Education Commons^™

Effects Of Aging On Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption: A Preliminary Study, Steven Klepacz

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Aging and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) is something that has not been adequately studied. Studies looking at EPOC mostly are compiled of young college age individuals. Aging in humans is a topic of much research with still more to be learned. The study in this paper attempts to answer the question of whether age affects EPOC when performing a certain exercise. Preliminary findings based on general age-related research suggest the possibility. This thesis will explore the current research related to age and EPOC, analyze the findings, and discuss additional avenues for future research.

An Investigation Into How The Intense Nature Of Youth Sport Participation Influences Women’S Collegiate Basketball Player’S Experiences Of Burnout, Hana M. Adent

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

One area of athlete well-being garnering increasing attention is athletes’ experience of burnout (Gould & Whitley, 2009). According to Coakley (1992), burnout is a social phenomenon grounded in a set of social relations through which young athletes become disempowered in their sport participation that can lead to fatigue and dropout. Therefore, efforts to reduce athletes’ likelihood of experiencing burnout are important. Often overlooked in the college athlete literature are the experiences of college athletes in youth sport. Yet almost all college athletes participate in competitive youth sport. Therefore, in seeking to further our understanding of college athletes’ burnout experience, it …

An Intersectional Grounded Theory Study Examining Identity Exploration For Former Student-Athletes Against The Backdrop Of 2020, Crystle M. Dorsey

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

The purpose of this study was to understand how student-athletes explored and made meaning of their intersecting identities through identity-focused curriculum against the backdrop of 2020. With intersectionality as a theoretical framework, this study examines how axes of oppression influenced the process of identity exploration for student-athletes. Guided by constructivism and critical theory as its epistemological foundations, this constructivist grounded theory study included three guiding research questions alluding to the how, what and why student-athletes explored their identities in 2020. The outcome of this study was an intersectional grounded theory detailing how student-athletes explore and make meaning of their intersecting …

Risk Management Perceptions And Preventive Practices Of Athletic Directors From Naia Schools, Yan Gioseffi

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

The increase in the number of incidents associated with sports has led to the rise of litigation, and physical, emotional, and financial damage to stakeholders. Collegiate athletic directors (ADs) have the duty to keep their programs safe.

This study aimed to explore and understand the practices, perceptions, and experiences of ADs from National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) institutions regarding preventive risk management. As risk management is significantly new in the sporting industry, an exploratory study using a qualitative design, grounded in narrative inquiry was conducted using the D.I.M. Process as a guide to collect data from 10 NAIA ADs …

International Student-Athletes’ Unique Challenges: Collegiate Coaches’ Facilitation Of Social Capital And Servant Leadership, Daewon Yoon

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

International student-athletes (ISAs) play in almost all NCAA sports at all levels of competition. This factor implies that international student-athletes are now a significant part of the paradigm of college athletics.

Even though an increasingly substantial number of ISAs in international student (ISs) populations in the United States, ISAs would face additional challenges concerning language barriers, cultural differences, adjusting to the new environment, general life on campus, academic settings, and the school's high expectations of them for athletic performance.

Therefore, providing genuine caring and supportive behavior for international student-athletes, ongoing support for social connection to minimize their unique issues, servant …

Teachers Perceptions, Practices, And Needs Toward Inclusion In Physical Education, Adriana E. Lucero

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Central Tasks of Learning to Teach provided the theoretical framework for the first study involving one in-service elementary physical educator teaching integrated classes while reflecting on three major stages of the teacher’s career, (1) the preservice, (2) the induction, and (3) the continuing professional development periods. Data revealed the following four themes: (a) authentic field experiences in immersive environments; (b) practice teaching in integrated settings enhanced self-confidence; (c) comprehensive and in-depth knowledge of students; and (d) disposition toward support when teaching and professional work outside of the teaching space. The Situated Expectancy-Value Theory provided the theoretical underpinning to our second …

Self-Efficacy Influences Of Pre-Service Physical Education (Pe) Teachers Who Instruct Students With Disabilites (Swds), Emily Mason, Karen Gaudreault, Glenn Hushman, Victoria Shiver, Amanda Young

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

The purpose of this study was to analyze what factors contribute to the self-efficacy/teacher efficacy (TE) of pre-service teachers (PSTs) as they instruct physical education (PE) to students with disabilities (SWDs). Self-efficacy theory, SET, (Bandura, 1977; Maddux, 2013) was used to make meaning of what SET tenets the PSTs found valuable as it pertained to boosting their teacher efficacy as they taught physical education to SWDs. Data collection involved three semi-structured interviews, three reflections, one critical incident account (Flanagan, 1954), ten to twelve non-participatory observations of the PSTs teaching PE in an elementary school with SWDs, informal conversations, email communication, …

The Effects Of Whole-Body Hot Water Immersion After Exercise Induced Muscle Damage On Exercise Performance And Inflammatory Markers, Rogelio A. Realzola

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

This study examined the effects of hot water immersion (HWI) on exercise performance and inflammatory markers after a resistance exercise-induced muscle damage protocol. Strength trained males (n = 5) and females (n = 5) completed two experimental trials separated by at least 2 weeks in a randomized crossover design; one trial involved HWI, the other temperate water immersion (TWI). For each trial, subjects performed a muscle damaging protocol followed by HWI or TWI for up to 50 minutes. The protocol consisted of 10 sets of 8 repetitions at 70% of 1-repetition maximum with 4s eccentric, 1s concentric lifting …

Status Seeking In Conspicuous Spectator Sports Consumption: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective, Yong Wang

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

According to self-determination theory, people are intrinsically and/or extrinsically motivated to self-regulate their behavior (Deci & Ryan, 2012). Sport fans watch games for intrinsic rewards such as having fun and supporting a team, which, from the identity fusion perspective (Swann Jr et al., 2009), derive from their visceral sense of oneness with a team. Although they can choose to watch games at home, many fans spend money attending expensive games (e.g., major sports) and publicly display their experience. A plethora of sport management literature has addressed the intrinsic motivation for attending games; however, less attention has been paid to the …

A Metabolic Profile Of Escalating Density Training, Desmond Millender

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the acute physiological, perceptual, and enjoyment responses between a single bout of escalating density training (EDT) and traditional resistance training (TRAD).

Methods: Twelve physically active males (n = 6) and females (n = 6) (age: 21.4 ± 3.0 years; weight: 69.8 ± 7.9 kg; height: 172.9 ± 12.4 cm; maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max): 44.7 ± 9.2 ml · kg^-1 · min^-1) performed both EDT and TRAD. During the EDT trial, participants performed chest and leg press exercises in a cyclical fashion for 15 minutes with limited …

Understanding The Occupational Socialization Of Tennis Coaches: Using A Grounded Theory Approach To Explore Reasons For Entering The Coaching Profession, Charles Provencio

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Sport coaches are among the most critical employees in the sport industry and regularly practice sport management activities including facilitating participation, managing athlete, organizing events, and promoting products and services. Interestingly, little is known about why individuals choose to pursue a career as a sports coach and how they might be acculturated into their profession. The general purpose of this study was to build on these works and to continue exploring the theorized elements of the process of acculturation within occupational socialization. To accomplish this, the specific purpose of this study was to explore and understand the perceptions and experiences …

Academic And Athletic Motivation Of Collegiate Athletes And Their Career Transition Plans: A Mixed -Method Approach, Jeongwon Choi

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

The purpose of this study is to understand NCAA Division I, II, and III collegiate athletes (CAs)’ motivations towards academics, athletics, and gain a greater understanding of their transition plans. This study uses a sequential mixed method design. Firstly, the quantitative study examined collegiate athletes’ motivation levels for both academics and athletics among the NCAA divisions. The Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II) was utilized to measure athletic motivation, and the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) was used to measure academic motivation. After conducting quantitative research, a qualitative approach was used to explore collegiate athletes’ career readiness and transition plans based on their …

Cultural Melting Pots: Strategies To Mitigate Culture Shock For Immigrant Students, Luis A. Sanchez Martinez

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

With the increase of immigration and diversity in the United States, challenges with integrating various student backgrounds in public education have risen over the last several years. While student success is the priority for teachers, it has been challenging to keep students engaged, motivated, and culturally respected. By offering strategies to school administrators, counselors, and teachers including physical educators, to integrate culture and school content with the purpose to create successful students and build a stronger community. Furthermore, present psychological effects when children move to a new country.

High Altitude Exposures And Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, Zachary J. Mckenna

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Gastrointestinal complaints are often reported during high altitude ascent (>2500m), though their etiology is unknown. One explanation is hypoxia-mediated intestinal barrier dysfunction. High altitude exposures can result in splanchnic hypoperfusion and hypoxemia causing hypoxic and oxidative stress. Exertion may worsen hypoxia-induced intestinal injury via greater splanchnic hypoperfusion and hypoxemia. We propose that these stressors injure the intestinal barrier leading to increased permeability, bacterial translocation, and local/systemic inflammation which may contribute to gastrointestinal complications or Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS). To test this, we investigated the effects of hypoxia on exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptoms and markers of intestinal injury. Next, we determined …

Mental Toughness And Athletic Performance: A Meta-Analysis, Dax Mitchell Crum

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

This investigation employed meta-analysis techniques to examine the relationship between mental toughness and athletic performance. A total of 76 studies were systematically analyzed with 470 correlation coefficients (r_xy) calculated to determine the mean effect. Fifty-five subject and study variables (age, gender, sport, psychometric instrument, and theoretical definition, etc.) were coded for each correlation to assess changes in the magnitude according to these key characteristics noted within the literature. Overall, the total average correlation produced a small effect size of r_xy =.218. However, the effect size varied significantly depending on the definition, measurement, quality of the investigation, …

What Is The Experience Of An International Collegiate Athletes That Play Ncaa Division I And Ii Basketball?, Daniel Gayle

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

This paper explores the complete journey of International Collegiate Athletes (ICAs) that play basketball at a Division I or II National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) school. This study uses Schlossberg’s (1981, 1984, 1995) transition theory to establish how these athletes navigate moving into college, moving through college, and moving out of college. Through semi structured interviews, the study gives insight into the unique experiences, obstacles, pressures, and successes of ICAs, and provides implications for how the experience of ICAs attending college in the U.S. might be improved. The most important aspect for the success of an ICA at their collegiate …

"Coming Out The Kitchen With Our Aprons On": Intersectionality Of African American Athletic Administrators At Division I Hbcus, Margaret Wilkins

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

The lack of women in leadership positions within the domain of athletic administration is a phenomenon that is widely understood (Galloway, 2012). To address the dearth of research in this area, the current study explored the experiences of African American women athletic administrators at Division I HBCUs. The research questions that guided this study were: 1) What are the experiences of African-American women athletic administrators at Division I HBCUs?; 2) What are the factors that impact the experiences of Division I HBCU African- American women athletic administrators? This study was informed by intersectionality and utilized a qualitative narrative approach to …

Exploring Physical Educators' Efficacy Beliefs, Perceptions Of Importance And Openness For Social And Emotional Learning, Caitlin Olive, Karen Lux Gaudreault, Kelly Simonton, Michael Hemphill, Yu Yu Hsiao

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

In response to changes in student performance and behavior, social and emotional learning (SEL) has received increasing attention and interest in education (Bartlett, 2019). Physical education (PE) has also given increased attention to implementing SEL in physical activity spaces (Richards et al., 2019). Thus, it is important to evaluate teachers’ beliefs about SEL in order to understand their willingness to implement this curriculum effectively. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships of several environmental and personal perceptions about teaching on PE teachers’ beliefs for implementing SEL. Physical educators (N = 157; 49.7% male) from the United States …

Facemask Use During High Intensity Interval Exercise In Temperate And Hot Environments., Andrew D. Wells, Zachary Fennel, Jeremy Ducharme, Abdulaziz Masoud, Jon Houck, Bryanne Bellovary, Michael Deyhle, Yu Yu Hsiao, Fabiano Amorim, Christine Mermier

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

BACKGROUNDː Facemask use has been recommended during physical activity to prevent spreading and contracting the virus that causes COVID-19. There have been concerns about negative physiological and perceptual effects of mask-wearing, especially during higher-intensity activities. Emerging research suggests there is a minimal impact of wearing a surgical mask on physiological responses across a wide array of exercise intensities and modalities. However, there are no published data regarding the impact of surgical mask use in hot or temperate environments during high intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of surgical mask use during …

The Effect Of Repetition Tempo On Training Volume, Heart Rate, Blood Lactate, And Muscle Oxygenation When Time Under Tension Is Matched In Recreationally-Trained Lifters, Zachary A. Mang

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

It is commonly reported that resistance training (RT) with slower-repetition tempos leads to greater metabolic stress because they increase the time under tension (TUT) during sets of exercise. However, little information is available on the effect of different repetition tempos on blood lactate concentration, muscle oxygenation, and heart rate (HR) when TUT and proximity to concentric muscular failure are matched during lower-body RT. In a repeated-measures, cross- over design, 11 recreationally-trained females (n = 5) and males (n = 6) performed five sets of belt squat under the following conditions: Slow-repetition tempo (SLOW; 10 reps with 4:2 second tempo) and …

The Effect Of Interval And Continuous Work On Markers Of Acute Kidney Injury In A Hot Environment, Jonathan M. Houck, Fabiano Amorim, Christine Mermier, Michael Deyhle, Orlando Laitano, Zachary Mckenna, Zac Fennel, Jeremy Ducharme, Andrew Wells

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Purpose: To examine the effect of high intensity interval work (HIIW) and moderate intensity continuous work (MICW) patterns on markers of acute kidney injury (AKI) and kidney damage in a hot environment. Methods: Nine males completed two hours of physical work in a hot environment, performing either HIIW [2 minutes at 80% maximum oxygen consumption (VO₂max) and 3 minutes at 30% VO₂max] or MICW. Blood and urine samples were collected immediately before (Pre) and after (Post), one hour (1hr Post), and 24 hours after (24hr Post) the trials. Urine flow rate (UFR), osmolality (Uosm), and …

Studying Wash-Out During Professional Socializaton, Christopher Mellor

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Teacher washout can disrupt teacher effectiveness and undermine the espoused pedagogy in teacher education programs. Teacher washout occurs once an individual occupies a teaching role after formal training but corresponds with the potency of teacher education programs and K-12 experiences. Teacher washout literature is limited and does not address the socialization process of formal training. The following two hybrid dissertation studies examine washout, wash-in, and never washed-in. By doing so, we can expand the definition of washout and gain helpful insights on the perceptions of pre-service teachers. Implications from these studies provide faculty with proposals for change to decrease the …

Fear Of Failure In Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Practitioners, Frederick J. Williams Jr

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experiences of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ) practitioners and the role that failure plays in their sport. Four male BJJ practitioners, three of which had obtained the rank of black belt and one purple belt participated in the study. Guided by Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (Smith et al., 2009), three semi-repeated interviews and a singular journal entry were completed with each participant. The final analysis of the interviews and journal entries provided insight into the importance of community and failure as it pertains to personal growth, and the role coaches and teammates …

From Vision To Reality: Building Community-Based Adaptive Sports And Fitness Facilities Across The United States, Mary Beth Schubauer

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

People with physical disabilities face multiple barriers to activity and sports participation. This study aims to fill a gap in the literature by describing how community-based adaptive sports and fitness facilities are built in communities in the United States. Structured interviews of 11 participants, facility tours, and review of documents and photographs, are incorporated in the data collection and analysis. Understanding the necessary components for facility accessibility for people with disabilities also assists in ease of use by other community members. Three main concepts emerged from the analysis: incorporating viewpoints of people with disabilities in planning stages, use of universal …

Is The Skeletal Muscle Hypoxic Response To Exercise Different Between Endurance Trained And Untrained Individuals?, Roberto C. Nava, Zachary Fennel, Zachary Mckenna, Quint Berkemeier, Flávio De Castro Magalhães, Michael Deyhle, Fabiano Amorim, Christine Mermier

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

It was previously hypothesized that endurance exercise training blunts the hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) response to acute exercise. We investigated whether training status influences the skeletal muscle HIF-1 response to acute exercise. 7 endurance athletes and 8 untrained controls performed a bout of cycling exercise. Skeletal muscle protein levels of HIF-1α and its inhibitors, prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2), factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) were measured pre, post and 3h post-exercise. HIF-1 target gene expression was assessed via rtPCR and RNA-sequencing. Baseline protein levels of FIH and PHD2 were greater in the trained group. The exercise-induced increase …

Sex Differences In Running Performance: The Role Of The Anaerobic Speed Reserve In Female Middle-Distance Running, Lydia Charlotte Hallam

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Middle-distance running is an interesting domain in which to study sex differences in athletic performance because of the varied metabolic, mechanical and tactical demands. The Anaerobic Speed Reserve (ASR) represents the difference between an athlete’s maximal sprint speed (MSS) and maximal aerobic speed (MAS). The ASR and MSS are key determinants of elite male 800m performance (Sandford et al., 2018); however, the role of the ASR in female middle-distance running is unclear, considering sex differences in physiology, mechanics and competition factors. We found that sub-groups of female middle-distance runners could be distinguished using the ASR and speed reserve ratio (SRR …

Cardiorespiratory And Metabolic Responses To Hexagonal Barbell Deadlift Task Performed At An Intensity Corresponding To The Anaerobic Threshold, Christopher C. Frankel Dr.

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

The objectives of this study were to identify the lactate threshold (LT) and the first ventilatory threshold (VT) during resistance exercise in a discontinuous incremental test, determine if both thresholds were observed at the same relative workload, and to analyze the acute cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during a separate constant load resistance exercise protocol. Twelve healthy, trained women (n = 6) and men (n = 6) performed a maximal running test on a treadmill followed by three protocols using the hexagonal bar deadlift (HBDL) exercise. The treadmill test was performed to determine maximal oxygen consumption, peak heart rate, and lactate …

The Combined Effects Of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage And Heat Stress On Acute Kidney Stress And Heat Strain During Subsequent Endurance Exercise, Zidong Li

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effect of downhill running and heat stress on muscle damage, as well as on heat strain and kidney stress during subsequent endurance exercise in the heat. Methods: Using a crossover design and randomized order, ten non-heat-acclimated, physically active males completed downhill running in a cool (EIMD in Cool) and hot (EIMD in Hot) environment followed by an exercise-heat stress (HS) test after 3-hour seated rest. Core temperature, heart rate, thermal sensation and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded throughout each exercise session. Blood and urine samples were collected at …

Relationship Between Orthostatic Stress Response And Acute Mountain Sickness Susceptibility At High Altitude: A Pilot Study, Bryanne Bellovary, Jack Loeppky, Andrew Wells, Zac Fennel, Jeremy Ducharme, Jonathan Houck, Trevor Mayschak, Kelsey Bourbeau, Ann Gibson, Scott Drum, Christine Mermier

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in hemodynamic responses to head-up tilt (HUT) in subjects who do, and do not, experience acute mountain sickness (AMS) during exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. Secondarily, we aimed to determine if those hemodynamic variables altered during HUT correlated with AMS severity. Fifteen participants completed three testing sessions: 1) VO₂max test to determine workload at 50% VO₂max for hypoxia exposure; 2) HUT test consisting of supine rest for 20 min followed by 70° upright tilting for ≤ 40 min; and 3) six hours of hypobaric …

The Role Of Mentorship In Achieving Nba Success: Narratives Told By Nine Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall Of Fame Inductees, Mark J. Lasota

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Mentorship entails a special relationship between two people centered on personal or professional growth and development. An effective mentoring relationship is not always easy to acquire. A recent study out of Olivet Nazarene University (2019) suggested around 75 percent of professional men and women want a mentor, but around 37 percent actually have a person in their lives they considered a mentor. On a macro level, the National Mentoring Partnership (2014) estimated only around one-third of children and teenagers have a trusted individual outside their households they can turn to for guidance and support.

Considering the widespread application of mentoring …