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What Do We Know About Corruption (And Anti-Corruption) In Customs?, Bryane Michael, Nigel Moore
What Do We Know About Corruption (And Anti-Corruption) In Customs?, Bryane Michael, Nigel Moore
Bryane Michael (bryane.michael@stcatz.ox.ac.uk)
What are the lessons from anti-corruption programmes in Customs agencies over the last 20 years? The data suggest that many of the usual activities -- like codes of conduct and posters do not work. Internal inspectorates, and particularly internal audit, has a large effect on reducing corruption. A review of the literature and best practice presented.
Issues In Anti-Corruption Law: How Can Code Of Conduct Laws Be Drafted In Order To Reduce Corruption In A Public Sector Like Romania’S?, Bryane Michael
Issues In Anti-Corruption Law: How Can Code Of Conduct Laws Be Drafted In Order To Reduce Corruption In A Public Sector Like Romania’S?, Bryane Michael
Bryane Michael (bryane.michael@stcatz.ox.ac.uk)
International organisations, like the UN and EU, have encouraged their member states for years to increase civil servants’ compliance with particular codes of conduct. Romania represents probably one of the most advanced countries in attempting to legislate on civil servant ethics through its Code of Conduct Law. Yet, the Romanian Code of Conduct Law possesses significant weaknesses, emanating both from the inherent difficulties of using hard law in a soft law area (like civil servants’ ethics) and the Law’s silence as to specific procedures which government agencies should use in implementing the Law. Given these weaknesses, Romanian government agencies should …