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Articles 1 - 30 of 62
Full-Text Articles in Education
Exploring The Differences In Teaching Perspectives Between Australian Pre-Service And Graduate Physical Education Teachers, Brendon P. Hyndman
Exploring The Differences In Teaching Perspectives Between Australian Pre-Service And Graduate Physical Education Teachers, Brendon P. Hyndman
Dr Brendon P Hyndman
Limited investigation has been undertaken into Australian physical educators’ teaching beliefs and intentions and those that have been researched have tended to utilise ‘qualitative’ research methods. The present study addresses a gap in the literature by exploring the differences in teaching perspectives between Australian pre-service and graduate physical education teachers. The teaching perspectives inventory (TPI) was administered to pre-service physical education teachers (n=105) graduate physical education teachers (n=37). Each TPI item was linked to one of five key teaching perspectives (apprenticeship, developmental, nurturing, social reform & transmission). Average teaching perspective scores were calculated for each of the five teaching perspectives …
Hy-Tek Article.Docx, N. Griggs
Hy-Tek Article.Docx, N. Griggs
N. Michael Griggs
The Role And Impact Of Student Leadership On Participants In A Healthy Eating And Physical Activity Programme, Lila Gutuskey, Nate Mccaughtry, Bo Shen, Erin Centeio, Alex Garn
The Role And Impact Of Student Leadership On Participants In A Healthy Eating And Physical Activity Programme, Lila Gutuskey, Nate Mccaughtry, Bo Shen, Erin Centeio, Alex Garn
Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies
Objective: In the USA there are rising rates of obesity among children, at least in part due to unhealthy eating and physical inactivity. Implementing school-based health interventions with elementary school children focused on youth empowerment could lead to improved health environments and behaviours. The purpose of the present study was to examine elementary students’ perceptions of participating in a student-led school health improvement team. Empowerment theory guided the research, specifically the concept of including participants in programming to identify possible individual-level outcomes. Design: Qualitative research. Setting: One US elementary school formed a student-led school health improvement team, …
'So You're Telling Me There's A Chance.', Todd Dagenais
'So You're Telling Me There's A Chance.', Todd Dagenais
UCF Forum
I love movie lines. So many epic motivational themes about overcoming obstacles come from movies like “Braveheart,” “Rocky” and “Remember the Titans.”
Los Efectos De La Violencia Familiar Y Las Percepciones De Las Mujeres Afectadas: Un Estudio De Las Mujeres Victimas De La Violencia Familiar A Ahmauta / The Effects Of Family Violence And Perceptions Of Women Affected :A Study Of Women Victims Of Domestic Violence To Ahmauta, Catherine Oidtman
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Violence against women is a social problem that demands much attention from society because it is a human rights issue and is damaging to the mental health status of women. The purpose of this investigation is to use an ethnographic approach to analyze the perceptions of women who have suffered from domestic violence to determine how perceptions of domestic violence impact subsequent mental health outcomes. Women (n=6) were recruited from the NGO Amhauta, an educational program that advocates for the rights of women and children in San Jerónimo, a district of Cusco, Peru. This analysis uses an ethnographic approach to …
Relationships Between Participation In Extracurricular Activities, Act Scores, Gpa, And Attendance In Select Public High Schools In Mississippi, Lance Kelvin Reed
Relationships Between Participation In Extracurricular Activities, Act Scores, Gpa, And Attendance In Select Public High Schools In Mississippi, Lance Kelvin Reed
Dissertations
There are contemporary concerns about improving and sustaining positive student outcomes in secondary schools today. In light of student needs and limited time and resources available to address those needs, educational leaders are faced with making difficult decisions about what should and could be offered to students through their schools. In addition to the general curriculum, schools generally offer a variety of extracurricular activities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between extracurricular participation and select student outcomes. The findings of this study can provide valuable insight to school leaders as they make decisions about how to …
An Assessment Of A 13-Week Teaching Gardens Intervention On Healthy Behavior Outcomes In 4th And 5th Grade Students At Crestwood Elementary School In Las Vegas, Nevada, Miranda Corgiat
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Nearly 13 million children and adolescents are considered to be obese in the United States, with children enrolled in Clark County School District showing elevated overweight and obese weight statuses compared to national averages. Carrying an excessive amount of weight can lead children to experience a multitude of complications with their physical and mental health as well as increase their risk of developing various chronic diseases. The American Heart Association's Las Vegas Teaching Gardens program implemented a school-based garden pilot study to target environmental causes of obesity in 4th and 5th grade students at Crestwood Elementary School. The objective of …
¿Cómo Amigos Comparten La Salud? Las Redes Sociales Y Factores De Riesgo. / How Do Friends Share Health? Social Networks And Risk Factors., Joanna Emerson
¿Cómo Amigos Comparten La Salud? Las Redes Sociales Y Factores De Riesgo. / How Do Friends Share Health? Social Networks And Risk Factors., Joanna Emerson
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Research question: How are health risk factors shared between people by means of their social networks? Objectives: The main objective of the study is to determine the correlation between a person's social network and which health risk factors are most prevalent in network members. The first specific objective is to evaluate the rates of the most common risk factors in social networks and how these disperse throughout the network. The second is to analyze whether people with similar health risk factors have similar social tendencies. The final objective is to identify the risk factors most transmittable through social networks. Background: …
Tadalista 10 (Tadalafil 10 Mg).Pdf, Arthur Cooper
Tadalista 10 (Tadalafil 10 Mg).Pdf, Arthur Cooper
Arthur Cooper
Α1- And Α2-Adrenergic Responsiveness In Human Skeletal Muscle Feed Arteries: The Role Of Trpv Ion Channels In Heat-Induced Sympatholysis, J. R. Gifford, S. J. Ives, Song-Young Park, R. H. I. Andtbacka, John R. Hyngstrom, Michelle T. Mueller, Gerald S. Treinman, Christopher Ward, Joel D. Trinity, Russell S. Richardson
Α1- And Α2-Adrenergic Responsiveness In Human Skeletal Muscle Feed Arteries: The Role Of Trpv Ion Channels In Heat-Induced Sympatholysis, J. R. Gifford, S. J. Ives, Song-Young Park, R. H. I. Andtbacka, John R. Hyngstrom, Michelle T. Mueller, Gerald S. Treinman, Christopher Ward, Joel D. Trinity, Russell S. Richardson
Health and Kinesiology Faculty Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine if heat inhibits α2-adrenergic vasocontraction, similarly to α1-adrenergic contraction, in isolated human skeletal muscle feed arteries (SMFA) and elucidate the role of the temperature-sensitive vanilloid-type transient receptor potential (TRPV) ion channels in this response. Isolated SMFA from 37 subjects were studied using wire myography. α1 [Phenylephrine (PE)]- and α2 [dexmedetomidine (DEX)]-contractions were induced at 37 and 39°C with and without TRPV family and TRPV4-specific inhibition [ruthenium red (RR) and RN-1734, respectively]. Endothelial function [acetylcholine (ACh)] and smooth muscle function [sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and potassium chloride (KCl)] were also assessed under these conditions. …
A Subgroup Analysis Of The Impact Of Self-Testing Frequency On Examination Scores In A Pathophysiology Course, Peter C. Panus, David W. Stewart, Nicholas E. Hagemeier, Jim C. Thigpen, Lauren Brooks
A Subgroup Analysis Of The Impact Of Self-Testing Frequency On Examination Scores In A Pathophysiology Course, Peter C. Panus, David W. Stewart, Nicholas E. Hagemeier, Jim C. Thigpen, Lauren Brooks
ETSU Faculty Works
Objective: To determine if the frequency of self-testing of course material prior to actual examination improves examination scores, regardless of the actual scores on the self-testing.
Methods: Practice quizzes were randomly generated from a total of 1342 multiple-choice questions in pathophysiology and made available online for student self-testing. Intercorrelations, 2-way repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc tests, and 2-group comparisons following rank ordering, were conducted.
Results: During each of 4 testing blocks, more than 85% of students took advantage of the self-testing process for a total of 7042 attempts. A consistent significant correlation (p≤0.05) existed between the number of practice …
What Is The Cost Of A Bad Hire?, Todd Dagenais
What Is The Cost Of A Bad Hire?, Todd Dagenais
UCF Forum
My friends in the Human Resources world are noticing an alarming trend. Colleges and universities are pumping out thousands of highly qualified students eagerly awaiting their first paycheck in the workforce. Unfortunately, simply completing the necessary coursework and earning a high grade point average isn’t enough to make them a productive member of today’s fast-paced and complex global economy.
Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs: Characteristics Of Trained Teachers, Erin E. Centeio, Heather Erwin, Darla M. Castelli
Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs: Characteristics Of Trained Teachers, Erin E. Centeio, Heather Erwin, Darla M. Castelli
Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies
As public health concerns about physical inactivity and childhood obesity continue to rise, researchers are calling for interventions that comprehensively lead to more opportunities to participate in physical activity (PA). The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics and attitudes of trained physical education teachers during the implementation of a Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program at the elementary level. Using a collective case study design, interviews, observations, field notes, open-ended survey questions, and an online forum monitoring guided the interpretation of teacher perceptions and development of emergent themes. Qualitative data analysis was conducted for each individual teacher and …
Physical Activity Change Through Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs In Urban Elementary Schools, Erin E. Centeio, Nate Mccaughtry, Lila Gutuskey, Alex C. Garn, Cheryl Somers, Bo Shen, Jeffry J. Martin, Noel L, Kulik
Physical Activity Change Through Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs In Urban Elementary Schools, Erin E. Centeio, Nate Mccaughtry, Lila Gutuskey, Alex C. Garn, Cheryl Somers, Bo Shen, Jeffry J. Martin, Noel L, Kulik
Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies
he impact of Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs (CSPAPs) on urban children’s, educators’, and parents’ physical activity (PA) is relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore overall changes in student, educator, and parent PA after an 8-month CSPAP-based program. This longitudinal, exploratory study implemented a CSPAP in 20 urban elementary schools, with six randomized for research. In-school PA was measured prepost for all fourth grade students using accelerometers. Parent and educator PA was self-reported using the IPAQ. RM-ANOVAs revealed significant prepost increases in minutes of student MVPA (P < .001). Parents significantly increased PA (P < .01) and although educators’ reported change in PA, it was not statistically significant (P = .50). This study provides unique …
Validity Of Physical Activity Monitors For Assessing Lower Intensity Activity In Adults, M. Andrés Calabró, Jung-Min Lee, Pedro F. Saint-Maurice, Hyelim Yoo, Gregory J. Welk
Validity Of Physical Activity Monitors For Assessing Lower Intensity Activity In Adults, M. Andrés Calabró, Jung-Min Lee, Pedro F. Saint-Maurice, Hyelim Yoo, Gregory J. Welk
Health and Kinesiology Faculty Publications
Background: Accelerometers can provide accurate estimates of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA).However, one of the limitations of these instruments is the inability to capture light activity within an acceptablerange of error. The purpose of the present study was to determine the validity of different activity monitors forestimating energy expenditure (EE) of light intensity, semi-structured activities.
Methods: Forty healthy participants wore a SenseWear Pro3 Armband (SWA, v.6.1), the SenseWear Mini, theActiheart, ActiGraph, and ActivPAL monitors, while being monitored with a portable indirect calorimetry (IC).Participants engaged in a variety of low intensity activities but no formalized scripts or protocols were usedduring …
Determinants Of Users Intention To Adopt Mobile Fitness Applications: An Extended Technology Acceptance Model Approach, Kwak Jang Yul
Determinants Of Users Intention To Adopt Mobile Fitness Applications: An Extended Technology Acceptance Model Approach, Kwak Jang Yul
Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs
The present research was motivated by the recognition that the use of mobile fitness applications (MFA) is increasingly popular among sports and exercise participants in recent years. Using an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) perspective, this study explored potential predictors of behavioral intention toward MFAs such as perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, personalization, personal innovativeness in information technology (PIIT), perceived enjoyment, mobile application self-efficacy, involvement in sports and exercise participation, and social influences (interpersonal and external influences). A theoretical model was developed and tested against the empirical data collected from 385 collegiate students enrolled in physical activity classes at …
Reflective Practice In A Coach Education Practicum, Clayton Roth Kuklick
Reflective Practice In A Coach Education Practicum, Clayton Roth Kuklick
Dissertations
Researchers have explored how practicing sport coaches learn through reflection (Gilbert & Trudel, 2001); however, there is a paucity of research that explains how and why higher education coach preparation students learn through reflection. The purpose of the current study was to understand how and why 21 coaching students enrolled in a practicum course at a southeastern United States institution engage in reflective practice. This research was conducted using a one group pretest posttest mix methods research design and draws upon Schön’s (1983, 1987) work on reflective practice, which underpinned a set of online structured reflective journaling prompts used as …
Cardiac, Skeletal, And Smooth Muscle Mitochondrial Respiration: Are All Mitochondria Created Equal?, Song-Young Park, J. R. Gifford, R. H. I. Andtbacka, Joel D. Trinity, John R. Hyngstrom, Ryan S. Garten, Nikolaos A. Diakos, S. J. Ives, Flemming Dela, Steen Larsen, Stavros Drakos, Russell S. Richardson
Cardiac, Skeletal, And Smooth Muscle Mitochondrial Respiration: Are All Mitochondria Created Equal?, Song-Young Park, J. R. Gifford, R. H. I. Andtbacka, Joel D. Trinity, John R. Hyngstrom, Ryan S. Garten, Nikolaos A. Diakos, S. J. Ives, Flemming Dela, Steen Larsen, Stavros Drakos, Russell S. Richardson
Health and Kinesiology Faculty Publications
Unlike cardiac and skeletal muscle, little is known about vascular smooth muscle mitochondrial respiration. Therefore, the present study examined mitochondrial respiratory rates in smooth muscle of healthy human feed arteries and compared with that of healthy cardiac and skeletal muscles. Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles were harvested from a total of 22 subjects (53 ± 6 yr), and mitochondrial respiration was assessed in permeabilized fibers. Complex I + II, state 3 respiration, an index of oxidative phosphorylation capacity, fell progressively from cardiac to skeletal to smooth muscles (54 ± 1, 39 ± 4, and 15 ± 1 pmol·s−1·mg−1, P < 0.05, respectively). Citrate synthase (CS) activity, an index of mitochondrial density, also fell progressively from cardiac to skeletal to smooth muscles (222 ± 13, 115 ± 2, and 48 ± 2 μmol·g−1·min−1, P …
Improving Adjunct Nursing Instructors' Knowledge Of Student Assessment In Clinical Courses, Kelly Vowell Johnson
Improving Adjunct Nursing Instructors' Knowledge Of Student Assessment In Clinical Courses, Kelly Vowell Johnson
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Utilization of adjunct nursing instructors to teach clinical courses is a common occurrence in nursing programs. Adjunct clinical instructors are often expert clinicians, but they have limited experience in teaching and lack the expertise needed to be successful in the educator role, such as knowledge of student assessment. Faculty development programs that focus on student assessment can provide adjunct clinical faculty members with the necessary knowledge to become effective educators and ensure student, faculty, and program success.
The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent a faculty development workshop on evaluating students in clinical courses affected adjunct …
Academic Clustering Of Student-Athletes: A Case Study Of Football And Basketball Programs, Matthew Brett Rowland
Academic Clustering Of Student-Athletes: A Case Study Of Football And Basketball Programs, Matthew Brett Rowland
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This study explores the topic of academic clustering within the football and men's and women's basketball teams at the University of Arkansas. Given the prominence of collegiate sport in America, this paper examines a relatively understudied topic regarding student-athletes and education. Using a mixed methods approach, the topic of academic clustering is analyzed statistically, as well as through in-depth interviews with student-athletes and academic advisors in the athletic department. Statistical analysis shows significant over- and under-representation of student-athletes in certain University colleges (e.g., Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences, Walton College of Business, and College of Engineering), the presence of …
An Analysis Of Future Coaches’ Emerging Dispositions On Social Justice: The Wooden Effect, Brian Culp
An Analysis Of Future Coaches’ Emerging Dispositions On Social Justice: The Wooden Effect, Brian Culp
Faculty and Research Publications
This qualitative study explored the extent to which an archetype presented through a non-fiction text could impact aspiring coaches’ (AC’s) dispositions regarding social justice. Forty-three aspiring coaches at a Midwestern university enrolled in a foundations class that presented issues related to inequity were studied. Analysis of student journals indicated changes in AC’s philosophies regarding social justice, an appreciation for the perspectives of underrepresented groups and emergent critical perspectives when examining sport processes. Results of the study imply that a focus on democratic education and constructivism in coaching preparation programs may be of benefit. A means by which praxis of this …
Pregnant Teens In Foster Care: Concepts, Issues, And Challenges In Conducting Research On Vulnerable Populations, Lisa D. Lieberman, Linda L. Bryant, Kenece Boyce, Patricia Beresford
Pregnant Teens In Foster Care: Concepts, Issues, And Challenges In Conducting Research On Vulnerable Populations, Lisa D. Lieberman, Linda L. Bryant, Kenece Boyce, Patricia Beresford
Department of Public Health Scholarship and Creative Works
Teens in foster care give birth at over twice the rate of other teens. Unique challenges exist for these vulnerable teens and babies, yet research on such populations, particularly within the systems that serve them, is limited. A demonstration project at Inwood House, a residential foster care agency in New York City, from 2000 to 2005, at the same time that the Administration for Children's Services was exploring policy and practice changes for this population, is described. Research design and implementation issues, descriptive data, and experiences provide lessons for improving the evidence base to meet the needs of pregnant teens …
Disaster Management: What India Can Learn From Other Countries, Vivek Kumar Srivastava Dr.
Disaster Management: What India Can Learn From Other Countries, Vivek Kumar Srivastava Dr.
Vivek Kumar Srivastava Dr.
Present paper analyses the Indian response to disasters. It is also a policy paper as it provides the ways which can be useful in mitigating the disaster risks.
Dissociation Of The Effects Of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Fluoxetine In Prelimbic Cortex On Disruption Of Timing And Working Memory For Time By Neutral And Negative Emotional Events, Chance Christensen
Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects
Learning and memory abilities are altered in disorders of the serotonergic system, in disorders such as such as depression, phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Among the processes impaired by emotional distracters, and whose dysregulation is documented in affective disorders, is the ability to time in the seconds-to-minutes range, i.e., interval timing. Presentation of distracters during timing tasks result in delays in responding suggesting a failure to maintain subjective time in working memory, as proposed by the Relative Time-Sharing (RTS) model. We investigated the role of the prelimbic cortex in the detrimental effect of anxiety-inducing distracters on the cognitive ability …
Self-Determination Theory As A Pedagogical Foundation For Collegiate Physical Activity Courses, Scot Edward Long
Self-Determination Theory As A Pedagogical Foundation For Collegiate Physical Activity Courses, Scot Edward Long
Dissertations
Inactivity, obesity and associated medical, social and economic problems are pervasive in contemporary society. Modern science is aware of the preventative role physical activity offers in deterrence of these problems and the benefits physical education offers. Traditionally, physical education has focused primarily on physiological variables; however, physical activity begins with a behavioral change. Motivation is the necessary factor to initiate physical activity and self-determination theory (SDT) can be used to explain learner motivation in the world of collegiate physical education. Institutionalized schooling is typically performed in a controlling nature, which creates a poor environment for learning and motivation. The purpose …
Effects Of An In-Season Resistance Training Program On Lower Extremity Power Output In Collegiate Basketball Players, Kevin Lee King
Effects Of An In-Season Resistance Training Program On Lower Extremity Power Output In Collegiate Basketball Players, Kevin Lee King
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in muscle power performance in a horizontal (forward movement), vertical, and lateral directions in collegiate basketball players due to the presence of an in-season resistance training program (ISRTP). Four basketball teams were recruited for this study. Two women's basketball teams and two men's basketball teams participated with one team in each gender participating in an ISRTP and one team not participating in an ISRTP. Fifty-three collegiate basketball players (Females= 29, Males= 24) were successfully recruited for this project. Subjects were assessed for lower extremity muscle power and muscle strength at pre-season, …
Examination Of Different Accelerometer Cut-Points For Assessing Sedentary Behaviors In Children, Youngwon Kim, Jung-Min Lee, Bradley P. Peters, Glenn A. Gaesser, Gregory J. Welk
Examination Of Different Accelerometer Cut-Points For Assessing Sedentary Behaviors In Children, Youngwon Kim, Jung-Min Lee, Bradley P. Peters, Glenn A. Gaesser, Gregory J. Welk
Health and Kinesiology Faculty Publications
Background: Public health research on sedentary behavior (SB) in youth has heavily relied on accelerometers. However, ithas been limited by the lack of consensus on the most accurate accelerometer cut-points as well as by unknown effectscaused by accelerometer position (wrist vs. hip) and output (single axis vs. multiple axes). The present study systematicallyevaluates classification accuracy of different Actigraph cut-points for classifying SB using hip and wrist-worn monitors andestablishes new cut-points to enable use of the 3-dimensional vector magnitude data (for both hip and wrist placement).
Methods: A total of 125 children ages 7–13 yrs performed 12 randomly selected …
Regularity Of Performance On A Computer Tracking Task Is Different Between Concussed And Non-Concussed Individuals, Kedric James Glenn
Regularity Of Performance On A Computer Tracking Task Is Different Between Concussed And Non-Concussed Individuals, Kedric James Glenn
Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects
Concussion in athletics has raised public interest as more is learned about the damage done to the athlete. Some of the current field methods of assessing concussion do not look at neuro-cognitive recover, which can remain impaired long after the symptoms of concussion have passed. Other direct methods of assessing concussion are extremely expensive and are not easily portable.
We created a new assessment for concussion that is relatively inexpensive and portable using non-linear time series analysis of performance on a visual-motor tracking task. Approximate entropy (ApEn) is a tool that enables us to calculate the structure of variability form …
Non-Overweight And Overweight Children’S Physical Activity During School Recess, Nicola D. Ridgers, Pedro F. Saint-Maurice, Gregory J. Welk, Mohammed Siahpush, Jennifer L. Huberty
Non-Overweight And Overweight Children’S Physical Activity During School Recess, Nicola D. Ridgers, Pedro F. Saint-Maurice, Gregory J. Welk, Mohammed Siahpush, Jennifer L. Huberty
Health and Kinesiology Faculty Publications
Objective: Little research has investigated children’s physical activity levels during school recess and the contribution of recess to school day physical activity levels by weight status. The aims of this study were to examine non-overweight and overweight children’s physical activity levels during school recess, and examine the contribution of recess to school day physical activity.
Design: Cross-sectional.
Setting: Four elementary schools located in Nebraska, United States of America (USA).
Methods: Two hundred and seventeen children (99 boys, 118 girls; 47.9% overweight) wore a uni-axial accelerometer for five consecutive school days during autumn 2009. The proportion of …
Evaluating The Effects Of The Lunchtime Enjoyment Activity And Play (Leap) School Playground Intervention On Children’S Quality Of Life, Enjoyment And Participation In Physical Activity, Brendon P. Hyndman, Amanda Benson, Shahid Ullah, Amanda Telford
Evaluating The Effects Of The Lunchtime Enjoyment Activity And Play (Leap) School Playground Intervention On Children’S Quality Of Life, Enjoyment And Participation In Physical Activity, Brendon P. Hyndman, Amanda Benson, Shahid Ullah, Amanda Telford
Dr Brendon P Hyndman
Background: An emerging public health strategy is to enhance children’s opportunities to be physically active during school break periods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the Lunchtime Enjoyment Activity and Play (LEAP) school playground intervention on primary school children’s quality of life (QOL), enjoyment and participation in physical activity (PA). Methods: This study consisted of a movable/recycled materials intervention that included baseline, a 7-week post-test and an 8-month follow-up data collection phase. Children within an intervention school (n = 123) and a matched control school (n = 152) aged 5-to-12-years-old were recruited for the study. …