Education Commons^™

Combining Backward Design With Narrative Tools Can Structure Complex Subjects Into Engaging Courses, Francisco J. Laso

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

Backward course design helps align course outcomes with assignments and learning experiences. However, it is still challenging to simplify complex subjects into 10- week courses. Olson’s And-But-Therefore (ABT) framework can help instructors identify threshold concepts within their subject to thread a straightforward yet compelling narrative through their course. Pairing the ABT framework with backward course design can be particularly useful for expansive subjects with no clear thematic or chronological progression.

Talking About Writing: Supporting In-Discipline Instructors By Using A Reflective Process To Implement Student-Centered Writing Assignments In Accounting, Lucas Walker

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

Departmental writing plans and faculty support are proven methods to help In-Discipline instructors more effectively teach writing. Talking about this developmental process is invaluable if departments are going to successfully implement a writing plan. Talking about writing is also crucial as In-Discipline instructors and writing studies instructors coordinate to create writing assignments in the classroom. Students need to learn to write for reasons other than to earn a grade and they need to actively engage with writing in a way that prepares them for their professional life. This paper focuses on one Accounting class to illustrate some of the challenges …

To What Extent Does The Implementation Of Student-Centered Assignments Increase Student Engagement, Agency, And Success In Mus 342 And Mus 343?, Haley Nutt

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

This brief essay explores the extent to which the implementation of student-centered assignments increases student engagement, agency, and success in MUS 342 and MUS 343. Beginning with descriptions of both courses and a few points regarding my own pedagogical philosophies, I discuss the premise and grading guidelines for an example student-centered assignment in MUS 342 titled “Personal Grove Encyclopedia Entry.” The write-up closes with a summary of what I hope my students can learn from the assignment initially, as well as how they can self-reflect on the assignment at the end of MUS 343 the following quarter.

Practicing Healthy Relationships In Academic Spaces Through Informed Revision, Melina Juarez

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

I try to create classroom environments where students of diverse backgrounds can develop their intellectual curiosity and can engage others with vulnerability and respect by centering relationality and community-building as key practices of knowledge and learning. I implemented Informed Revision through a “research feedback day” as an instructional strategy to help me further engage students in these processes through writing and research. I was interested in understanding: To what extent does informed revision increase students’ engagement with the course assignments and with each other? I found that this intervention: increased student confidence in their knowledge and work; provided space for …

Crossing The River Together: Complicating Learning Outcomes In Writing Classes, Sophia Brauner

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

In this essay, I ask how Understanding by Design (Wiggins & McTighe) functions in planning skill-based composition classes. I inspect how the first step of Wiggins and McTighe’s approach to course design, establishing desired learning outcomes prior to meeting the students, makes generalizing and limiting assumptions about a heterogenous group of students. I complicate Understanding by Design with Willie James Jennings’ notion of “forced affection,” positing that predetermined learning outcomes hinder students in their unique expression of ideas and identity. I close by suggesting inventing “big ideas” for writing classes which students then fill with meaning themselves, resulting in a …

Including The Obvious: Why Are We Doing This?, Elizabeth Colen

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

Along with including the usual sections for “what” to do and “how” to do it, when developing an essay writing prompt, providing a section to explicate “why” students will be completing the assignment results in a significant improvement of the quality of essays received, as well as a noted improvement in student ability to connect with several of the overall Student Learning Outcomes of the class. This write-up examines shifts made in assignment construction, as well as the results of that shift as realized in a 200-level Queer Literature course.

Incorporating Academic Writing Into The Advanced Chinese Class, Li Wang

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

How to incorporate academic writing into the Advanced Chinese Class? My mini-study explores how to balance the grammatical aspect with the writing train in the fourth-year Chinese class. By dividing the argumentative essay into a beginning, a main body and a conclusion parts, students can practice how to write an argumentative essay step by step. By including revision into the writing process, students get more opportunity to reflect and rewrite their writing.

Incorporating Exploratory Writing Assignments For An Intermediate Nutrition Class, Claudia Wang

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

Several exploratory writing assignments were developed and implemented in a 300 level nutrition class based on the Backward By Design Strategy. A weekly written reflection assignment was analyzed, summarized, and reflected for its strengths/weakness. Strategies were identified to use this assignment in the future better.

Scaffolding Writing Assignments In Introductory Art History, Monique Kerman

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

As a result of my participation in WWU’s Backward by Design retreat in 2017, I sought to modify the written assignments of my introductory Art History course for pre-majors in order to better prepare students working towards a lengthy research paper. In course evaluations and anecdotally, students reported being intimidated by the size and scope of the final paper, and asked for more writing practice. I decided that instead of requiring a high stakes research paper as the culmination of the coursework, I would scaffold assignments throughout the course that would eventually lead students to composing a thesis around which …

Using Reflective And Meta Writing Practices In English 101, Michelle Runyan

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

This study examines the ways in which a low-stakes meta, reflective, and reflexive writing assignment has the potential to help students better understand the writing that they do in the classroom. This assignment allows students to think through threshold concepts in the course, to question course concepts, and to think through the areas they are struggling with. Additionally, students are encouraged to think through their own writing process and how the skills they learn in the course might transfer to other courses. Finally, it allows the course instructor to examine their course curriculum and to adjust lesson plans based on …

Consensus To Co-Create Curricula And Build Community, Nini Hayes

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

This project was about using consensus to co-create curricula and build classroom community. I worked with students to narrow their study of focus to two concepts, Neoliberalism and Culturally Relevant Pedagogy. This co-creating and buy in from students really encouraged them to be present and find the course relevant to their work as environmental educators.

Course Revision Using Backward By Design, Rita Daniels

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

The purpose of this mini-study was to redesign a Research Methods in Communication course using Backward by Design (BbD; Wiggins & McTighe, 2005). The first stage was to identify the desired results for the course and the second stage was to determine acceptable evidence for the desired results. The third stage was to plan learning experiences. Results of the study indicated that students found assigned course work to be challenging but the effective teaching of the course content, the relevance of the course to communication studies, and the instructor’s contribution to the course made the course overall worth taking. Having …

Improving Mba Students' Ability To Do Financial Analysis, Claire Lending

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

I restructured my graduate class, MBA 541, Managerial Finance with a focus on the core concept, company value maximization. The course was structured around assignments where the students would do research on a specific company for the whole quarter. These almost daily assignments all focused on value and I would specifically ask the students to make “refutable statements” on how the company was adding or detracting from value due to their financial decisions. The combination of frequent low stakes assignment and the explicit connection to value enhanced the students’ learning and improved class atmosphere.

Peer Editing As Learning Tool, Warren Cornwall

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

Structured peer editing of student writing provides a valuable tool for teaching writing concepts and skills. This write-up describes a detailed process for teaching and using peer editing in a journalism class. The goal of the peer editing is to help students understand and apply concepts and skills used to craft engaging and informative news stories, and to develop skills providing and receiving feedback about writing.

Backwards By Design Retreat And Teaching Mini-Assessment, Hilary Schwandt

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

At the Backwards by Design (BbD) retreat last fall for every topic and assignment, I focused on a class I was about to teach the coming fall that is a core class at Fairhaven college. Every student entering Fairhaven, whether a student in their first year of college or a transfer student from main campus or another college or university, must take this class in the first quarter as a Fairhaven student. The class is 201: Critical and Reflective Inquiry. At Fairhaven, professors are encouraged to select a content area of their choosing – as the focus in the class …

Circling Back To Guiding Questions, Marc N. Muniz

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

My participation in the Backwards by Design workshop last Summer inspired me to think deeply about the nature of writing experiences afforded to our students in the physical sciences. One of the courses I teach is SCED 201: Matter and Energy in Physical Systems. This is a 4 credit-hour, inquiry-based, physics course for prospective primary (elementary) school educators. It utilizes a well-researched curriculum known as “Physics in Everyday Thinking,” which allows students to investigate various physical phenomena through activities.¹These activities begin by eliciting students’ initial ideas, which are often shared during whole-class whiteboarding sessions. The students then proceed …

Actionable Learning For A Living Earth: Backwards By Design 2015-16 Project Report, James Loucky

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

During the summer 2015 “Backwards by Design” working retreat, I explored the intricate pairing of knowledge and action as central to efforts to bridge anthropology and environment. The retreat initiated a focus on “actionable learning” as a threshold concept that would come to underlie my seminar on “Ecocultural Ethics” in Winter 2016.

The Value Of Refining A Threshold Concept, Michael Fraas

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

In the summer of 2012, I had the privilege of attending the Backwards By Design workshop, where I was introduced to the “threshold concept” (Cousin, 2006). I learned how the use of this approach could shift the ontological and conceptual dimensions of students’ perspectives. That fall, I implemented the threshold concept into my undergraduate CSD 401 Writing Lab. My intention was for students to gain perspective into the lives of survivors of acquired brain injuries. I hoped the assignment would help them develop empathy for the types of clients they would work with one day as burgeoning speech-language pathologists.

It’S All About That Base: Persuading Learners Of Spanish As A Second Language That Verb Acquisition Is The Essence Of Communication, Sean Dwyer

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

The intended result of a series of Spanish courses is the ability to speak fluidly, if not extensively, in Spanish. The quickest way to speak quickly is to learn some set phrases. As a result of strategies that involve this learning tool, perhaps 75% of Americans can parrot “¿Dónde está el baño?” and “Dos cervezas, por favor.” However, a disappointingly high percentage of people who can say those things cannot say anything that would be useful outside a restaurant.

Working backwards from my curricular goal of creating verbal facility in my students, I start by expressing the threshold concept that …

When Developing A Course Goal Becomes Developing Shared Norms, Brian J. Bowe

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

Having just arrived in Washington from my longtime Michigan home a few days before, the Backwards by Design retreat was the first formal activity of a new adventure on the faculty at Western Washington University. It was a great opportunity to get to know other faculty across departments. But, even more importantly, it was an open environment dedicated to fostering the creation student-centered learning environments. I learned many things — including a much more enthusiastic approach to using sticky notes to storyboard activities. I hope I was able to contribute as well.

Exploring A Threshold Concept In Kinesiology 306 Course, Harsh Buddhadev

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

In Fall 2015, the new 5-credit KIN 306 course was created by combining old KIN 306 and 301 classes (3-credits each). This is the first course completed by all students pursuing a major in Kinesiology. Prior to Fall 2015, all Kinesiology majors completed two separate introductory 3-credit courses KIN 301 and KIN 306. The old KIN 306 course introduced students to theories of measurement and evaluation and various health and sport related aspect of fitness. The KIN 301 course, introduced the process of conducting a systematic search of research literature on health and sport related aspect of fitness and it …

Postcolonial Critique: A Threshold Concept In Organizational Communication Studies, James Fortney

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

In 2014, I attended the Backwards By Design professional development retreat as a way to enhance my writing instruction in the field of communication studies. The retreat workshops provided an opportunity for me to create and transform one of my courses by envisioning where I wanted to end up and working backwards on how to get there. By giving attention to design, enactment, and result, I was able to re-consider the overall learning goals of the course, with particular attention to the core concepts that potentially hold the power to transform student perception of communication studies. Below, I provide a …

Improving Student Understanding Of Writing Assignment Guidelines And Expectations: Mini-Assessment, Cat Armstrong Soule

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

As a marketing instructor, it has been challenging to find effective techniques to help my students improve their written communication skills. I have found that many students are seriously lacking skill in this area and have little recognition of its importance. Many times students have told me that other instructors “don’t care about the writing” and only grade “on the content.” This oversight could almost be humorous, since a threshold concept in marketing is the importance of effective communication between a brand and its desired audience. My personal dedication to better teaching of these critical skills led me to participate …

Writing Instruction Report Regarding Activities Stemming From Summer 2014 Backwards By Design Retreat, Catherine Riordan

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

In the retreat I sought assistance as I developed a new course, a senior seminar in industrial/ organizational (I/O) psychology, a writing intensive course. The field is an applied one with many practitioners working as consultants. During the workshop I decided to use the consultancy relationship as the foundation for the writing assignments.

Students selected one case of many I shared with them as their focus. After doing research and interviewing professionals with knowledge of this content area, students proceeded through a series of writing assignments (Table 1), focusing on ‘business writing’ and switching back and forth between two audiences, …

Sequencing A Literature Review Paper, Peter Smith

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

In Fall 2013, I attended the Backwards by Design workshop sponsored by the Writing Instruction Center and led by Carmen Werder and Shevell Thibou. At that time I was just beginning to think about a new course, LIBR 320: Archives and Special Collections Studies. The purpose of the course is to engage students with the primary sources available in the Heritage Resources unit of Western Libraries, including the Center for Pacific Northwest Studies, Special Collections, and University Archives. Using the collections, students gain knowledge of and respect towards the institutions of special collections and archives globally, experiencing them locally.

Learning …

Reinforcement By Error Analysis Of Multiple: Threshold Concepts In Advanced Spanish Composition, Sean Dwyer

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

This year, I taught a course in advanced Spanish grammar, Spanish 302. This course provided me with an opportunity to build on a procedure I developed and refined in the Backwards by Design writing instruction workshops in 2012 and 2013 for emphasizing one of the threshold concepts in basic Spanish, noun-adjective agreement. This year’s enhanced procedure, which could not be implemented easily at the 100 level, is proving to serve as a gateway to greater understanding on the part of my students of their individual strengths and weaknesses.

Backwards By Design 2013/2014 Assessment Project, Jasmine Goodnow

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

The Backwards by Design workshop inspired me to think deeply about how to construct meaningful assignments that would help students learn not only content and knowledge but application and deep understanding. I wanted to create enduring understanding that students would apply in their careers. Tourism can be a tool for social, environmental, and economic justice; however, this is not part of the current tourism industry’s paradigm. Thus, my task is to teach course curriculum through the lens of justice, not capitalism. REC 379 Foundations of Ecotourism is a course about the history, concepts, principles, marketing, and planning of ecotourism. I …

Backwards By Design, Summer 2013 Retreat Assessment, Matt Holtmeier

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

At the 2013 TLA retreat, the main task I set for myself was building a new course around the film and television of the Pacific Northwest. The main challenge of this course was how to create a syllabus centered on the media of a ‘region’ rather than a particular concept or genre. The guiding question for developing this course was what aspects of the Pacific Northwest films and television were able to contribute to. Since our retreat was focused on 'threshold concepts,' and this course was primarily focused on content rather than skills (studying media of the region as opposed …

Assessment Project Write-Up: Phil 112, Ethical Question Activity, Michelle Saint

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

I regularly teach Phil 112: Introduction to Moral Issues. This is a 100-level, 3 credit hour course that is intended to introduce students to philosophy in general and the study of ethics in particular. One of the most significant goals I have for the course is getting students to understand how to engage in ethical inquiry. I don’t want them to learn just the content of ethical theories that other people have previously developed; I want them to develop the skills that will permit them to engage in ethical inquiry themselves. The most significant threshold concepts covered in this class …

Backwards By Design Implementation Report, Kristina Luce

Backward by Design Mini-Studies

As part of my participation in the Backwards by Design Retreat during summer of 2012, I chose to design the first course of the three-part series of courses on writing required for the Art History Major. A/HI 271: Introduction to Writing and Critical Thinking is also a GUR.

My goal overarching goal was to implement the idea of a threshold concept within the course, and during the retreat I identified that concept as:

In academic writing, well-grounded claims are understood to emerge out of evidence, but in art historical writing, as in any interpretive writing, it is essential to understand …