with independent living skills. …
Evaluating Language-Learning Mobile Apps For Second-Language Learners, Xiaojun Chen
Evaluating Language-Learning Mobile Apps For Second-Language Learners, Xiaojun Chen
Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)
As mobile technologies become more affordable and more advanced in function, researchers suggest that using mobile apps to assist English language learning are appropriate. This three-step evaluation study (designing a theory-driven rubric, selecting apps, and evaluating the apps) aims to investigate and evaluate the affordances of English language learning mobile apps for adult learners. The results of this evaluation study contribute to the literature of mobile learning targeting adult learners, and also broaden the knowledge body of integrating mobile learning into English Language Learning (ELL) classes.
The Relationship Between Instructional Strategies And Teacher Evaluation In Michigan Public Schools, Stephen D. Laatsch
The Relationship Between Instructional Strategies And Teacher Evaluation In Michigan Public Schools, Stephen D. Laatsch
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine whether teachers altered instructional strategies based on their local school district’s teacher evaluation framework. Further, if changes were made to their use of instructional strategies, specific factors that influenced the changes were explored. This information is important because school districts across Michigan spend time, energy, and money for new teacher evaluation frameworks. Thus, it is essential to know if these frameworks change the use of instructional strategies in the classroom.
Teachers in 10 southeastern Michigan public school districts were surveyed to determine use of research-based instructional strategies before and after the …
Online Mathematics Homework Increases Student Achievement, Jeremy Roschelle, Mingyu Feng, Robert F. Murphy, Craig A. Mason
Online Mathematics Homework Increases Student Achievement, Jeremy Roschelle, Mingyu Feng, Robert F. Murphy, Craig A. Mason
STEM Faculty Scholarship
In a randomized field trial with 2,850 seventh-grade mathematics students, we evaluated whether an educational technology intervention increased mathematics learning. Assigning homework is common yet sometimes controversial. Building on prior research on formative assessment and adaptive teaching, we predicted that combining an online homework tool with teacher training could increase learning. The online tool ASSISTments (a) provides timely feedback and hints to students as they do homework and (b) gives teachers timely, organized information about students’ work. To test this prediction, we analyzed data from 43 schools that participated in a random assignment experiment in Maine, a state that provides …
Gatton Academy Study Abroad Program Effects On Perceptions Of Community Belongingness And Personal Growth And Development, Derick Brandon Strode
Gatton Academy Study Abroad Program Effects On Perceptions Of Community Belongingness And Personal Growth And Development, Derick Brandon Strode
Dissertations
This dissertation’s focus is at the intersection of study abroad, impact assessment, and a population of gifted and talented students at a specialized, residential high school called The Gatton Academy. A summative impact evaluation was conducted to assess effects of Gatton Academy study abroad programs on student participants’ perceptions of peer belongingness, mentor belongingness, and personal growth and development, as well as to compare differences among three different program models being employed by the school. The three program models studied included a Non-Credit program, a Faculty-led Field-Study, and a Faculty-led Traditional program. The research was conducted amidst documented calls for …
Investing In Teachers, Adeola Capel, Hilary Hollingsworth, Elizabeth Kleinhenz, Alison Lonsdale, Yung Nietschke, Rachel Parker, Kate Reid, Jeaniene Spink, Mollie Tobin, Mary Fearnley-Sander, Jacinta Overs
Investing In Teachers, Adeola Capel, Hilary Hollingsworth, Elizabeth Kleinhenz, Alison Lonsdale, Yung Nietschke, Rachel Parker, Kate Reid, Jeaniene Spink, Mollie Tobin, Mary Fearnley-Sander, Jacinta Overs
Dr Kate Reid
This evaluation compares evidence from the literature with Australia’s experience in supporting teacher development in a range of developing countries. It uses case studies to good effect in explaining choices made, the extent to which expectations were or were not met, and the lessons for future Australian assistance for teacher development. The evaluation found mixed results. In cooperation with governments and other donors, Australia has made positive contributions, such as improving teacher frameworks and curriculums, and training teachers through a range of interventions. However, there is room to improve—for example, in enhancing policy, strengthening analysis and negotiating new investments—so teacher …
Investing In Teachers, Adeola Capel, Hilary Hollingsworth, Elizabeth Kleinhenz, Alison Lonsdale, Yung Nietschke, Rachel Parker, Kate Reid, Jeaniene Spink, Mollie Tobin, Mary Fearnley-Sander, Jacinta Overs
Investing In Teachers, Adeola Capel, Hilary Hollingsworth, Elizabeth Kleinhenz, Alison Lonsdale, Yung Nietschke, Rachel Parker, Kate Reid, Jeaniene Spink, Mollie Tobin, Mary Fearnley-Sander, Jacinta Overs
Dr Hilary Hollingsworth
This evaluation compares evidence from the literature with Australia’s experience in supporting teacher development in a range of developing countries. It uses case studies to good effect in explaining choices made, the extent to which expectations were or were not met, and the lessons for future Australian assistance for teacher development. The evaluation found mixed results. In cooperation with governments and other donors, Australia has made positive contributions, such as improving teacher frameworks and curriculums, and training teachers through a range of interventions. However, there is room to improve—for example, in enhancing policy, strengthening analysis and negotiating new investments—so teacher …
Best Practices In Addressing Autism Spectrum Disorder Reevaluation In Preschool Children, Lyndi Ann Janny
Best Practices In Addressing Autism Spectrum Disorder Reevaluation In Preschool Children, Lyndi Ann Janny
Graduate Education Student Scholarship
This threefold study uses a criterion-based analysis research approach to explore the best practices in addressing the need for reevaluations for preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The study focuses on differentiating the characteristics of preschool children with and without ASD, recognizing indicators of ASD that warrant re-evaluation, and exploring protocols for when the need of a reevaluation is suspected. Data was collected through a literature review and analyzed using a criterion-based analysis grid. Upon completion of the criterion-based analysis an underlying theme, was discovered, namely, that, within the four domains of early childhood, maturation can impact an ASD …
A Functional Analysis Of Leader Behavior In A Behavioral Health Setting, Jason White
A Functional Analysis Of Leader Behavior In A Behavioral Health Setting, Jason White
All Theses And Dissertations
A requirement for Maine behavioral health organizations to provide all employees with evaluations lacks guidelines on how to evaluate leader behavior; best practices are to provide a multifaceted evaluation process that includes direct observation. A single-case research design and continuous partial interval recording procedures were conducted on a male behavioral health clinician leading clinical supervision in which the dependent variable was the clinician’s delivery of positive reinforcement and the independent variable was the provider’s increased discussion of case shares. The basic findings showed that leader behavior changed as follower behavior changed to manage the group and meet group goals. The …
Teaching Tolkien: Language, Scholarship, And Creativity, Adam Kotlarczyk
Teaching Tolkien: Language, Scholarship, And Creativity, Adam Kotlarczyk
Adam Kotlarczyk
Why Tolkien? Let us start with the obvious—if cynical—question, almost certain to come from a skeptical administrator or colleague: why would any serious, self-respecting English teacher want to teach an author whose work is about dragons, fairies, and the fantastic? With all the increased attention to standardized testing and with the demand for rigor in read- ings in the average English curriculum, choosing a popular text might raise eyebrows among critics. The question that an English teacher may be asked (or indeed, may ask him- or herself) is: doesn't teaching Tolkien as "serious" literature just fan those flames?
Teaching Tolkien: Language, Scholarship, And Creativity, Adam Kotlarczyk
Teaching Tolkien: Language, Scholarship, And Creativity, Adam Kotlarczyk
Adam Kotlarczyk
Why Tolkien? Let us start with the obvious—if cynical—question, almost certain to come from a skeptical administrator or colleague: why would any serious, self-respecting English teacher want to teach an author whose work is about dragons, fairies, and the fantastic? With all the increased attention to standardized testing and with the demand for rigor in read- ings in the average English curriculum, choosing a popular text might raise eyebrows among critics. The question that an English teacher may be asked (or indeed, may ask him- or herself) is: doesn't teaching Tolkien as "serious" literature just fan those flames?
Teaching Tolkien: Language, Scholarship, And Creativity, Adam Kotlarczyk
Teaching Tolkien: Language, Scholarship, And Creativity, Adam Kotlarczyk
Adam Kotlarczyk
Why Tolkien? Let us start with the obvious—if cynical—question, almost certain to come from a skeptical administrator or colleague: why would any serious, self-respecting English teacher want to teach an author whose work is about dragons, fairies, and the fantastic? With all the increased attention to standardized testing and with the demand for rigor in read- ings in the average English curriculum, choosing a popular text might raise eyebrows among critics. The question that an English teacher may be asked (or indeed, may ask him- or herself) is: doesn't teaching Tolkien as "serious" literature just fan those flames?
Finding The Right Fit: University Course Selection And Completion, Daniel Edwards
Finding The Right Fit: University Course Selection And Completion, Daniel Edwards
Dr Daniel Edwards
As higher education enrolments continue to climb, the proportion of students failing to graduate remains high among some cohorts, according to analysis by Daniel Edwards.
A Metaevaluation Of The Commission On Fire Accreditation International Accreditation Process, Stacy A. French
A Metaevaluation Of The Commission On Fire Accreditation International Accreditation Process, Stacy A. French
Dissertations
Fire and emergency services throughout the country are being required by local governmental authorities to provide efficient and effective services. In 1996, the International City-County Management Association (ICMA) and the International Association of Fire Chief (IAFC) executed a master trust agreement that established the Commission on Fire Accreditation International (CFAI) to award accreditation to those fire and emergency services that demonstrated efficiency and effectiveness in the services provided. As of this study, no documented research had been published that challenged the current CFAI Accreditation process to ensure the highest level of accountability and usefulness for both the public and fire …
The Effects Of Consistent Observation And Feedback On Teacher Practice And Motivation To Refine Instruction, Scott I. Nasatir
The Effects Of Consistent Observation And Feedback On Teacher Practice And Motivation To Refine Instruction, Scott I. Nasatir
Dissertations
This evaluation of a pilot program investigates the effects consistent observation and feedback had on teacher practice and motivation to refine instruction. An observation-feedback loop was initiated at a high school in a large Midwestern urban school district where teachers received bi-weekly observations and were provided with instantaneous feedback. Current research has shown that teacher evaluation, if utilized appropriately and with fidelity, can be a strong lever to improve instructional practices. While the advantages are vast, few schools and districts alike are also enacting measures to roll out a companion model that has “coaching” attributes embedded to support educators entrenched …
Performance Appraisals For Special Education Teachers: Examining The Need For Separation And Alignment, Iyuna K. Harris
Performance Appraisals For Special Education Teachers: Examining The Need For Separation And Alignment, Iyuna K. Harris
Ed.D. Dissertations
This study explored the current practices used to evaluate special education teachers in the Midwest in order to examine the need for separation and alignment as it relates to performance appraisals. There is limited research available regarding special education teacher evaluation. The research that has been accomplished shows that the roles and responsibilities between special education and general education teachers are different and therefore there exists a need to have different evaluation criteria. In order to accomplish the exploration of the current practices used to evaluate special education teachers, the researcher examined the current evaluation process, evaluation tools, and job …
Yearlong Student Teaching: Boom Or Bust?, Patricia C. Kornelis, Joshua E. Bowar
Yearlong Student Teaching: Boom Or Bust?, Patricia C. Kornelis, Joshua E. Bowar
Faculty Work Comprehensive List
The Iowa Department of Education awarded Dordt College and a second institution of higher learning a grant to implement a yearlong student teaching pilot program. This presentation describes the implementation of the program and examines the benefits and challenges that resulted from it.
Motivation, Mindset, And Grading Systems, Russell J. Vander Molen
Motivation, Mindset, And Grading Systems, Russell J. Vander Molen
Master of Education Program Theses
This action research study examines whether students in a standards-based grading environment are more intrinsically motivated than students in traditional grading environment. Additionally, it examines whether students in a standards-based grading environment exhibit more of a fixed or growth mindset compared to students in a traditional grading environment. The participants were 72 sixth grade students in a standards-based grading classroom environment, and 32 students in a traditional grading-based classroom environment. A survey with statements reflecting students’ intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, fixed mindset, and growth mindset was administered to both groups of students. The survey results suggest that the grading environment, …
Conducting A Department Or Program Self-Study And External Review, Samuel Cotton, Thomas Weidner
Conducting A Department Or Program Self-Study And External Review, Samuel Cotton, Thomas Weidner
Academic Chairpersons Conference Proceedings
This presentation is to help those preparing to program or department self-studies and related external reviews. It will explore a variety of options and scenarios that are common across institutions relative to this process.
Snapshot Of Student Wellbeing, Petra Lietz
Snapshot Of Student Wellbeing, Petra Lietz
Dr Petra Lietz
A new study has found that most Australian children report high levels of wellbeing, but wellbeing varies by background, especially for a quarter of children who identify as marginalised. Petra Lietz examines the findings.
How Do Instructional Designers Evaluate? A Qualitative Study Of Evaluation In Practice, David Williams, Joseph South, Stephen Yanchar, Brent Wilson, Stephanie Allen
How Do Instructional Designers Evaluate? A Qualitative Study Of Evaluation In Practice, David Williams, Joseph South, Stephen Yanchar, Brent Wilson, Stephanie Allen
Brent Wilson
This study employed a qualitative research design to investigate how instructional designers use evaluation in everyday design practice. While past research has examined how designers spend their time, how they generally make decisions, and expertnovice differences, little attention has been paid to use of context, input, process, or product evaluation, from the perspective of practicing designers. Based on interviews of practitioners, our findings included ten themes regarding how designers use evaluation to improve their products. While these results substantiate to some degree the claim that practitioners believe clients will not pay for formal evaluations, they also suggest that practitioners use …
The Unified Outcomes Project: Evaluation Capacity Building, Communities Of Practice, And Evaluation Coaching, Jay Wade, Leanne Kallemeyn, David C. Ensminger, Molly Baltman, Tania Rempert
The Unified Outcomes Project: Evaluation Capacity Building, Communities Of Practice, And Evaluation Coaching, Jay Wade, Leanne Kallemeyn, David C. Ensminger, Molly Baltman, Tania Rempert
Education: School of Education Faculty Publications and Other Works
No abstract provided.
Information And Communication Technology (Ict) Literacy: Refining A Construct For Assessment, Louis Michael Verdusco
Information And Communication Technology (Ict) Literacy: Refining A Construct For Assessment, Louis Michael Verdusco
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
This research effort conceptualized, developed, implemented, and examined the psychometric properties of an Information & Communication Technology (ICT) literacy assessment instrument designed for students entering college. This process began with the development of a working definition of the ICT literacy based on the literature and the input of a panel of experts regarding the proposed literacy sub-constructs and the individual test items. A pilot test was conducted to identify areas for improvement. Once these improvements were incorporated, the final assessment instrument was administered to the freshmen class at a private Midwestern comprehensive university with religious affiliation.
The psychometric aspects of …
Use Of Youth Program Quality Assessment (Ypqa) As A Method Of Process Evaluation: Maximizing Limited Resources Of Nonprofit Organizations, Young Im
Master's Theses
Past literature shows the progression of different phases of evaluation practice in nonprofit organizations. Pressure of outcome or impact evaluation started the beginning of the 21st century. The attempt to manage the weight of conducting outcome evaluation has raised many complications, inhibiting the nonprofit organization’s ability to learn and understand the proper role of evaluation and what it can provide to assist in improving programs. It, therefore, has led to a gap in which nonprofits miss what happens during implementation, a crucial part of process evaluation. Among nonprofit organizations in the areas of youth development and after-school programs, various types …
The Authentic Voice Of Gifted And Talented Black Males Regarding Their Motivation To Engage In Stem (Science, Technology, Engineering And Mathematics), Adrienne Coleman
The Authentic Voice Of Gifted And Talented Black Males Regarding Their Motivation To Engage In Stem (Science, Technology, Engineering And Mathematics), Adrienne Coleman
Publications & Research
This study explored the factors motivating gifted and talented Black males to engage in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). The specific problem addressed was the lack of motivation among Black males to engage in STEM education and STEM careers. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors motivating Black males engaged in STEM in an effort to inform administrators, educators, and programs seeking to increase Black males in STEM. Qualitative methodology was used to conduct focus groups with 20 gifted and talented Black males who currently attend the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy (IMSA), as well as …
School Counseling, Brandie M. Oliver, Nick R. Abel
School Counseling, Brandie M. Oliver, Nick R. Abel
Scholarship and Professional Work – Education
This timely text describes the role of program evaluation in counselor education and provides step-by-step guidance for faculty seeking to develop comprehensive Student Learning Outcome (SLO) evaluation plans to meet accountability expectations. It serves as a blueprint for demystifying the SLO process and making the switch from an input-based measure of productivity that focuses on what counseling programs do, to an outcome-based approach that concentrates on the quality of learning through evidence-based assessment of students' knowledge and skills. The first and second parts of the book lay the foundation for the SLO process and provide practical guidance for identifying and …