History Commons^™

Cutting Out Worry: Popularizing Psychosurgery In America, Antonietta Louise Iannaccone

Antonietta Louise Iannaccone

Contemporary Americans think of the lobotomy as an utterly primitive and brutal form of psychosurgery. The film One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, especially, popularized the image of it as a violent form of suppression and mind control. But when it was first introduced, the procedure was considered compassionate, effective, and so delicate it was compared to “cutting through butter.” The therapeutic effect was described as “cutting out worry.” Between 1936 and 1978 it is estimated that 40,000 psychiatric patients received lobotomies in the United States; the procedure was not only tolerated, it was popular. How did it ever gain …

Argument Map: Loewi's Argument That Neuro-Transmission Works With Chemical Signals Instead Of Eletrical (Short Version), Michael Hoffmann

Michael H.G. Hoffmann

This argument shows how the hypothesis that muscles are probably stimulated exclusively by chemical signals and not by electrical ones can be justified by Loewi's experimentum crucis.

Argument Map: Devoloping Scientific Hypotheses And Experimental Designs In Form Of An Argumentation. Loewi's Crucial Experiment On Chemical Neurotransmission, Michael Hoffmann

Michael H.G. Hoffmann

This argument map presents Paul Loewi’s crucial experiment in which he showed that neural transmissions of signals are chemical in nature, not electrical, in form of an argumentation. The map can be used in science education to show how the formulation of hypotheses should be related to a corresponding determination of experimental designs.

Rough Terrain. Review Of Dane Kennedy, The Last Blank Spaces, Tobias J. Harper

Tobias Harper

No abstract provided.

A Glimpse Of C.G. Jung's Teaching Styel, Ronald W. Teague Phd, Abpp

Ronald W Teague PhD, ABPP

No abstract provided.

Table Annexed To Article: Surveying The 831 Unique Words In The Philadelphia Constitution, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

Of the 831 unique words in the Philadelphia Constitution, what were the most frequently used words? The least? OCL lists all unique words in rank order with and without frequencies, accounting for the word total of 4,321 words in the Philadelphia Constitution.

The Colony-Making Power Of Congress Priced In The Purchase Of Alaska, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

There is certainly no power given by the Constitution to the Federal Government to establish or maintain colonies bordering on the United States or at a distance, to be ruled and governed at its own pleasure, Our Constitutional Logic paraphrases the immediate cause of the Civil War, with citation to Dred Scott’s case at 60 U.S. 393, 446 (1857). That, however, is not the only defect in the purchase of Alaska from the Czar of the Russias. Our Constitutional Logic investigates the non-Euclidean geometry pertinent to the treaty’s boundaries such as they might appear on the sphere near you.

Madison's Redans, Ravelins And Bastions: A Short History Of The War Of 1812, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

The employment of earthworks and breastworks in defense of dense communities is considered in light of the advice of Baron Henri de Jomini which the Secretary of Defense transmitted before Madison appointed. Because the Secretary failed to follow the Baron’s advice – which the Secretary had transmitted into print culture as Hints to Young Generals – Madison sacked him after the battle of Bladensburg.

Patel,Nehru And National Unity Day, Vivek Kumar Srivastava Dr.

Vivek Kumar Srivastava Dr.

The present paper explores the relationship of two great Indian political leaders after independence and their contribution in the consolidation of the Indian state.

Reconsidering “Confucianism As A Civil Religion”: Based On The Concept “Confucianism” Of Kang Youwei And “Civil Religion” Of Robert N. Bellah (反思“以儒教为公民宗教”——从康有为的孔教设想与贝拉的公民宗教概念切入), Yuzhou Bai

Yuzhou Bai

No abstract provided.

The U.S Constitution Vs. The Weimar Constitution: Why Democracy Failed In Post-War Germany., Jennifer Wright, Kevin Dorth

Jennifer Wright Joe

This presentation outlined the differences between the Weimar Constitution of post-WWI Germany to that of the United States and explored the reasons the Weimar Constitution failed.

Ages Of The Delegates At The Federal Convention: Early Birds And Worms?, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

Of the fifty-five delegates who attended the federal convention at Philadelphia in 1787, the median in age was Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut, thirty-two years old. The delegate with the median remaining life span was Jacob Broom of Delaware (thirty-three years). The early arrivers were neither older nor younger than the others. Nor were they marked down for a shorter or longer remaining lifespan.

Initial Federal Offices Created/Contemplated By The Philadelphia Constitution, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

Whether commands, permission, or prohibitions are trafficked, this three-way division credited to Jeremy Bentham, spatial logic dictates that for every office there must be, sooner or later, an office holder. The one hundred and seven offices created or contemplated by the Philadelphia Constitution are surveyed.

Table Annexed To Article: Unique Words In Constitutions I And Ii Surveyed, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

Constitution I and Constitution II are surveyed with all words treated as appearing only once; that is, appearing uniquely. The texture of the two constitutions is presented with comparative lists of the 775 unique words of Constitution I with the 831 unique words of Constitution II; the 406 unique words of Constitution II which appear in Constitution I are calendared.

Ferguson, The Black Radical Tradition And The Path Forward, Sundiata Keita Cha-Jua

Sundiata K Cha-Jua

Can't you feel it? Feel the temperature dropping? Feel the icy winds blowing? It’s winter in America. Spring and fall seem to have enveloped summer. The chill comes sooner and lasts longer. It’s winter in America. There’s a blizzard coming. The first frost has already fallen, in Ferguson, Missouri, of all places. Ferguson has ripped the veil off. It is now clear for the world to see how the U.S. plans to deal with its black internal colony.

It’s getting dark; it’s nearly midnight. Yes, repressive episodes will continue to increase in frequency and grow in intensity. It’s nearly midnight. …

The Reannexation Of Alaska, By Russia, Reconsidered, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

Each house district shall be formed of contiguous and compact territory containing as nearly as practicable a relatively integrated socio-economic area, in paraphrase, the Alaska Constitution (Article VI) enjoins. However, when the current potentate of all that is Russia considers reannexation of all that is Alaska, the results must be calendared accordingly to their respective merits.

Let Them Have Bread: The True Meaning Of The Phrygian Word "Bekos", Matthias Ifejika

Matthias Ifejika

The Phrygian word bekos is older than Egyptian but does it really mean bread? Who are these Phrygians whose word for bread is bekos (also written as becos) and where did they come from that this same word also appeared on funerary stelae? The usage of this unique word in both contexts would have made a good philologist – perhaps in those days to say – “objection your majesty! This word although older than our language, does not mean bread”. What could bekos have meant in reality and are there any cognates out there. Pharaoh needs to know the truth …

The Sumerian Grammar: Affixation And Reconstruction Technique, Matthias Ifejika

Matthias Ifejika

The Affixation and Reconstruction Technique (ART) is a method of reconstructing fragmented Sumerian words by affixing the missing vowel to the CV or VC fragment in order to arrive at the exact rendering and remove the problem of ambiguity. Quite a lot of Sumerian words had been restored as fragments and we often assume that such fragments are whole words although they are parts of the whole word. Although the CV fragment can stand on its feet as free morphemes unlike the VC fragment, there is always the need to restore the full word.

The Wise Men From The East - Solving The Sumerian Problem, Matthias Ifejika

Matthias Ifejika

The origin of Sumerians is still a matter of debate and although Near East is well known for its significant role in human history, particularly as a theatre for great historical events, an exhaustive study of the Sumerian language, culture and literature, reveals that the civilization they were talking about originally had nothing to do with ancient Near East. In this extraordinary expose, we will look at the problem of Sumerian once more with the objective of resolving it and addressing other teething linguistic problems, which have not been understood before now.

Table Annexed To Article: Madison's Apology For The Fall Of Washington In Mr Text, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

As for his explanation for his failed leadership in support of regular and militia forces at Bladensburg, Madison held his fire during his lifetime; posthumous publication of important and highly nuanced writings – amounting to his apology to the nation for his failures – were finally acquired by Congress and published in 1865 (the Lippincott edition). Of four groupings of documents his Memorandum, dated August 24, 1814 and his Memorandum, referencing August 29, 1814, both written long afterwards are presented in MR text format by Our Constitutional Logic.

Table Annexed To Article: The Art Of War By Baron Henri De Jomini In Mr Text, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

The Baron Henri de Jomini’s Grand Tactique, first published in France (1805), went through a number of different editions and appeared under different titles and in different series throughout the first half of the Nineteenth Century. Although a reduction/translation of the work appears as John Armstrong’s Hints to Young Generals, which Our Constitutional Logic has published (for the first time) in MR text at 2 OCL 651, Jomini’s Grand Tactique was not faithfully rendered into English until 1862 (with a follow on printing in 1865) by Capt. G.H. Mendell and Lt. W.P. Craighill. Since OCL has compared this edition with …

India Asean: Defense Relations [In Hindi], Vivek Kumar Srivastava Dr.

Vivek Kumar Srivastava Dr.

The present paper is in HINDI language. It explores the defense relations in between India and ASEAN.

Lincoln’S Vision Of Free Labor: Was Universal Opportunity, Education, And Economic Nationalism Enough To Enhance Freedmens’ Rights After The Civil War And Reconstruction?, Harry M. Hipler

Harry M Hipler

This paper will explore free labor, education, and universal opportunity – the latter being synonymous with equal opportunity – as described by Abraham Lincoln, and its connectivity to economic development and nationalism before, during, and after the Civil War era. First, I discuss Lincoln’s vision of free labor that defined his vision in 19th century America. Next, I explore the importance of universal opportunity and education as they relate to free labor as defined by white Republicans and Lincoln. The Republican Party and Lincoln strongly believed that free labor was the harbinger of success to obtain universal opportunity for all …

Send In The Mouse, How American Politicians Used Walt Disney Productions To Safeguard The American Home Front In Wwii, Jordan Winters

Jordan Winters

Despite the success of Disney’s first full length featured film Snow White in 1937 , the animators’ strike of the late 1930s and the war in Europe cutting of international profits brought the Walt Disney Company was near bankruptcy by 1941. Walt Disney was faced with the possibility of closing down his studio. However, the entrance of the United States into WWII and the rising threat of the spread of Nazism became the saving grace to the Walt Disney Studio. This essay explores the collaborations between Disney, businessman and politician Nelson Rockefeller, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the 1940s. …

Send In The Mouse, How American Politicians Used Walt Disney Productions To Safeguard The American Home Front In Wwii, Jordan M. Winters

Jordan M Winters

Despite the success of Disney’s first full length featured film Snow White in 1937 , the animator’s strike of the late 1930s and the war in Europe cutting of international profits, by 1941 the Walt Disney Company was near bankruptcy. Walt Disney was faced with the possibility of closing down his studio. However, the entrance of the United States into WWII and the rising threat of the spread of Nazism became the saving grace to the Walt Disney Studio. This essay explores the collaborations between Disney, businessman and politician Nelson Rockefeller, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the 1940s. Through …

Madison’S Semantic Purity Project And Its Sisters, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

Madison’s semantic purity project foundered on a reef of Hamiltonian dimensions; its lack of success should intensify our interest in all of its programmatic aspects. This broader view is provided by treating two of JM’s projects – named as Madison’s Ratifications: Exploiting Ratification Debates and Madison’s Taxonomy: Fifteen Methods of Constitutional Reasoning – as co-equal to Madison’s Semantic Purity: Procedures at Risk. The article follows on The Doctrine of Semantic Purity: Madison’s Project (and its Difficulties) Introduced, 2 OCL 798

Table Annexed To Article: Bentham’S 1789 Footnote To The Introduction To The Principles Of Morals And Legisation [Revised Edition, 1789], Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

In the 1789 (revised edition) of Jeremy Bentham’s The Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Bentham appended a footnote of 4,089 words. First, Our Constitutional Logic leaves various identifiable exceptions to one side. Second, Bentham’s sentences may be taken in natural or semi-regimented style. All laws may be divided into three types: commands, prohibitions and permissions. Leaving to one side Bentham’s wheelbarrow of neologisms, ‘Bentham’s Sieve’ receives its due attention.

Table Annexed To Article: Using A Control Group To Measure Words Of Science In Selected Works: An Introduction To Scoring Word Frequencies, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

OCL selected fourteen words in a ‘words of science’ family: system, science, math, arithmetic, geometry, abstract, logic, theory, paradox, fallacy, hypothesis, experiment, symmetry, calculus. The words were tested against four target files and a control file. The latter was a basket of five literary works by British authors. The four target files were: Blackstone’s Commentaries, Bentham’s Fragment on Government, the Federalist essays and twenty prefaces to congressionally sponsored multi-volume works with publication dates 1815-1861.

Table Annexed To Article: Machine Readable Text: A Working List Of Texts Posted On Line, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

A working list of all machine readable texts which Our Constitutional Logic has published to date (or which are in progress) is supplied.

The Great Divorce I: Was Wm. Blackstone’S Investigation Of ‘Thirty-Five’ Gradual Improvements (In The Final Chapter Of The Commentaries) A Scientific Enterprise?, Peter Aschenbrenner

Peter J. Aschenbrenner

1763 is a convenient point to mark both the conclusion of the Third Silesian War and The Great Divorce, by which the men and women of hard science and the practitioners of law, history, political science and philosophy went their separate ways. As befits nastiness in human affairs, a custody battle diposed maths (including the mature calculus and the nascent statistics) to hard sciences, principally, physics, astronomy, chemistry and biology. Disconsolate, the practitioners of the polysciences struggled forward, suffering further revolutions at the end of the Nineteenth Century. Turf wars in academia were not new, as of the Treaty of …