History Commons^™

New York Revisited, Shaun O'Connell

New England Journal of Public Policy

The works discussed in this article include: City of the World: New York and Its People, by Bernie Bookbinder; New York, New York, by Oliver E. Allen; New York Intellect: A History of Intellectual Life in New York City, from 1750 to the Beginnings of Our Own Time, by Thomas Bender; The Heart of the World, by Nik Cohn; The Art of the City: Views and Versions of New York, by Peter Conrad; After Henry, by Joan Didion; Literary New York: A History and Guide, by Susan Edmiston and Linda D. Cirino; Our …

Vote Dilution Research: Methods Of Analysis, Sheila Ards, Marjorie Lewis

Trotter Review

Why have issues which disproportionately affect African Americans not been brought to the policy forefront and given attention properly so that effective solutions can be found? Because of their roles as controllers of the government's budget, politicians and other policy makers decide which problems will be addressed. It is important, therefore, that African Americans elect political candidates of their choice. In the past, African Americans largely were outside the arena of public policy setting. Thus, solutions to problems which disproportionately affected African Americans were not pursued.

Ron Daniels: Profile Of A Presidential Candidate, Harold Horton

Trotter Review

The mass media has said very little about it, but Ron Daniels, an African American, is a presidential candidate. In 1988, Daniels was the southern regional coordinator and deputy campaign manager for Jesse Jackson's campaign. Daniels, a veteran social and political activist as well as former director of the National Rainbow Coalition, declared his candidacy for president at a news conference October 14, 1991.

From 1974 to 1980, Daniels served as president of the National Black Political Assembly and in 1980, he was the chairperson of the founding convention of the National Black Independent Political Party. Daniels was the convener …

Voting Policy And Voter Participation: The Legacy Of The 1980s, Alex Willingham

Trotter Review

It has been widely recognized, at least since the Selma march during the civil rights movement, that the interests of black citizens and other minorities are directly connected to their capacity to participate in the political process and to public policies that protect that option. The clear message of the Selma demonstration was that, for a people constrained by a broad range of oppressive racist structures, voting is a basic resource for protecting all other rights. Further, it was clear that those who control power will restrict access to the ballot as their main line of defense.

A. Philip Randolph And Boston's African-American Railroad Worker, James R. Green, Robert C. Hayden

Trotter Review

On October 8, 1988, a group of retired Pullman car porters and dining car waiters gathered in Boston's Back Bay Station for the unveiling of a larger-than-life statue of A. Philip Randolph. During the 1920s and 1930s, Randolph was a pioneering black labor leader who led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He came to be considered the "father of the modern civil rights movement" as a result of his efforts to desegregate World War II defense jobs and the military services. Randolph's importance as a militant leader is highlighted by a quote inscribed on the base of the statue …

Federal Relief Programs In The 19th Century: A Reassessment, Frank M. Loewenberg

The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare

The American model of the welfare state, incomplete as it may be, was not plucked out of thin air by the architects of the New Deal in the 1930s. Instead it is the product and logical evolution of a long historical process. 19th century federal relief programs for various population groups, including veterans, native Americans, merchant sailors, emancipated slaves, and residents of the District of Columbia, are examined in order to help better understand contemporary welfare developments.

The New Military Revolution: Post-Industrial Change, Antulio J. Echevarria Ii, John M. Shaw

The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters

No abstract provided.

Cultural Resources Monitoring/Survey Of A Jtf-6 Action, Van Horn, Texas Sector, Frank Winchell, George Brown, Maynard B. Cliff, Sherrian K. Edwards

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This report presents the results of cultural resources monitoring and survey activities connected with a Department of Defense (DOD) Joint Task Force Six (JTF-6) project in southern Hudspeth and Culberson, western Jeff Davis, and northern Presidio Counties, Texas. These cultural resource activities were prompted by road improvement activities initiated by the U.S. Border Patrol. The road improvement activities were designed to aid the U.S. Border Patrol in their battle against illegal drug trade and smuggling operations along the U.S.-Mexico border. Geo-Marine, Inc. conducted the survey as part of an indefinite delivery contract with the Fort Worth District of the U.S. …

Data Recovery At Justiceburg Reservior (Lake Alan Henry), Garza And Kent Counties, Texas: Phase Iii, Season 1, Douglas K. Boyd, Steve A. Tomka, C. Britt Bousman, Karen M. Gardner, Martha Doty Freeman

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Phase III data recovery investigations at one historic and three prehistoric sites, augmented by additional survey and off-site geological investigations, were conducted at Lake Alan Henry (formerly Justiceburg Reservoir) on the Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos River in Garza and Kent counties, Texas, during the fall and winter of 1990-1991. Descriptive data from this first of three field seasons of data recovery are presented here in anticipation of a final synthetic report that will relate all the investigations to a series of research design hypotheses. Analysis of surface distributions at 41KT42, a late nineteenth- to early twentieth-century ranch line …

Homelessness Past And Present: The Case Of The United States, 1890-1925, Ellen Bassuk, Deborah Franklin

New England Journal of Public Policy

An examination of the professional, political, and popular literature on the nature and extent of homelessness from 1890 to 1925 affords a comparison of the economic and social characteristics of the homeless population at the turn of the century with that of today. The discussion covers the ensuing debates over the causes of homelessness, the various subgroups among the homeless during both periods, and the relative rates of homelessness, the context of extreme poverty and dislocation, and the prevalence of individual disabilities. Except for the growing numbers of homeless families over the past decade, the homeless populations during both eras …

Two Nations: The Homeless In A Divided Land, Shaun O'Connell

New England Journal of Public Policy

The works discussed in this article include: Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics, by Thomas Byrne Edsall with Mary D. Edsall; Why Americans Hate Politics, by E. J. Dionne, Jr.; A Far Cry from Home: Life in a Shelter for Homeless Women, by Lisa Ferrill; Scandal: The Culture of Mistrust in American Politics, by Suzanne Garment; Songs from the Alley, by Kathleen Hirsch; Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America, by James Davison Hunter; Rachel and Her Children: Homeless Families in America, by Jonathan Kozol; Parliament of …

Shelter The American Way: Federal Urban Housing Policy, 1900-1980, Ronald Dale Karr

New England Journal of Public Policy

American urban housing policy has featured subsidies for the suburban middle class and parsimonious spending for the urban poor. The outlines of this policy took shape during the Progressive Era: acceptance of the capitalistic market economy, support for the deserving poor needing temporary help, toleration of racial segregation, and the designation of overcrowding as the single most important urban problem. Progressive housing reformers championed stricter housing codes and model tenements, but housing conditions for the urban poor showed little improvement.

The U.S. government avoided direct involvement in housing until the early 1920s, when it promoted local zoning legislation. Under the …

Nearing The End: Maine’S Rural Community, 1929-1945, Richard H. Condon

Maine History

The article discusses the impact of the Great Depression on the rural communities of Maine. It also reviews the local, state and federal responses in those areas.

The Caddo Indian Village, Jacques Bagur

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Kadohadacho, or Great Chiefs, of the Caddo Nation left their home in the Great Bend of the Red River in Arkansas in 1790 because of disease and Osage depredations and moved south, joining a related tribe, the Petit Caddo, on the floodplain of the Red River above present-day Shreveport. In 1800, when the Great Raft began to affect the area, the Caddos moved to higher ground on Sodo Lake (a complex of five lakes that later came to be called Caddo, Clear, Cross, Shifttail, and Soda). They lived there until the early 1840s, when they sold their land to …

An Intermediate Report On The James Bayou Survey, Marion County, Texas: A Search For Caddo Village, Claude Mccrocklin

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This is a brief report on an archeological survey of James Bayou in East Texas that was organized to find the site of a large Historic Caddo Indian village that was reported to be in the area. Much is known about the village people. They were Kadohadacho Caddo from the Great Bend region of the Red River in Southwest Arkansas who had migrated to the area now known as James Bayou about 1800. The population of the village they established was reported to be near 500 people, and they stayed in the East Texas and Northwest Louisiana area into the …

Native American Integration In 19th Century Anglo-American Society: An Archaeological Perspective From Northeastern Texas, Frank Winchell, David H. Jurney

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This paper will examine the phenomenon of Native American-Anglo-American integration on the frontier of Northeastern Texas during the 19th century. First, a brief overview of the historic setting will be presented on where and how this integration took place and who were the primary players. Second, we discuss the material cultural manifestations of this interaction, and what problems it presents for interpreting the archaeological record. Finally, we conclude that what have been previously described and defined as typical 19th century Anglo-American frontier homesteads of Northeastern Texas warrant a different interpretive perspective, and in fact, many of these "typical" first wave …

Test Excavations At Site 41bw422 Fm 560 At Barkman Creek Bowie County, Texas, Alan J. Wormser

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) plans to replace a bridge on FM 560 at Barkman Creek, just north of Hooks, Texas. The bridge replacement will not cause direct impacts to archaeological sites, but the bridge location requires that a small segment of Barkman Creek be channelized to control erosion and flooding.

During routine survey, TxDOT personnel determined that the channelization would disturb site 41BW422. Testing was scheduled for June 1991 in order to determine the site's eligibility for the national register.

Based on the results from these investigations, 41BW422 appears to be an open campsite dating to an Archaic …

Data Recovery At Justiceburg Reservoir (Lake Alan Henry), Garza And Kent Counties, Texas: Phase Iii, Season 1, Douglas K. Boyd, Steve A. Tomka, C. Britt Bousman, Karen M. Gardner, Martha Doty Freeman

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Phase III data recovery investigations at one historic and three prehistoric sites, augmented by additional survey and off-site geological investigations, were conducted at Lake Alan Henry (formerly Justiceburg Reservoir) on the Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos River in Garza and Kent counties, Texas, during the fall and winter of 1990-1991. Descriptive data from this first of three field seasons of data recovery are presented here in anticipation of a final synthetic report that will relate all the investigations to a series of research design hypotheses.

Analysis of surface distributions at 41KT42, a late nineteenth- to early twentieth-century ranch line …

Archaeological Testing Of 41bp369, Bastrop County, Texas, Gregory P. Wood

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Site 41BP369 is a prehistoric site on the south terrace above Wilbarger Creek, cut by CR 127, in western Bastrop County, TxDOT District 14. Phase II archaeological testing was undertaken at 41BP369 by the author in order to determine eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (in accordance with 36 CFR, Part 800) and State Landmark status. Testing was also conducted in order to determine cultural context, and horizontal and vertical boundaries of the site within the right-of-way of CR 127. The site within the right-of-way contains the remains of a prehistoric cultural zone of unknown cultural …

Archaeological Test Excavations At The Historical Archaeological Site 41bz89, Brazos County, Texas, John W. Clark Jr.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Archaeological test excavations were performed at the historical archaeological site 41BZ89 on the 12th of October 1992. The excavations revealed a highly predictable horizontal distribution of artifacts over the site. They indicate an occupation beginning, apparently in the late 1880s extending into the 1950s (the 1950s occupation may represent reuse by hunters or a campsite for stock handlers). At least two building phases are evident in the structures. Preliminary archival investigations suggest that the property was occupied by a family named Foster at the time of the construction of the residence. Ceramic sherds excavated from the test units and three …

Archaeological Testing Near Site 41dn345, Denton County, Texas, George P. Wood

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Site 41DN345 is a buried prehistoric site on the north terrace above the Elm branch of the Trinity River, adjacent to IH-35E, in southern Denton County. Archaeological testing was undertaken at 41DN345 by the author in order to determine horizontal and vertical boundaries of the site, cultural context, and possible eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (in accordance with 36 CFR, Part 800) and State Landmark status. The site contains at least one prehistoric cultural zone. No diagnostic material was recovered during testing. No features were identified during testing operations. Additional right-of-way will be acquired in …

Archaeological Testing Of 41bz87, Brazos County, Texas, Gregory P. Wood

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Site 41BZ87 is a prehistoric site situated on a low knoll above Thompson Creek in western Brazos County. It is within the approximately 6 ft. wide right-of-way of the future alignment of S.H. 47. Phase II arch~ logical testing was begun by the author in August, 1992, to determine the site's eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Hist4 · c Places (in accordance with 36 CFR, Part 800) and assess its potential for State Landmark status. The site contains an unknown prehistoric cultural zone of undetermined age or affiliation. The occupation is exposed on the surface and extends …

Archaeological Testing Of 41rn129, Runnels County, Texas, Gregory P. Wood

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Site 41RN129 is a prehistoric site on the east or left terrace above the Colorado River, cut by CR 129, in southeastern Runnels County, District 7. Phase II archaeological testing was undertaken at 41RN129 by the author in order to determine eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (in accordance with 36 CFR, Part 800) and State Landmark status. Testing was also conducted in order to determine cultural context, and horizontal and vertical boundaries of the site within the right-of-way. The site contains a prehistoric cultural zone of unknown origin, that is partially exposed on the surface …

Test Excavations At Sites 41bw318 And 41bw410, Us 259 North Of The Sulphur River, Bowie County, Texas, Alan J. Wormser

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) will widen US 259 from FM 71 to 2.3 miles south of FM 561, in Bowie County, Texas. The project will affect portions of archaeological sites 41BW318 and 4IBW410, both of which are on the east side of the road north of the Sulphur River. The two sites were examined in July 1992 using hand dug test units, and trenches excavated by machine. The cultural deposits at 41BW318 were generally shallow and sparse. Although several soil anomalies were tentatively identified as features during excavation, mos~ of them proved to be natural and/or recent in …

Archeological Significance Testing At Site 41sr191, Starr County, Texas, G. R. Dennis Price

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) conducted archeological significance testing at Site 41SR191, within the right-of-way of proposed improvements to US 83 in Starr County.

The site was recorded in 1991 during an archeological survey of additional rights-of-way required for highway improvements. At that time, the site was recorded as a surface scatter of burned rock fragments and lithic debitage in a fallow field, covering an area approximately 50 meters east-west by 150 meters north-south. Although it was thought that the site was unlikely to yield substantial significant information, the site was considered to be one of the two (out …

Archeological Significancetesting At Site 41ec7, Ector County, Texas, G. R. Dennis Price

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDoT) conducted archeological significance testing at site 41EC7, which is within the right-of-way of a proposed portion of Loop 338, southwest of Odessa in Ector County. The testing was undertaken in compliance with the Texas Antiquities Code, as construction will be undertaken with state funds.

When recorded in November 1992, by TxDoT archeologists conducting a cultural resources survey of the right-of-way for the proposed Loop, the site was noted to consist of a thin scatter of fire-cracked rock and occasional chert flakes spread along the north side of Monahans Draw for a distance of over …

Test Excavations At Site 41lk288, Us 281 At Ramirena Creek, Live Oak County, Texas, Alan J. Wormser

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) will widen US 281, just south of George West, Texas. The project will affect a portion of archaeological site 41LK288 on the west side of the existing highway.

The site was tested in March 1992 in order to determine its eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places. Based on this investigation, 41LK288 appears to be an open campsite with a Middle Archaic component. No features were found and in most of the test units, artifacts were sparse. The site is not considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.

Archaeological Monitoring For The Tri-Party Improvements Project, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, I. Waynne Cox

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In 1987, the Center for Archaeological Research entered into a contract with the San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority to provide consultant services for the downtown San Antonio Tri-Party Improvements project. Preliminary research was provided prior to initiation of construction, and monitoring was conducted during the three years of modifications to the downtown area. The archaeological resources exposed during the project were researched and documented, and recommendations were made throughout the construction period.

Archaeological Investigations In Alamo Plaza, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, 1988 And 1989, Anne A. Fox

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In June of 1988 and 1989, The University of Texas at San Antonio conducted an archaeological field school at the northern end of the plaza in front of the Alamo in downtown San Antonio. The Center for Archaeological Research cooperated with the university in organizing and staffing this field school. Excavations were limited to specific areas related to the fortifications around the main entrance to the Alamo constructed in 1835 and demolished and backfilled less than a year afterward. These fortifications consisted of a lunette and related defensive trench around the main gate, a secondary trench parallel to the south …

Archaeological Salvage Research At 41bx901, A Prehistoric Quarry In Bexar County, Texas, Daniel R. Potter, C. K. Chandler, Elizabeth Newcomb

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

During the months of October and November, 1990, staff members and volunteers of the Center of Archaeological Research (CAR), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), conducted surface survey, mapping, subsurface testing and private collection research at 41 BX 901 and surrounding areas. 41 BX 901 is an extensive prehistoric chert stone quarry in northeastern Bexar county, Texas. The site had been selected for construction of a new middle school by the Northeast Independent School District (NEISD). Survey and testing research was performed in order to evaluate 41 BX 901 and to locate any additional archaeological remains which might …