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Full-Text Articles in Education

From Student To Teacher: Renegotiating Professional Identities, Zachary Milford, Anne Corey Reed Jan 2024

From Student To Teacher: Renegotiating Professional Identities, Zachary Milford, Anne Corey Reed

Educational Considerations

This case-study examines how first-year educators renegotiated their teacher identities as they transitioned from pre-service teachers (PSTs) to professionals. Both participants graduated from the same Teacher Education Program (TEP) and conducted their student internship in the same school as their first year of teaching. The results of this study have unique implications on first-year teachers working in the location of their student internships, as they reported isolation, internalized infantilization, and inconsistent identities. The author argues for TEPs to intentionally prepare PSTs for navigating this transition, and challenge preconceived notions of the benefits of student teaching and working in the same …


Influential Experiences: Practices Of Teaching And Learning Successes To Increase Pre-Service Teachers’ Self-Efficacy, Amanda L. Steiner, Jennifer Lemke Dec 2023

Influential Experiences: Practices Of Teaching And Learning Successes To Increase Pre-Service Teachers’ Self-Efficacy, Amanda L. Steiner, Jennifer Lemke

Journal of Curriculum, Teaching, Learning and Leadership in Education

Teaching is a complex yet rewarding career; still, 40% - 50% of teachers leave the field within the first five years of their career (Ingersoll & Strong, 2011). Teacher preparation programs are often criticized for the lack of connection between theory and practice. Pre-service teachers who have more pedagogical courses and field experiences built into their coursework display higher levels of self-efficacy in their first year of teaching (Boyd et al., 2009; Clark, 2016). Through the lens of Bandura’s four sources of self-efficacy, this case study examines what experiences are most influential in developing pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy.


Using Cooperative Learning To Teach Mathematics To Help Promising Ell And All Students Develop Social Skills: A Case Study, Dr Joseph M. Furner Dec 2022

Using Cooperative Learning To Teach Mathematics To Help Promising Ell And All Students Develop Social Skills: A Case Study, Dr Joseph M. Furner

Transformations

This paper shares the story of Jung and how a gifted young student in mathematics learns social skills and shares knowledge and also helps to improve his own learning of the English language while sharing his understanding of mathematics with others. Students working together in math classrooms all benefit in many ways including language acquisition, problem solving, math achievement, social skills, cultural differences, and a shared sense of community in a classroom, when all working together for a goal in learning mathematics while also learning social skills so to fit in better within society. Cooperative learning plays a critical role …


Three Mini-Ethnographic Case Studies On Covid: Impacts On Greek Agricultural Sectors, Kim E. Dooley, Evangelos Vergos, Kyriaki Zinoviadou, Konstantinos Rotsios Jan 2022

Three Mini-Ethnographic Case Studies On Covid: Impacts On Greek Agricultural Sectors, Kim E. Dooley, Evangelos Vergos, Kyriaki Zinoviadou, Konstantinos Rotsios

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

COVID was politically polarizing, had global and public health impacts, and created havoc in supply chains. Social dilemmas caused by the pandemic were difficult, but also created opportunities to be resilient and innovative in agricultural extension education. This mini-ethnographic case study examined three Greek agricultural sectors from the perspectives of experts in extension and higher education. Data included semi-structured interviews, review of technical reports, and photographs in developing each case study. From the cross-case analysis, there were four emerging themes: environmental, economic, and social impacts and the innovative solutions used to address these concerns. What we have learned, and where …


Franchisepreneurship, A 10 Year Case Study, Peggy L. Lane, Michael R. Lane, J. Logan Jones Oct 2021

Franchisepreneurship, A 10 Year Case Study, Peggy L. Lane, Michael R. Lane, J. Logan Jones

Journal of Business & Entrepreneurship

An entrepreneurial philanthropist who wanted to help students “get on the field” of owning and operating their own businesses provided funding to name a school of business in the Midwest. He focused on the concept of working with a franchisor to help locate opportunities to get young “franchisepreneurs” started. The University would train the students on how to operate a small business, and the franchisor would help the university locate an underperforming franchise and sell the franchise to a student at a relatively low price. To qualify, a student would have to win a “franchise” competition hosted by the university. …


Developing The Sociolinguistic Competence Of Future English Teachers Through The Use Of Case Studies, Dilafruz Sarimsakova Mar 2021

Developing The Sociolinguistic Competence Of Future English Teachers Through The Use Of Case Studies, Dilafruz Sarimsakova

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

In the context of an intercultural approach in teaching foreign languages, communicative competence is viewed as a complex polymorphic concept that integrates a number of competencies. Sociolinguistic competence (SLC) is one of the most important components for future English teachers. Sociolinguistic competence is the ability of communicating effectively with others at the level of his/her development, aware of non-traditional factors such as the culture, lifestyle, general norms, history and other social situations of the representatives of the language with which he/she communicates, plays a role in ensuring successful communication. The article is devoted to developing the sociolinguistic competence of future …


Bringing Classroom And Outside World Together: Mobile Instant Messaging Via Whatsapp© For Extracurricular Writing, Şakire Erbay Çetinkaya Dec 2020

Bringing Classroom And Outside World Together: Mobile Instant Messaging Via Whatsapp© For Extracurricular Writing, Şakire Erbay Çetinkaya

The Qualitative Report

Mobile phones have a rapidly growing language teaching and learning potential due to various technologies and applications including instant messaging. However, the related literature mostly documents studies aiming at investigating their role for teaching vocabulary, pronunciation, and content, and thus there are calls to focus on other skills, including writing. Responding to these calls to solve the problem of research scarcity on other skills, I opted for a qualitative research design to investigate the pedagogical potential of WhatsApp©, perceive my students’ experiences, and evaluate the process with all strengths and weaknesses. I attempted to make contributions to the existing knowledge …


A Case Study On Professional Development: Improving Stem Teaching In K-12 Education, Roshani Rajbanshi, Susan Brown, Gaspard Mucundanyi, Mehmet Ali Ozer, Nicole Delgardo Dec 2020

A Case Study On Professional Development: Improving Stem Teaching In K-12 Education, Roshani Rajbanshi, Susan Brown, Gaspard Mucundanyi, Mehmet Ali Ozer, Nicole Delgardo

The Qualitative Report

STEM Outreach Center is a non-profit educational center in southern New Mexico that supports K-12 STEM teachers and students by providing professional development, after school programs, summer camps, and field visits. This center has been organizing the Summer Institute Professional Development (SIPD) for more than ten years. The purpose of this research is to understand the effect of SIPD on teachers’ pedagogy to excite and engage students in STEM learning. This study contributes to the program evaluation by analyzing the experiences of teachers who participated in SIPD. This qualitative study uses the open-ended questionnaire as a method of data collection. …


Year 7 Students’ Interpretation Of Letters And Symbols In Solving Routine Algebraic Problems, Madihah Khalid Dr., Faeizah Yakop Dr., Hasniza Ibrahim Nov 2020

Year 7 Students’ Interpretation Of Letters And Symbols In Solving Routine Algebraic Problems, Madihah Khalid Dr., Faeizah Yakop Dr., Hasniza Ibrahim

The Qualitative Report

In this study wefocused on one of the recurring issues in the learning of mathematics, which is students’ errors and misconceptions in learning algebra. We investigated Year 7 students on how they manipulate and interpret letters in solving routine algebraic problems to understand their thinking process. This is a case study of qualitative nature, focusing on one pencil and paper test, observation, and in-depth interviews of students in one particular school in Brunei Darussalam. The themes that emerged from interviews based on the test showed students’ interpretation of letters categorized as “combining” - which involved the combining of numbers during …


Teacher And Problem In Student With Adhd In Indonesia : A Case Study, Iriani Indri Hapsari, Aulia Iskandarsyah, Poeti Joefiani, Juke R Siregar Nov 2020

Teacher And Problem In Student With Adhd In Indonesia : A Case Study, Iriani Indri Hapsari, Aulia Iskandarsyah, Poeti Joefiani, Juke R Siregar

The Qualitative Report

Students with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) often experience academic and social problems at school because of their behavior problems. The teacher becomes one of the main figures who can help students with ADHD in the school. However, research about problem in students with ADHD from teachers’ perspective has limited empirical evidence in Indonesia. In the study, we explored the perception and experiences of teacher towards problem in students with ADHD and how teachers handle the problem in school. We conducted case study using semi-structured interview with purposive sampling technique for 38 elementary school teachers in Indonesia. We found that …


Insights From Academics Teaching International Students In Australia, Dawn Joseph Dr, Kay Hartwig Dr Nov 2020

Insights From Academics Teaching International Students In Australia, Dawn Joseph Dr, Kay Hartwig Dr

The Qualitative Report

Australia continues to be an attractive destination in the world for international students. For higher education institutions to remain globally competitive there is a need to deliver high quality teaching and learning programs and adequate support structures. This paper forms part of a wider study on improving work placement for international students, their mentors and other stakeholders at Deakin University (Australia) and adds to the body of knowledge on international students as seen through the eyes of academic staff. It explores the lived experiences of seven academics as they navigate what is required of them when teaching international students in …


Integrating Articles Into Teaching English To Young Learners Ii Course In Elt Department, Ayşegül Takkaç Tulgar Sep 2020

Integrating Articles Into Teaching English To Young Learners Ii Course In Elt Department, Ayşegül Takkaç Tulgar

The Qualitative Report

While relevant literature presents us different studies examining teaching English to young learners from an application and practice perspective, its theoretical side, i.e., how to instruct pre-service teachers in foreign language departments to teach the language to young learner profiles is still an area needing investigation. Conducted in English Language Teaching department at a state university in Turkey, this case study was purposed to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating articles into TEYL II course. The participants were 36 students taking TEYL II course in the third grade. The data of this case study were collected through open-ended questions and classroom …


“Ripssl”: A New Reflective Inquiry Protocol To Lift The Lid On Students’ Significant Extra-Curricular Learning Outcomes From Study Abroad, Andrea Reid, Christine Slade, Susan L. Rowland Jul 2020

“Ripssl”: A New Reflective Inquiry Protocol To Lift The Lid On Students’ Significant Extra-Curricular Learning Outcomes From Study Abroad, Andrea Reid, Christine Slade, Susan L. Rowland

The Qualitative Report

Education abroad generally has no overarching curriculum outside the formal study component. This paper presents the Reflective Inquiry Protocol for Surfacing Significant Learning (RIPSSL), a new approach for understanding and articulating significant learning from education abroad. Tests of RIPSSL show education abroad students use it to move beyond “it was great” when considering learning from their experiences. Our findings are important for educators and students as they work to recognize and articulate the value of education abroad. RIPSSL provides a reflective educational approach to evidence learning from life experiences by surfacing students’ significant learning in their own words.


“Compassionate Dictatorship”: Leading Old Singers In Community Choirs In Australia, Dawn Joseph Dr, Jane Southcott Dr Jun 2020

“Compassionate Dictatorship”: Leading Old Singers In Community Choirs In Australia, Dawn Joseph Dr, Jane Southcott Dr

The Qualitative Report

In Australia, the ageing population generate challenges, pressures and opportunities for both governmental and community organisations. Involvement in community choirs offers older people diverse benefits that increase with ongoing participation. The music directors/conductors (MD/C) of community choirs are pivotal in the success of ensembles. This paper forms part of our wider study into Well-being and ageing: community, diversity and the arts in Victoria, Australia and addresses the questions, how do music directors/conductors (MD/C) of community choirs understand working with older people? And, how do older choir members understand the role of their MD/C? We interviewed two MD/Cs and thematically analysed …


Examining Factors Facilitating Career-Changing Teachers’ Adaptation To Change And The Challenges They Encounter, Abdullah Çeti̇n, Fatma Sadik May 2020

Examining Factors Facilitating Career-Changing Teachers’ Adaptation To Change And The Challenges They Encounter, Abdullah Çeti̇n, Fatma Sadik

The Qualitative Report

The present case study was designed to examine factors that facilitate the adaptation process of science teachers who were appointed or transferred to state schools, the challenges they encountered, and how they coped with these challenges. It was carried out with the participation of six science teachers (three males, three females) working at state middle schools in Turkey. The data were gathered through interviews with the teachers and analyzed through content analysis using the NVivo program. The research results reveal that the prominent factors that facilitate teachers’ adaptation to school environments are their professional love, interest in students, effective communication, …


Postgraduate Students' Expectations Of Their Lecturers, Şenol Orakcı Jan 2020

Postgraduate Students' Expectations Of Their Lecturers, Şenol Orakcı

The Qualitative Report

The main purpose of this study, which was realized in the qualitative research design, is to determine postgraduate student expectations of their lecturers. The study group is composed of master and doctoral students from different universities enrolled in Educational Sciences Institute that “seeks to prepare candidates as highly qualified education professionals capable of functioning in the current and dynamic field of education.” A case study design was employed in this study. The data of the study were collected by a semi-structured interview form consisting of five open-ended questions. “Content analysis method” was used in the analysis phase of data. Five …


This Is My Neighborhood: An Exploration Of Culturally Relevant Agency To Support High School Latinx Students In An Urban Career Academy, Edward C. Fletcher Jr., Victor M. Hernandez-Gantes, Chrystal Smith Dec 2019

This Is My Neighborhood: An Exploration Of Culturally Relevant Agency To Support High School Latinx Students In An Urban Career Academy, Edward C. Fletcher Jr., Victor M. Hernandez-Gantes, Chrystal Smith

The Qualitative Report

The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives and strategies internal and external stakeholders used to support students in a career academy serving a predominately Latinx community. Within this case study, the principal of the school was Latinx, grew up within the same community as the school, and therefore shared the same culture as his students. Thus, we wondered how effective the principal would be in overcoming the cultural, political, and social barriers of students in the predominately Latinx school. We found the school leaders had a heightened awareness of organizational, cultural, and political complexities because of their …


Serving The Less-Commonly-Trained Teacher: Perspectives From Arabic Instructors, Dustin De Felice, Amanda Lanier, Paula Winke Sep 2019

Serving The Less-Commonly-Trained Teacher: Perspectives From Arabic Instructors, Dustin De Felice, Amanda Lanier, Paula Winke

The Qualitative Report

As proficient speakers of less-commonly-taught languages seek to meet the demand for qualified instructors, they face a range of personal and professional challenges. In an effort to understand the perspectives of these instructors and their particular educational experiences and needs, we conducted a phenomenological case study of two aspiring Arabic teachers. Specifically, we sought insights into their lived experiences, their motivations for pursuing a graduate degree, their attempts to connect coursework with pedagogical practices, and their needs in terms of professional development. Our findings illuminate the intersecting objectives these instructors must achieve. They need to position themselves as qualified candidates …


“They Can Speak English, But They Don’T Want To Use It.” Teaching Contents Through English In A Bilingual School And Policy Recommendations, Amirul Mukminin, Siti Rahma Sari, Eddy Haryanto, Akhmad Habibi, Marzul Hidayat, Lenny Marzulina, Nurulanningsih Nurulanningsih, Ikhsan Ikhsan Jun 2019

“They Can Speak English, But They Don’T Want To Use It.” Teaching Contents Through English In A Bilingual School And Policy Recommendations, Amirul Mukminin, Siti Rahma Sari, Eddy Haryanto, Akhmad Habibi, Marzul Hidayat, Lenny Marzulina, Nurulanningsih Nurulanningsih, Ikhsan Ikhsan

The Qualitative Report

The growing need for English as a key to global communication, relations, and information, is noticeable in schools around the world. In response to these imperatives of global competitiveness, one of the private bilingual schools in Indonesia has adopted English as a medium of instruction (EMI). The aim of this study was to explore the implementation of English as a language of instruction in a bilingual school in teaching contents in one private bilingual school in Jambi City, Indonesia. The data were collected through demographic profiles, documents, and semi-structured in-depth interviews. The documents were used to find out the comprehensive …


Using What Students Have At Their Fingertips: Utilising Mobile Phones For Circular Writing, Mustafa Naci Kayaoğlu, Şakire Erbay Çetinkaya Dec 2018

Using What Students Have At Their Fingertips: Utilising Mobile Phones For Circular Writing, Mustafa Naci Kayaoğlu, Şakire Erbay Çetinkaya

The Qualitative Report

The integration of mobile phones into language teaching is at its infancy due to lack of uniform empirical support and limited studies focusing solely on vocabulary and pronunciation teaching. Arguing that writing should be merited further attention, we targeted a group of 26 English majoring students at a large-size public university in the northeast of Turkey to investigate their attitudes towards mobile phone-integrated language practice in the form of collaborative circular writing outside the school borders and collaborative whole class conferencing in the classroom with a seven-week case study. We gathered the qualitative data via an open-ended questionnaire, and a …


Investigating Efl Classroom Management In Pesantren: A Case Study, Akhmad Habibi, Amirul Mukminin, Johni Najwan, Septu Haswindy, Lenny Marzulina, Muhammad Sirozi, Kasinyo Harto, Muhammad Sofwan Sep 2018

Investigating Efl Classroom Management In Pesantren: A Case Study, Akhmad Habibi, Amirul Mukminin, Johni Najwan, Septu Haswindy, Lenny Marzulina, Muhammad Sirozi, Kasinyo Harto, Muhammad Sofwan

The Qualitative Report

Classroom management (CM) is one of the most important issues in education and this research was aimed at understanding the classroom management problems and the coping strategies of Indonesian Islamic Boarding schools’ [hereinafter-termed pesantren] with the uniqueness of their system from the perspectives of the English teachers. Specifically, the purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom management (CM) problems and the coping strategies of Indonesian Islamic boarding schools’ teachers. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and observation with eight English teachers working in the three pesantren. …


Parents’ Involvement In Their Children’S Education: The Value Of Parental Perceptions In Public Education, John Duman, Hasan Aydin, Burhan Ozfidan Aug 2018

Parents’ Involvement In Their Children’S Education: The Value Of Parental Perceptions In Public Education, John Duman, Hasan Aydin, Burhan Ozfidan

The Qualitative Report

The purpose of this study was to gather data from public school parents that would contribute to the understanding of parental involvement with school choice for their children and of parental involvement with educational organizations. We employed a case study approach as the methodological basis for eliciting 22 multi-racial parents perceptions’ about school climate and their child’s school choice. Our comprehensive in-depth semi-structured interviews, field notes, observations, and documents data collection process incorporated feedback from potential respondents from the outset of the design process to enhance data quality. Verbatim transcripts and documents were analyzed using a content and thematic analysis …


Building Community In An Online Graduate Program: Exploring The Role Of An In-Person Orientation, Sharla Berry Jul 2018

Building Community In An Online Graduate Program: Exploring The Role Of An In-Person Orientation, Sharla Berry

The Qualitative Report

Orientations help students transition into academic programs. At orientation, students learn how to navigate the university, and access support services, and build rapport with faculty, staff and other students. Few studies have explored the role of orientation in online programs. This qualitative case study explores the ways in which a three-day, in-person orientation impacted students’ sense of community in one online graduate program. Findings indicate that providing online students with unstructured, in-person opportunities for interaction helped them develop a sense of community.


Teachers’ Perspectives Regarding The Impacts Of The Secondary Education Expansion Policy On Students’ Self-Regulatory Learning Experiences In Tanzania, Godlove Lawrent Apr 2018

Teachers’ Perspectives Regarding The Impacts Of The Secondary Education Expansion Policy On Students’ Self-Regulatory Learning Experiences In Tanzania, Godlove Lawrent

The Qualitative Report

Since 2004, the Tanzania secondary education sector has witnessed a significant increase in the number of new schools and enrolment rates. At the same time, academic results have indicated an increase in poor student performance. The assumption has been that the expansion policy brought about devastating consequences for student learning. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate the perceptions of teachers in relation to the impacts of the government’s secondary education expansion policy on students, especially their self-regulatory learning. A qualitative case study approach was employed, and interviews were used as data gathering tools. Thirty respondents were purposively …


On The Cultivation Of Their Community Of Practice: A Case Study Of Efl Malaysian Pre-Service Teachers, Taghreed El Masry, Mohd Rashid Mohd Saad Apr 2018

On The Cultivation Of Their Community Of Practice: A Case Study Of Efl Malaysian Pre-Service Teachers, Taghreed El Masry, Mohd Rashid Mohd Saad

The Qualitative Report

This study examined the experiences of five EFL student teachers/pre-service teachers (PSTs) who participated in a Community of Practice (CoP) during their simulated teaching course and the practicum stage or teaching practice (TP), at The University of Malaya, a public Malaysian university. The experiences and tensions they encountered through this stage were discussed in the light of cultivating their CoP over five stages. Joining the CoP, increasing participation and negotiation of one's tacit knowledge and assumptions were found to be productive at their learning to teach stage. However, some tensions, such as English proficiency level, self-confidence and agency, power relationships …


A Community's Collective Courage: A Local Food Cooperative's Impact On Food Insecurity, Community And Economic Development, And Local Food Systems, Tabitha C. Barbour Apr 2018

A Community's Collective Courage: A Local Food Cooperative's Impact On Food Insecurity, Community And Economic Development, And Local Food Systems, Tabitha C. Barbour

Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research

According to the USDA’s “Food Security Status of U.S. Households” in 2014, 48.1 million people live in food insecure households. In Indiana, more than 1 million people suffer from food insecurity with rates as high as 19.2% of Marion County’s population according to the Map the Meal Gap 2014 report. The Community Controlled Food Initiative (CCFI) is a local food cooperative operated by the Kheprw Institute and neighborhood residents in the Mid-North Indianapolis Community. The cooperative formed to address food insecurity in August 2015 in response to the closing on the local Double 8 Foods grocery stores. CCFI hosts a …


Developing Classroom Management Strategies In Non-Native Culture: A Single Case Study, Xianquan Liu, Wayne A. Babchuk Apr 2018

Developing Classroom Management Strategies In Non-Native Culture: A Single Case Study, Xianquan Liu, Wayne A. Babchuk

The Qualitative Report

This single case study explored the practicum and student teaching experience of a native Chinese pre-service language teacher in order to better understand her process of developing classroom management strategies and the difficulties and challenges emerged in that process. In a broader sense, the case study aims to inform teacher preparation programs in terms of preparing Chinese teachers for secondary public schools in the U.S. The longitudinal study employed semi-structured interviews, classroom observation notes, teaching reflections and documents. Six themes — instructional challenges, coping strategies, cultural difference, language frustration, attitudes and feelings, and improvement — emerged from constant comparative analysis. …


Sisters In The Sacred Grove: Catholic Women Religious As Faculty Members At Public Universities, Peggy M. Delmas, Nataliya Ivankova Feb 2018

Sisters In The Sacred Grove: Catholic Women Religious As Faculty Members At Public Universities, Peggy M. Delmas, Nataliya Ivankova

The Qualitative Report

This study addresses the lack of scholarly attention focused on educational contributions of Catholic women religious educators. Using a qualitative multiple case study, this research describes the academic experiences of Catholic sisters, or women religious, serving as faculty at public universities in the South. The study highlights issues related to gender, religious identity, environment, relationships, and experiences and perceptions of others as they pertain to the academic experiences of Catholic women religious. Implications of the study point to an underutilization of the outsider perspective which could potentially benefit the academy, as well as the need for diversity training in the …


Friend Or Foe? A Case Study Of Ipad Usage During Small Group Reading Instruction, Terry Husband 7078260, Roland K. Schendel Nov 2017

Friend Or Foe? A Case Study Of Ipad Usage During Small Group Reading Instruction, Terry Husband 7078260, Roland K. Schendel

The Qualitative Report

The purpose of this case study is to examine how two early childhood teachers in one university laboratory school utilize the iPad in their reading practices. Data collection involved: (a) observations, (b) audio recordings, and (c) researcher journal. Findings indicate that the teachers had a continuum of purposeful uses for the iPad and the associated applications during their small group reading instruction. In addition, the teachers had mixed overall perceptions toward using the iPad as an effective literacy tool. Implications for practice are presented.


Kites Flying: Chinese Overseas Kites Flying: Reflections Of Chinese Students In New Zealand On National Identity Students’ Reflections On National Identity, Xiudi Zhang Oct 2017

Kites Flying: Chinese Overseas Kites Flying: Reflections Of Chinese Students In New Zealand On National Identity Students’ Reflections On National Identity, Xiudi Zhang

The Qualitative Report

The study described in this paper examined the national identity tension that often occurs between Chinese international students and Western host country members. Research questions guiding the study were: How does the experience of studying in New Zealand provide challenges for Chinese international identity, and how do Chinese students reflect their cognitions of national identity in everyday life. Case study was used as a method to collect data from 20 Chinese international students. Cross-national discussions of China from the participants’ life experiences reveal a complex, sometimes contradictory, relationship between the individual and state, which is deeply rooted in Chinese culture …