Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Educational Administration and Supervision (19)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (19)
- Educational Methods (15)
- Curriculum and Instruction (14)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (14)
-
- Other Education (13)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (11)
- Educational Psychology (10)
- Secondary Education and Teaching (9)
- Educational Leadership (8)
- Elementary and Middle and Secondary Education Administration (8)
- Junior High, Intermediate, Middle School Education and Teaching (7)
- Secondary Education (7)
- Special Education and Teaching (7)
- Arts and Humanities (6)
- Sociology (6)
- Curriculum and Social Inquiry (4)
- Early Childhood Education (4)
- Elementary Education (4)
- Elementary Education and Teaching (4)
- Other Teacher Education and Professional Development (4)
- Urban Education (4)
- Art Education (3)
- Other Educational Administration and Supervision (3)
- Pre-Elementary, Early Childhood, Kindergarten Teacher Education (3)
- Race and Ethnicity (3)
- Special Education Administration (3)
- Student Counseling and Personnel Services (3)
- Chicana/o Studies (2)
- Institution
-
- Walden University (6)
- Old Dominion University (5)
- Portland State University (5)
- California State University, Monterey Bay (3)
- Central Washington University (3)
-
- Claremont Colleges (2)
- East Tennessee State University (2)
- Gardner-Webb University (2)
- Georgia Southern University (2)
- Georgia State University (2)
- Pepperdine University (2)
- University of Denver (2)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (2)
- Western University (2)
- Bellarmine University (1)
- Cal Poly Humboldt (1)
- Chapman University (1)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (1)
- Clark University (1)
- Concordia University St. Paul (1)
- Dordt University (1)
- Eastern Kentucky University (1)
- Illinois State University (1)
- Northern Illinois University (1)
- Nova Southeastern University (1)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (1)
- Seattle Pacific University (1)
- Seton Hall University (1)
- Southeastern University (1)
- St. Catherine University (1)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Theses and Dissertations (8)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (6)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (6)
- Dissertations and Theses (5)
- All Graduate Projects (3)
-
- Capstone Projects and Master's Theses (3)
- Communication Sciences and Disorders Dissertations (2)
- Dissertations (2)
- Education Dissertations and Projects (2)
- Pitzer Senior Theses (2)
- Theses and Dissertations in Urban Services - Urban Education (2)
- CUP Ed.D. Dissertations (1)
- Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects (1)
- Counseling & Human Services Theses & Dissertations (1)
- Education (PhD) Dissertations (1)
- Education Dissertations (1)
- Graduate Dissertations and Theses (1)
- Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations (1)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (1)
- Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Capstones (1)
- International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE) (1)
- MA Research Paper (1)
- MA TESOL Collection (1)
- Master of Education Program Theses (1)
- Master's Theses (1)
- Masters of Arts in Education Action Research Papers (1)
- OTS Master's Level Projects & Papers (1)
- Online Theses and Dissertations (1)
- Open Access Dissertations (1)
- Selected Honors Theses (1)
Articles 1 - 30 of 65
Full-Text Articles in Education
Continuation Teachers' Perceptions Of Grading Practices, Tobi W. Page
Continuation Teachers' Perceptions Of Grading Practices, Tobi W. Page
University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations
The history of grading practices is riddled with inequities, dating to the inception of the traditional grading system, which was designed to rank and sort. Despite expanding public education to include all members of society, traditional grading practices have yet to evolve in response to the growing demand for equitable and student-centered grading practices. Many alternative education schools have a non-traditional grading structure in response to the students’ learning needs. With an understanding of the history and challenges of alternative education settings, this study sought to add the perceptions and practices of continuation high school teachers to the current body …
K-5 Elementary Alternative Program: A Case Study, William E. Scheuer Iv
K-5 Elementary Alternative Program: A Case Study, William E. Scheuer Iv
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this case study was to examine how the K-5 elementary alternative program All Students Can Thrive (ASCT) used student-centered learning practices to influence the whole child. There is a lack of research on K-5 elementary alternative programs, such as ASCT, and specifically those that integrate student-centered learning practices to influence the whole child. Literature does not contain universally accepted interventions that are effective in the elementary alternative setting to help students return to the mainstream classroom setting better prepared to display appropriate behaviors when a student is removed from a mainstream classroom setting due to disruptive behaviors. …
High School Persisters And Alternative Schools, Hyuny Clark-Shim
High School Persisters And Alternative Schools, Hyuny Clark-Shim
Dissertations and Theses
In response to a "dropout crisis," over the past decade much effort was made to retain high school students. Recent years' trends indicated an overall increased level of graduation rates; however, there has been a largely overlooked student population, persisters, who did not earn a high school diploma by the expected graduation date but remain engaged and continue to work towards graduation into their fifth or even sixth year of high school.
Using exploratory CART analysis, this study examined what individual-level and school-level factors were most effective in distinguishing students who were persisters versus on-time graduates. Given that persisters …
High School Completion Categories And Post-High School Plans As Predictors Of Ged Certificate Attainment In A Virginia Alternative Education Program, Joseph Knight
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractA state-wide Individual Student Alternative Education Plan (ISAEP) seeks to assist high school (HS) students at risk of not graduating in completing HS credentials. The problem was that there was no formal state-wide process for monitoring the program to understand its impact. The purpose of this quantitative exploratory study was to determine whether the graduation variables that were published by the state could be used to predict ISAEP GED attainment. The Theory of Action proposed by McPartland and Jordan guided two main research questions to see if ISAEP GED attainment could be predicted by categories of HS completion, and if …
Understanding The Educational Landscape: A Comparative Study Of Public, Alternative, And Montessori Models, Elizabeth Dykens
Understanding The Educational Landscape: A Comparative Study Of Public, Alternative, And Montessori Models, Elizabeth Dykens
Selected Honors Theses
This thesis intends to demonstrate the relevance and significance of alternative education within today’s educational climate. First, the literature review traces the historical backdrop of the American public school system and the founding fathers’ original purposes for education. It explores the shifts in policy and pedagogy that have led to current models and methods of education. Then, the literature review focuses on alternative educational philosophies, with an emphasis on the Montessori Method, and why they not only address the critiques of the public system but also better align with a child’s nature and development. The study backing this thesis lays …
Resilience And Mental Health Of Students Attending California's Continuation High Schools, Brianna Meshke Mclay
Resilience And Mental Health Of Students Attending California's Continuation High Schools, Brianna Meshke Mclay
Education (PhD) Dissertations
In California, most students who transfer to continuation high schools have not earned sufficient credits to graduate on time with their peers. As a group, these students are more likely to engage in risk behaviors. Despite this, very few studies have focused on mental health outcomes and sources of resilience for this specific population. This study utilized data from the California Healthy Kids Survey (CHKS) to explore resilience assets and mental health outcomes (depression and suicidality) for continuation high school students. Overall, continuation students had significantly lower levels of most resilience assets and higher rates of both depression and suicidal …
The Role And Impact Of The Environment In Shaping The Decisions Of Parents And Alternative Educators In Early Education, Mia Hopkinson
The Role And Impact Of The Environment In Shaping The Decisions Of Parents And Alternative Educators In Early Education, Mia Hopkinson
Master's Theses
The purpose of this study was to research parents’ and alternative educators’ perspectives on the role of the educational environment in early education and how this impacts their pedagogical beliefs. The qualitative study explored the following research questions: What do traditional school parents and outdoor alternative parents seek in their child’s early education environment? What shapes parents' decisions on their child’s educational and learning experiences? How do alternative educational leaders and educators understand the role of the alternative environment? How does this impact how they think about education? Interviews were conducted with two traditional parents, two alternative parents and four …
A Case Study On The Application And Implementation Of Positive Behavioral Interventions And Supports For Students With Emotional Disabilities In Alternative Education, Kira Candelieri Marcari
A Case Study On The Application And Implementation Of Positive Behavioral Interventions And Supports For Students With Emotional Disabilities In Alternative Education, Kira Candelieri Marcari
Counseling & Human Services Theses & Dissertations
Alternative educational settings are serving students with emotional disabilities (ED) at an increasing rate; however, there a paucity of research examining the effectiveness of these programs. A review of the existing literature targeting students with problematic behaviors, supports the use of a positive, preventative, proactive, and systematic approaches such as the three-tiered, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support (PBIS) framework. Although findings suggest that the PBIS framework is associated with favorable outcomes for students with ED in both traditional and nontraditional settings, few studies have explicitly examined whether PBIS can be effectively modified to fit the needs of students with ED …
Creating Systems Of Shared Accountability For Early Leaver Students: Perspectives Of Principals, Lorna Kay Fast Buffalo Horse
Creating Systems Of Shared Accountability For Early Leaver Students: Perspectives Of Principals, Lorna Kay Fast Buffalo Horse
Dissertations and Theses
Alternative high schools in the United States perform a significant role for students who drop out, are pushed out, or fall out of conventional high schools. An essential function of alternative high schools is to support some of the most underserved students in the country to graduate from high school. High school graduation is a major factor associated with higher incomes, better health, longer life expectancy, and less involvement in the criminal justice system. It also positively impacts local, state, and national economies. Despite these positive impacts, many alternative high schools are stigmatized as low-performing and even "drop-out factories" by …
Deschooling Schooled Minds: Speculative Essays, Kelly Graziano
Deschooling Schooled Minds: Speculative Essays, Kelly Graziano
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
ABSTRACT
This dissertation is a collection of speculative essays (Schubert, 1991) that explore the "why" of schooling and possible alternative educational arrangements (Illich, 1970/2002; Reimer, 1971; Goodman, 1962; Holt, 1972; Gatto, 1992/2017; Giroux, 2000). As one who has been schooled (in "educational" institutions and those like it, e.g. abusive relationships), I have developed a passion to bring awareness to the destructiveness of schooling and to learning from the world rather than what others want us to know and believe about it. Incorporated with autobiographical narrative, I trace both the historical and current reasons behind the establishment and maintenance of mass …
Perceptions Of The Impact Of Project-Based Learning Within An Urban Alternative Education Center, William Trent Hamlin
Perceptions Of The Impact Of Project-Based Learning Within An Urban Alternative Education Center, William Trent Hamlin
Online Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of the qualitative study was to examine the perceptions of success regarding project-based learning implementation into classes in an urban Alternative Education Center. Specifically, how do current teachers describe project-based learning instruction within their classrooms at an urban alternative education center? My perspective was influenced by my own wondering if project-based learning was the best model of instruction for alternative school students. The decision to pursue this topic is based upon my experience working in alternative education and witnessing concerted efforts to implement PBL into my daily practices. I chose a grade 7-12 alternative education center located in …
Disconnected Youth: The Journey To Educational Re-Engagement: The Alternative Education Experiences Of Black, Indigenous, People Of Color (Bipoc) Youth, Latoya L. Brown
Disconnected Youth: The Journey To Educational Re-Engagement: The Alternative Education Experiences Of Black, Indigenous, People Of Color (Bipoc) Youth, Latoya L. Brown
Theses and Dissertations
Over 2.5 million youth remain disconnected from education or the workforce well into their adult lives. Nearly one-third of youth who remain disconnected are Black, Indigenous Persons of Color (BIPOC) from low-income communities. The purpose of this research study was to gain an understanding of what systems and processes support re-engagement for formerly disconnected, and subsequently re-engaged, BIPOC students from alternative high school programs in the State of California. The following research questions guided this qualitative narrative study: How do former disconnected youth ages 19-26 years of age describe their experience in traditional public schools compared to that of alternative …
Benefits Of The Waldorf Educational Model On Students' Academic Success, Tyler J. Curry
Benefits Of The Waldorf Educational Model On Students' Academic Success, Tyler J. Curry
Capstone Projects and Master's Theses
As traditionally ran public schools have focused more on testing in the past few decades, alternative methods of education have been rising in relevance. One model of alternative education, the Waldorf method, has an emphasis on developmental stages and the arts in a way that has been shown to increase test scores and reduce behavioral problems in their students. This capstone project examines the academic benefits of the Waldorf model of education and whether their curriculum is equitable for all students in one of the schools in the Monterey Bay area.
Training Functional Communication Responses To Decrease Challenging Behaviors Among Students In An Alternative Education Setting, Kaitlin N. Haggard
Training Functional Communication Responses To Decrease Challenging Behaviors Among Students In An Alternative Education Setting, Kaitlin N. Haggard
Theses and Dissertations--Early Childhood, Special Education, and Counselor Education
This study answered a series of questions related to single case research design and potential use of functional communication-based intervention. It compared and contrasted multiple probe versus multiple baseline single case research designs, finding that multiple probe would be more appropriate to answer the intended research question. This study further analyzed the rigor, quality, and bias of Turton, Umbreit, & Mathur’s (2011) article in which functional communication-based intervention was used to decrease challenging behaviors among adolescents in an alternative education setting. Finally, this study described for practitioners the importance of studying the effectiveness of functional communication-based intervention and how such …
Exploration Of Independent Study Programs In Supporting Re-Engaged Students To Earn A High School Diploma, Christopher Hoang
Exploration Of Independent Study Programs In Supporting Re-Engaged Students To Earn A High School Diploma, Christopher Hoang
Theses and Dissertations
Although high school dropouts have been studied in-depth, there is a lack of information pertaining to individuals who dropout and re-enroll. In addition, there is no research on individuals that re-enroll through an independent study high school to attain a high school diploma. This study intended to answer 3 research questions: (a) what factors led high school dropouts to return to high school, (b) what factors led re-engaged youth to stay in school and graduate, and (c) what does an independent study provide re-engaged youths?
This qualitative study utilized the interpretative phenomenological research design. This study was conducted with the …
The Impact Of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy On The Academic Achievement Of High School Students In An Alternative Art Class, Cory Kent Gierhart
The Impact Of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy On The Academic Achievement Of High School Students In An Alternative Art Class, Cory Kent Gierhart
Masters of Arts in Education Action Research Papers
Using the methods of culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP), teachers can not only allow students to demonstrate mastery through diverse ways of learning, but a diverse student body’s varying ethnic, cultural, and experiential backgrounds can be used to increase achievement and allow students to perform in a way that reflects their inherent brightness and intellect. While CRP has shown promise and is intended to increase achievement of all students, very few studies exist which explicitly focus on CRP in the art classroom and its impact on student achievement in art. The purpose of this action research project is to discover what, …
Educator Mindsets And The Impacts To The Teacher-Student Relationship: An Exploratory Case Study, Tammy Fisher Huson
Educator Mindsets And The Impacts To The Teacher-Student Relationship: An Exploratory Case Study, Tammy Fisher Huson
Education Dissertations
Teacher-student relationships (TSR) have long been demonstrated to have significant impact on student outcomes. There has been far less research, however, focused on identifying the specific mindsets that educators’ hold which influence their actions toward students. As relationships are situated and contextual and qualitative in nature, this case study sought to explore the specific qualities of effective TSR through the perspectives of both educators (n = 31) and students (n = 65) in two alternative schools in Northwest Canada. Staff members in both the middle school and the high school participated in a professional development TSR intervention designed to coach …
Holistic Analysis Of The Social, Emotional, And Academic Development Of At-Risk Students In A Self-Regulated Learning Instructional Environment, Jennifer K. Macek
Holistic Analysis Of The Social, Emotional, And Academic Development Of At-Risk Students In A Self-Regulated Learning Instructional Environment, Jennifer K. Macek
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
The testing an accountability system that plagues the current educational atmosphere has done little to improve outcomes for the general population, rather, it has increased harm to our nation’s most vulnerable populations. As districts grapple with accountability mandates and pressures to improve test scores the number of students excluded from traditional schools and sent to alternative programs continues to grow. Research shows that the majority of programs for at-risk youth are little more than graduation factories that do not adequately prepare students for active participation in democratic society.
This study used a mixed methods design to explore an alternative program …
Does Waldorf Education Offer A Well-Rounded And Integrated Experience That Prepares Students For Higher Grades And Life In General?, Jacqueline A. Stratton
Does Waldorf Education Offer A Well-Rounded And Integrated Experience That Prepares Students For Higher Grades And Life In General?, Jacqueline A. Stratton
Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects
This thesis research focuses on the study of Waldorf education and how it benefits the whole child. It begins by looking at Rudolf Steiner’s Waldorf educational program and its foundational history and then takes an in depth look at the key elements of its rich philosophy and pedagogy. The literature review focuses on the key question, ‘Does this 100 year-old teaching philosophy encourage a more well-rounded and integrated educational experience than traditional public schools?’ The review highlights four broad topics in relationship to Waldorf education. These include: Educating the Whole Child; Education for the Three Stages of Childhood; Early Childhood …
School Shouldn’T End When The Bell Rings: An Exploratory Homeschooling Study, Mackenzie Dukelow
School Shouldn’T End When The Bell Rings: An Exploratory Homeschooling Study, Mackenzie Dukelow
MA Research Paper
Homeschooling has experienced significant growth over the last several decades, yet little to no research has explored the relationship between homeschoolers and the public education system. Being the first to explore this relationship, the current study collected and examined data from 3 semi-structured interviews and 15 online homeschooling blogs in order to understand the growth of homeschooling in Ontario and the relationship between homeschooling and the public education system. The results of this study reveal the relationship between homeschoolers and the public education system varies significantly over time and locale, the challenges within each system and the difficulty of transitioning …
Pushing Back On School Pushout: Youth At An Alternative School Advocate For Educational Change Through Youth Participatory Action Research, Jessica Hopson Burbach
Pushing Back On School Pushout: Youth At An Alternative School Advocate For Educational Change Through Youth Participatory Action Research, Jessica Hopson Burbach
Dissertations and Theses
In the United States, a staggering four thousand students drop out every school day. Moreover, in 2016, the graduation rate in Oregon was only 74.8%, one of the lowest in the nation. Research shows that a disproportionate number of youth leaving school are from historically marginalized communities. Many of these youth resiliently return to education at alternative schools. This research sought to explore the educational experiences of youth in alternative schools in their own voices and perspectives. From a theoretical framework based in sociocultural theory, cultural capital, and critical theory, this study underscored the importance of youth voice in changing …
Academic And Social Effects Of Waldorf Education On Elementary School Students, Christian Zepeda
Academic And Social Effects Of Waldorf Education On Elementary School Students, Christian Zepeda
Capstone Projects and Master's Theses
As society becomes more critical of public education, alternative education systems are becoming more popular. The Waldorf education system, based on the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, has increased in popularity and commonality each decade. Currently, 23 Waldorf institutions exist in California. With this increase in popularity, it is important to analyze and examine the effectiveness of this education philosophy. An examination of Waldorf education, through research and interviews of Waldorf teachers and administration, will provide parents and teachers with an understanding of its strengths and weaknesses. Ultimately, Waldorf education provides a positive environment for students, yielding positive effects but this …
Behavior Management Interventions For Effective Classroom Management In Alternative Education, Ashton Plette
Behavior Management Interventions For Effective Classroom Management In Alternative Education, Ashton Plette
Capstone Projects and Master's Theses
Alternative education environments serve a diverse set of students with individual needs. Educational Options is a term synonymous with “alternative education”, helping students to meet the standards and objectives of typical education through modified interventions (California Department of Education, 2017). The need for individualized interventions is large; to assist in addressing this need I created training curriculum for staff in Community Day Middle School on Monterey Peninsula Unified School District’s Educational Options campus. Community Day Schools serve students who have been expelled from school due to recurring problems with attendance and behavior. The training presents structured and empirically-based interventions to …
Research On Communicative Practices In An Alternative Classroom, Maria Alice Bonilha
Research On Communicative Practices In An Alternative Classroom, Maria Alice Bonilha
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis studies communications in an alternative classroom in the United States. Using an ethnographic approach and drawing from conversation analysis, the study describes the school’s model of education and analyzes students’ classroom initiations, particularly those in which students responded to the teacher’s question with a question.
Punishment As Pedagogy: An Exploration Of The Disciplinary Alternative School, Kaitlyn J. Selman
Punishment As Pedagogy: An Exploration Of The Disciplinary Alternative School, Kaitlyn J. Selman
Sociology & Criminal Justice Theses & Dissertations
As school districts across the US attempt to reduce their reliance on exclusionary punishment—and declining suspension and expulsion rates are heralded as signs of success—understanding the complexities of education and carcerality remains an urgent matter. Through a critical content analysis of a number of sources, including existing historical and ethnographic research, code of conduct handbooks, school websites, news articles, and data reports, this dissertation foregrounds an institution that is framed as an “alternative” to exclusionary punishment, yet is motivated by the same carceral logics that have long-haunted the school’s practice of managing students.
Chapter I introduces relevant literature on disciplinary …
Credit Recovery And Grade Point Average In An Alternative High School System, Antoinette Marie Cunningham
Credit Recovery And Grade Point Average In An Alternative High School System, Antoinette Marie Cunningham
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Abstract
The dropout rates of African American and Hispanic students in the United States are significantly higher than that of White students. Failure to obtain a high school diploma has adverse economic and social implications for these students and for society. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between a credit recovery program with key demographic variables and high school GPA, which is a graduation antecedent, for students in an alternative school. Knowles' framework of adult learning theory was used to examine how participation in the credit recovery process in a system of predominantly African American-serving alternative …
Special Educators' Perceptions On Effective Preparation And Practice For Student Success, Anne Brackney Liese
Special Educators' Perceptions On Effective Preparation And Practice For Student Success, Anne Brackney Liese
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Alternative school settings are success prospects for students at risk of school failure. However, research on the daily experiences of the special educators in alternate school settings tasked with educating the at-risk population, is limited. The purpose of this phenomenological study was (a) to recognize the perceptions of special educators concerning their preparation to advance the success of SEN students who are at risk of school failure; (b) to determine how to improve special educator preparation programs in alternative school settings. Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory, focused on student success provided the study's framework. Twelve semistructured interviews were conducted to …
Teacher Effectiveness With At-Risk Students In Alternative Education Settings, Natasha Conover
Teacher Effectiveness With At-Risk Students In Alternative Education Settings, Natasha Conover
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
At-risk youth come to school with a variety of challenges that sometimes lead to voluntary or involuntary disengagement from traditional high schools. Alternative education programs are an alternate placement for students who have disengaged from traditional high schools. Although researchers have shown that teacher and staff approaches to the overall educational experience of a student contribute to student success in alternative education programs, they have also highlighted that the lack of teacher-student relationships contributes to student disengagement. These findings may indicate that not all teachers are willing or able to connect with at-risk students. The purpose of this qualitative case …
Organizational Improvement Plan For Eliminating A Need For Alternative Programs By Way Of A Paradigm Shift, Sam J. Oh Neill Mr
Organizational Improvement Plan For Eliminating A Need For Alternative Programs By Way Of A Paradigm Shift, Sam J. Oh Neill Mr
The Dissertation-in-Practice at Western University
The problem of practice in this organizational improvement plan (OIP) is that the existence of Alternative Programs impedes progress to meaningful school change. The school board is moving toward a paradigm shift as indicated through a number of initiatives discussed in this OIP. This OIP was developed through a review of the literature on: Alternative Education, attitudes toward students labelled at-risk and through an examination of documents produced and disseminated by the Ministry. This OIP takes social critique perspective (Furman, 2004; Starratt, 2004) to understand purposes for referring students to Alternative Programs within the current paradigm. This OIP also explores …
Ulead: The Effects Of A Civics-Based Educational Program On Urban Youth, Rodney W. Smith, Aaron H. Willis, Mario Pascal Charles
Ulead: The Effects Of A Civics-Based Educational Program On Urban Youth, Rodney W. Smith, Aaron H. Willis, Mario Pascal Charles
Dissertations
ABSTRACT
Urban Legal Education and Academic Development: The Effects of a Civics-Based Educational Program on Urban Youth
There is a critical need for urban youth to have working knowledge of the legal and civic nuances of their communities and political state that affects their daily lives. The pressing problems of the daily existence that these students face inhibit them from utilizing this understanding to exhibit appropriate behavior and engage in civil discourse. Urban Legal Education and Academic Development (ULEAD) provided these students with the knowledge of the functions of the legal and civic processes that facilitate behavior modification to allow …