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Full-Text Articles in History
Book Review: Hans-Joachim Gehrke, Ed. Making Civilizations: The World Before 600, Robert Bedeski
Book Review: Hans-Joachim Gehrke, Ed. Making Civilizations: The World Before 600, Robert Bedeski
Comparative Civilizations Review
Studying ancient civilizations is not a precise enterprise, and many statements are approximations, subject to validation or dispute. Several key concepts describe the flow and progress of collective human development. Individuals, families, clans, and tribes precede formation of civilization, which provides the foundation for states. Governments are managerial organizations of more complex societies, providing concentrated focus on defense, currency and infrastructure. Civilizations improve life security as urbanization, innovation, and division of labor increase, requiring more complex and powerful governing institutions.
The Element-Based Method Of Civilization Study, Andrew Targowski
The Element-Based Method Of Civilization Study, Andrew Targowski
Comparative Civilizations Review
The purpose: to define the element-based method of studying civilization with a meaningful contribution to contemporary life. The methodology: the transdisciplinary, big-picture view of human development on Earth based on graphic modeling of civilizational elements, their relations, and dynamics. The findings: about 200+ civilizational elements have been recognized within about 500 possible elements of society, culture, and infrastructure. Practical implications: today, civilization infrastructure challenges society and culture, which can lead to the fall of the Homo sapiens race and the rise of a human-machine race. Moreover, one of the options will be the rise of designer babies and the dichotomy …