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Intensified Regulatory Scrutiny And Bank Distress In New York City During The Great Depression,” With Patrick Van Horn, Gary Richardson
Intensified Regulatory Scrutiny And Bank Distress In New York City During The Great Depression,” With Patrick Van Horn, Gary Richardson
Gary Richardson
Bank distress peaked in New York City, at the center of the United States money market, in July and August 1931, when the banking crisis peaked in Germany and before Britain abandoned the gold standard. This article tests competing theories about the causes of New York’s banking crisis. The cause appears to have been intensified regulatory scrutiny, which was a delayed reaction to the failure of the Bank of United States, rather than the exposure of money center banks to events overseas.
Quarterly Data On The Categories And Causes Of Bank Distress During The Great Depression, Gary Richardson
Quarterly Data On The Categories And Causes Of Bank Distress During The Great Depression, Gary Richardson
Gary Richardson
No abstract provided.
Distress During The Great Depression: The Illiquidity-Insolvency Debate Revisited, Gary Richardson
Distress During The Great Depression: The Illiquidity-Insolvency Debate Revisited, Gary Richardson
Gary Richardson
During the contraction from 1929 to 1933, the Federal Reserve System tracked changes in the status of all banks operating in the United States and determined the cause of each bank suspension. This essay analyzes chronological patterns in aggregate series constructed from that data. The analysis demonstrates both illiquidity and insolvency were substantial sources of bank distress. Periods of heightened distress were correlated with periods of increased illiquidity. Contagion via correspondent networks and bank runs propagated the initial banking panics. As the depression deepened and asset values declined, insolvency loomed as the principal threat to depository institutions.
Check Is In The Mail: Correspondent Clearing And The Banking Panics Of The Great Depression, Gary Richardson
Check Is In The Mail: Correspondent Clearing And The Banking Panics Of The Great Depression, Gary Richardson
Gary Richardson
Weaknesses within the check-clearing system played a hitherto unrecognized role in the banking crises of the Great Depression. Correspondent check-clearing networks were vulnerable to counter-party cascades. Accounting conventions that overstated reserves available to corresponding institutions may have exacerbated the situation. The initial banking panic began when a correspondent network centered in Nashville collapsed, forcing over 100 institutions to suspend operations. As the contraction continued, additional correspondent systems imploded. The vulnerability of correspondent networks is one reason that banks that cleared via correspondents failed at higher rates than other institutions during the Great Depression.
The Records Of The Federal Reserve Board Of Governors In The National Archives Of The United States, Gary Richardson
The Records Of The Federal Reserve Board Of Governors In The National Archives Of The United States, Gary Richardson
Gary Richardson
The archives of the Federal Reserve System are found in Record Group 82 at the National Archives of the United States. This article describes the materials available in that record group and ways to locate useful documents. Section i provides a brief history of the Federal Reserve; it describes the organization of the institution and how it changed over time. The focus is on issues important for understanding the types of documents that may or will not be found in the archives. Section ii describes the process by which the documents were generated and preserved. Section iii provides a broad …