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Articles 1 - 30 of 75
Full-Text Articles in History
Qur’An And Constitutions: Sharia In Modern Muslim Democracies, Adrian N. Vasquez
Qur’An And Constitutions: Sharia In Modern Muslim Democracies, Adrian N. Vasquez
Young Historians Conference
In contemporary society there has seen a gradual shift in the politics of the Muslim world toward more democratic constitutions. This shift can be seen in the aftermath of successful uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt during the Arab Spring as well as isolated cases in other countries. The change echoes those that resulted from the Protestant Reformation’s challenge of the Catholic Church’s authority in 16th century European politics. By looking at the ideas of early constitutionalism in Europe that supported liberalism, it is possible to compare those with the goals of constitutions of new Muslim democracies. Though in many cases …
The Failure Of The Anabaptist Kingdom Of Münster, Sonja Cutts
The Failure Of The Anabaptist Kingdom Of Münster, Sonja Cutts
Young Historians Conference
In February 1534, after rebelling against the authority of their Catholic prince-bishop, the German town of Münster fell under Anabaptist rule. During the next sixteen months, the city’s religious leaders would advocate in favor of Münster becoming a “community of goods,” in which all goods are shared in common. However, their egalitarian dream never fully materialized. This paper examines how the hidden motives of Münster’s political leaders both helped the Anabaptist Kingdom of Münster come into being and prevented the accomplishment of its economic goals.
Session 2: Panel 1: Presenter 1 (Paper) -- The Struggle Of The Soul Medieval Women Mystics And The Constraints Of The Orthodoxy, Kasaundra A. Bonanno
Session 2: Panel 1: Presenter 1 (Paper) -- The Struggle Of The Soul Medieval Women Mystics And The Constraints Of The Orthodoxy, Kasaundra A. Bonanno
Young Historians Conference
First Corinthians 14:34 tells us, “let your women keep silence in the churches for it is not permitted unto them to speak.” But what happened when medieval women in the 12-15th centuries did speak, and what techniques did they apply to gain credibility? This paper explores the various methods (along with cultural aspects such as the appearance of piousness) women mystics utilized to gain power within the Church in a time when their voices were silenced, and the factors that allowed individuals such as Catherine of Siena to gain incredible influence where individuals like Joan of Arc were burned at …
Mutual Aid As Spiritual Tacit Knowledge Within Doukhobor Epistemology, Rachel L. Neubuhr Torres
Mutual Aid As Spiritual Tacit Knowledge Within Doukhobor Epistemology, Rachel L. Neubuhr Torres
University Honors Theses
The relationship between Michael Polanyi’s concept of tacit knowledge and religion is a topic that is rarely explored. Applying tacit knowledge to the study of religion and spirituality allows us to think about how we connect with the world and how we address the concern of what one feels to be true of their existence, or existential intuition. In the latter half of the 1800s the Russian prince turned anarchist, Peter Kropotkin, wrote extensively on the theory of mutually beneficial cooperation, or mutual aid, as being one of the most important factors of evolution. As Kropotkin began writing his series …
Seamen And Sinners: Piracy And The Labor Culture Of The Early Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World, Avonlea Bowthorpe
Seamen And Sinners: Piracy And The Labor Culture Of The Early Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World, Avonlea Bowthorpe
Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference
Abstract: Between 1700 and 1730, the British Atlantic was significantly influenced by two compelling forces. The first was the continued and accelerating growth of competing European empires in the region, who in this period endeavored to define and protect their territorial boundaries whilst setting up profitable economic systems of production and commerce within them. The second was that of the pirates of the Atlantic, who, in a final crescendo of violence and destruction, would take hundreds of ships, disrupt highly valuable trade, and engage in bloody warfare with the Royal Navy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the …
When The Courts Were Tripping: An Analysis Of Employment Division V Smith And Its Impact On Oregon Law, Lucy C. Adams
When The Courts Were Tripping: An Analysis Of Employment Division V Smith And Its Impact On Oregon Law, Lucy C. Adams
Young Historians Conference
A member of the Native American Church named Al Smith was fired from his job for using Peyote during a religious ceremony. He sued, and Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith was opened. Surprisingly, when the Supreme Court heard the case, they abandoned precedent for determining whether religious actions were permissible and ruled in favor of the state. The ruling was a setback for religious freedom, and particularly harmed minority religions. Other agencies stepped in to prevent Smith from decimating religious rights, but the Oregon Supreme Court officially accepted the Supreme Court’s ruling on the case, despite having ruled in …
The Knights Templar: The Course Of God And Gold, Aaron Wozniak
The Knights Templar: The Course Of God And Gold, Aaron Wozniak
Young Historians Conference
The creation and expansion of the Knights Templar exemplifies the power of religious organizations during the time of the Crusades. However, it is the dissolution of the Templars that makes the order’s existence stand out among other knight orders. While the legal accounts of King Philip IV condemn the Templars for heresy, modern scholars and the political context suggest the possibility of exploiting the order for its significant financial holdings. This paper follows the history of the Templar order, from its creation to its demise, to evaluate how the Templars drifted far enough from their initial mission to provide royals …
Gothic Cathedrals: A Shift In Christians' Relationship With God, Matthew D. Latham
Gothic Cathedrals: A Shift In Christians' Relationship With God, Matthew D. Latham
Young Historians Conference
The emergence of Gothic cathedrals marked a revolutionary shift from previous architectural styles. Designers, such as Villard de Honnecourt, sought to represent Christian ideas in the architecture of Gothic cathedrals. Secular rulers, like King Henry III, personally led the construction of religious buildings. Laypeople contributed voluntary donations to help finance the building of Gothic cathedrals. The ability for individuals to personally contribute to their religion marks a shift in Christians’ perceived relationship to God. The development of Gothic cathedrals reflects the idea of individualism, a theme typically credited to the Renaissance time period. Examining Gothic cathedrals through the lens of …
From Mantra To Prose: The Influence Of The Mundaka Upanishad On Western Poetry And Writing, Walter B. Greene
From Mantra To Prose: The Influence Of The Mundaka Upanishad On Western Poetry And Writing, Walter B. Greene
Young Historians Conference
Written sometime between 300 and 100 BCE, the Indian text known as the Mundaka Upanishad contains some of the earliest philosophical inquiries into the concepts of suffering, the self, rebirth, and humanity’s place in the universe. This paper examines the influence of the Mundaka Upanishad and argues for the value of its study, addressing how the text offers historians a valuable opportunity to look into some of the most influential ideas behind Hinduism, Buddhism, and other Indian schools of thought. This paper also examines the cross-cultural influence of the text, tracing its diffusion from India and its influence on contemporary …
Translation Wars: The Influence Of Semantics And Translation On The More-Tyndale Polemic, Annika H. Marshall
Translation Wars: The Influence Of Semantics And Translation On The More-Tyndale Polemic, Annika H. Marshall
Young Historians Conference
The More-Tyndale polemic was one of many debates during the Protestant Reformation, a time of great religious change and conflict. Because of this, many scholars who examine the lengthy debate view it as a pure reflection of the typical Reformation arguments of the century, and assume it to be a debate of ubiquitous opposing religious ideals. This paper, however, argues that while many of these Reformation topics were present, the polemic was primarily fueled by clash over semantics and the topic of Biblical translation. Through this unique approach to a classic debate, one may better understand Christian theology’s inherent struggle …
Visions Of Indecency: The Intersection Between The Church And Prostitution In Augsburg, Rome, And Southwark From The Twelfth To Seventeenth Century Ce, Samantha Leahy
Young Historians Conference
The following research paper endeavors to present and enhance knowledge on the relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and prostitution across Italy, England, and Germany from the 12th to the 17th century CE. The paper traces the Church’s opinion of reluctant tolerance prostitution to openly condemning it and argues that this ecclesiastical shift can be traced to various syphilitic breakouts that occurred in association with the Columbian Exchange and the growing popularity of Prostitute Reform Houses. The paper argues that these aspects of European history, in conjunction with the increased influence of Protestant Reformers in the 16th century, expedited the …
The Saint Of Orléans: Her Legacy, Riona K. O'Donnell
The Saint Of Orléans: Her Legacy, Riona K. O'Donnell
Young Historians Conference
Often referred to as Joan of Arc in the anglophone tradition, Jeanne d’Arc – the saint who fought to liberate France during the Hundred-Years War, the convicted heretic who was burned at the stake – never existed outside of history books. These images only superficially resemble the historical figure of Jeanne. Still, Jeanne’s image as an ancient warrior hero, an example of Divine will, or a symbol of French nationalism permeates today’s culture across the western world. How did this historical dynamism manifest in a young woman who was in the public eye for a short two years? This paper …
Impure Blood: The Menstrual Taboo In The Christian Church During The Thirteenth Century, Madeleine F. Ott
Impure Blood: The Menstrual Taboo In The Christian Church During The Thirteenth Century, Madeleine F. Ott
Young Historians Conference
The Curse of Eve—or the menstrual process—was a topic widely stigmatized and perpetuated in the thirteenth century. With the publication and translation of classic Greek and Roman texts, the misconceptions and stereotypes were influenced by not only the publications of historical texts, but also the authoritarian rule of the Roman Catholic Church. The social position of European women in the thirteenth century dictated that women were physically and emotionally handicapped by the menstrual cycle. The discrimination against women in the medieval church was largely dictated by the perception of female menstrual blood compared to the “purity” and cleanliness of the …
The Supreme And Fiery Force Of A Poor Little Form Of A Woman: The Development Of The Prophetic Voice Of Hildegard Of Bingen, Maeve Nagel-Frazel
The Supreme And Fiery Force Of A Poor Little Form Of A Woman: The Development Of The Prophetic Voice Of Hildegard Of Bingen, Maeve Nagel-Frazel
Young Historians Conference
The first women granted Papal permission to teach and preach on theological matters, Hildegard of Bingen (AD 1098-1179) was a revered spiritual teacher who accumulated a sphere of influence far beyond most medieval women. However, Hildegard’s power derived from a paradox: the only way in which Hildegard was able to gain power was by deliberately diminishing herself as a paupercula femina forma (a poor little form of a woman). This paper explores the paradoxical cultivation of Hildegard's self-image, of a weak woman unwillingly receiving the word of God through debilitating visions, as a means to authenticate Hildegard's work and gain …
16, The Nativity, Jereme Shaver
16, The Nativity, Jereme Shaver
Kerver Book of Hours: 2018 Senior Capstone
In Thielman Kerver’s 1507 Book of Hours, a depiction of the Nativity of Christ is located in the Infancy Cycle within the Hours of the Virgin. Placement of this image in the Hours of the Virgin in the Prime section, which was used during the early morning, included devotion to Psalms 50, 62, and 89, as well as the Nativity scene. This essay discusses the symbolism included in this image in the context of the time of its publication.
11, The Three-Faced Representation Of The Holy Trinity, Zoe Goedecke
11, The Three-Faced Representation Of The Holy Trinity, Zoe Goedecke
Kerver Book of Hours: 2018 Senior Capstone
In the thirteenth century, artists began depicting the Holy Trinity as a single tricephalic figure, likely in an attempt to convey that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are One. This essay discusses the three-faced image of the Trinity in the Book of Hours and the history of tricephalic imagery in Christian representations, from its early appearances to eventual condemnation by the papacy.
17, The Crucifixion, Shawn Peralta
17, The Crucifixion, Shawn Peralta
Kerver Book of Hours: 2018 Senior Capstone
The image of the Crucifixion of Jesus in the Book of Hours provides visual context for remembrance of the Octave of Easter in the liturgical calendar, and it is also the basis for the Passion of Jesus. This essay discusses the Biblical context, characters, and symbols included in the illustration of the Crucifixion in Thielman Kerver's 1507 printing.
06, Kerver's 1507 Book Of Hours And The Four "Spanish Saints", Sophia Germond
06, Kerver's 1507 Book Of Hours And The Four "Spanish Saints", Sophia Germond
Kerver Book of Hours: 2018 Senior Capstone
This essay presents research on four saints included in the Book of Hours' liturgical calendar who were particularly celebrated in Spain, suggesting that the book was printed to be distributed to the Spanish market.
15, The Flight Into Egypt, Jereme Shaver
15, The Flight Into Egypt, Jereme Shaver
Kerver Book of Hours: 2018 Senior Capstone
The flight of Holy Family into Egypt and their eventual return was interpreted by the Gospel writer Matthew as the fulfillment the prophecy of Hosea. An image of this biblical event is located on sig. i8 of Thielman Kerver’s 1507 Book of Hours, in the Vespers section, which are the evening prayers at the end of the Hours of the Virgin. This essay discusses the rich symbolism included in this illustration.
14, Arma Christi, Bridget Eide
14, Arma Christi, Bridget Eide
Kerver Book of Hours: 2018 Senior Capstone
As part of spiritual discipline, daily prayer was a routine practice and was believed to bring the reader closer to God. The Arma Christi and the Instruments of the Passion images found within a medieval book of hours were used for purposes of prayer and reflection. This essay examines the Arma Christi as it is pictured, and duplicated, in Thielman Kerver's 1507 printing.
03, Speculum Conscientie, Halia Daley
03, Speculum Conscientie, Halia Daley
Kerver Book of Hours: 2018 Senior Capstone
Speculum Conscientie is Latin for “Mirror of Conscience” and this section of the Book of Hours is composed of elements that reflect that meaning. The section contains the Ten Commandments, the seven mortal sins, and the articles of the faithful which include the five senses, works of corporal and spiritual mercy, theological virtues, cardinal virtues, the seven gifts of the holy spirit, and the seven ecclesiastical sacraments. This essay discusses the content, placement, and symbols of this section of this Book of Hours.
09, Typological Images And Thought, Courtney Rhoades
09, Typological Images And Thought, Courtney Rhoades
Kerver Book of Hours: 2018 Senior Capstone
Portland State University’s Kerver Book of Hours contains typological images in sets of three. Typological images are more commonly displayed in sets of two consisting of a type and an antitype. Typological thought uses images from the Hebrew Bible placed alongside the images of the New Testament in order to act as a prophecy.By viewing the Hebrew Bible as a prophecy for the New Testament, the church is able to justify the existence of the Hebrew Bible. The Hebrew Bible must be preserved in order for it to be interpreted, and the Book of Hours was used as a tool …
10, Danse Macabre, Stefano Paparo
10, Danse Macabre, Stefano Paparo
Kerver Book of Hours: 2018 Senior Capstone
The Danse Macabre (the Dance of Death) is a 15th-century conceit, both pictorial and textual, of the humbling power of death. In the years following the plagues of late 14th-century Europe, it seems almost inevitable that the Danse Macabre would become a popular theme in medieval art. The Danse Macabre in Thielman Kerver’s printed Book of Hours (1507) is depicted in a series of marginal illustrations in which Death, pictured as a decomposing corpse or transi, accompanies 66 “dancers” to the afterlife. Medieval artists and their patrons could subvert attitudes toward certain figures of power by including their images in …
18, Martyrdom Of St. John The Evangelist, David Powers
18, Martyrdom Of St. John The Evangelist, David Powers
Kerver Book of Hours: 2018 Senior Capstone
Stories like St. John’s trial in boiling oil, pictured in Kerver's 1507 Book of Hours, were used by the Church to demonstrate the power of faith against threats of pain and death.This essay examines the symbolism in the image of St. John's martyrdom and discusses how narratives of self-sacrifice worked to inspire the spread of Christianity.
13, The Tree Of Jesse, Bridget Eide
13, The Tree Of Jesse, Bridget Eide
Kerver Book of Hours: 2018 Senior Capstone
The Tree of Jesse was a popular medieval theme used to represent the family tree of Christ. More specifically, it was used to represent Christ’s human ancestors, including Jesse, King David, and the Virgin Mary. This essay discusses the iconography and symbolism in this Book of Hours' image of the Tree of Jesse.
The Edict Of Milan And The Early Roots Of Christianity In The Roman Empire, Christopher J. Chow
The Edict Of Milan And The Early Roots Of Christianity In The Roman Empire, Christopher J. Chow
Young Historians Conference
With the Christian religion becoming so widely accepted and dominant today in the Western world, it is easy to forget the journey that the religion went through to reach its current state. It was once a heavily persecuted religion, yet it took the Roman Empire by storm and became the backbone to the Catholic Church. Christianity's spread was no accident. This paper will examine some of the factors regarding Christianity's early roots to identify what led up to its success in a heavily dominated Pagan culture.
The Influence Of Hellenism On The Literary Style Of 1 And 2 Maccabees, Dimitra S. Fellman
The Influence Of Hellenism On The Literary Style Of 1 And 2 Maccabees, Dimitra S. Fellman
Young Historians Conference
The Jewish people living within Hellenistic Greece experienced great freedoms, and many assimilated into the non-Jewish societies around them. Yet, under the Seleucid King Antiochus IV in the 2nd century BCE, the Jewish people experienced oppression and persecution, which has been chronicled in the books 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees. At a glance, these books appear opposed to the blending of Hellenistic culture and society into surrounding Jewish communities, but a deeper analysis of both texts reveals that the authors depended on Hellenistic constructs to effectively tell their story. This paper explores the degree to which the authors of 1 …
An Examination Of Franz Edmund Creffield And The Holy Rollers, 1900-1907, Sophie Koh
An Examination Of Franz Edmund Creffield And The Holy Rollers, 1900-1907, Sophie Koh
Young Historians Conference
This paper outlines the story of a religious cult from Corvallis referred to as the “Holy Rollers” and led by Franz Edmund Creffield. I researched the causes for his followers’ behavior from 1900 to 1907, relating the investigation to the press, people, and social roles surrounding the sect. Because his following was dominantly female, hysteria was the popular argument during the early twentieth century. To explore these claims, I researched the possibility of insanity in these women and why they may have agreed to all of Creffield’s ridiculous demands, as well as why the public responded the way they did.
Cultural Bias In The European Translations Of Thomas More's Utopia, Alisa M. Folen
Cultural Bias In The European Translations Of Thomas More's Utopia, Alisa M. Folen
Young Historians Conference
Throughout history, the translators of Thomas More’s Utopia have altered the text to align with their religious, political, or national beliefs. This paper explores how cultural bias influenced the translations and paratexts of Utopia using examples from England, Germany, and Poland from the seventeenth century to the twentieth century. It examines the similarities and differences between the original text and the translated text by considering the social, political, and economic context of both. This paper demonstrates how Utopia is a powerful unit of analysis to study European cultures during the modern age.
The Divine Viscera: Medicine And Religion In The Islamic Golden Age, Isabella A. Pua
The Divine Viscera: Medicine And Religion In The Islamic Golden Age, Isabella A. Pua
Young Historians Conference
Islamic medicine is largely ignored in Western tradition, but in an era when Western European medical practice relied more on mysticism than science and had lost the advances made by Classical Greece, the Islamic Empire entered a golden age of scientific thought. The impetus for the Golden Age medicine that developed can be partially attributed to the Islamic religion itself. This paper explores the role of Islam as both a unifying force and a set of broad cultural values in creating that atmosphere that allowed for the study of medicine, within the context of the scientific-religious duality that characterized discovery …