Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (72)
- University of North Florida (65)
- University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School (14)
- Trinity College (11)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (9)
-
- Western Kentucky University (9)
- Gettysburg College (7)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (5)
- Chapman University (4)
- Liberty University (4)
- Macalester College (3)
- Antioch University (2)
- Cal Poly Humboldt (2)
- Emory University School of Law (2)
- Florida International University (2)
- Ouachita Baptist University (2)
- San Jose State University (2)
- Seton Hall University (2)
- Augustana College (1)
- Bryant University (1)
- Bucknell University (1)
- College of the Holy Cross (1)
- Columbia College Chicago (1)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (1)
- Illinois Wesleyan University (1)
- La Salle University (1)
- Linfield University (1)
- Parkland College (1)
- Portland State University (1)
- Rhode Island College (1)
- Keyword
-
- Rodney Lawrence (34)
- Rodney Lawrence Hurst (34)
- Sr. Papers; Hurst (34)
- Sr.; Hurst (34)
- Civil Rights (28)
-
- Fla--History--20th Century Jacksonville (19)
- Rodney L.; African Americans--Civil Rights--Florida--Jacksonville--History--20th century--Sources; Jacksonville (18)
- Anglican Church of Southern Africa – Bishops – History – 20th century Archives (14)
- Anti-apartheid activists – South Africa – History – 20th century – Archives (14)
- Archbishop Desmond Tutu Collection (14)
- Archbishop of Cape Town – Archives (14)
- Civil rights (14)
- Civil rights workers – South Africa – History – 20th century – Archives (14)
- Fla--History--20th Century; Jacksonville (14)
- Nobel Prize winners – South Africa – History – 20th century – Archives (14)
- Rodney L.; African Americans--Civil Rights--Florida--Jacksonville--History--20th century--Sources.; Jacksonville (14)
- Social reformers – South Africa – History – 20th century – Archives (14)
- South Africa – Politics and government -- 1948-1994 – Sources (14)
- South Africa – Race relations – History – 20th century – Sources (14)
- Tutu, Desmond – Archives (14)
- Dr. Edna Louise Saffy Collection (13)
- History (13)
- Human Rights Advocates (13)
- Personal Papers (13)
- Feminist activists (12)
- Political activism (12)
- Social activism (12)
- African americans (11)
- SNCC (11)
- Saffy, Edna Louise, 1935- (11)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (72)
- Textual material from the Rodney Lawrence Hurst, Sr. Papers (38)
- All Faculty Scholarship (14)
- Archbishop Desmond Tutu Collection Textual (14)
- Saffy Collection - All Textual Materials (13)
-
- We Shall Not Be Moved: videos of a1988 conference on the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (11)
- WKU Archives Records (5)
- Senior Honors Theses (4)
- Student Publications (4)
- Articles (3)
- Center for LGBTQ Studies (CLAGS) (3)
- Publications and Research (3)
- Antioch University Dissertations & Theses (2)
- Center for Latin American, Caribbean, and Latino Studies (2)
- Department of English: Faculty Publications (2)
- FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations (2)
- Faculty Articles (2)
- History Faculty Publications (2)
- 2020 Award Winners (1)
- A with Honors Projects (1)
- AUCTUS: The Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Scholarship (1)
- Akron Law Faculty Publications (1)
- All Oral Histories (1)
- Art and Art History Honors Projects (1)
- Audre Lorde Writing Prize (1)
- Bucknell: Occupied (1)
- CHDCM Publications (1)
- Chicago Anti-Apartheid Movement (1)
- Civil War Era Studies Faculty Publications (1)
- Civil War Institute Faculty Publications (1)
- File Type
Articles 1 - 30 of 243
Full-Text Articles in History
Inciting Peace From The Inside Out, Stephen G. Adubato, Ebere Bosco Amakwe, Katherine Hinic, Sarita Maldjian, Forrest Pritchett, Jon Radwan, Nicholas Sooy, Chad Thralls
Inciting Peace From The Inside Out, Stephen G. Adubato, Ebere Bosco Amakwe, Katherine Hinic, Sarita Maldjian, Forrest Pritchett, Jon Radwan, Nicholas Sooy, Chad Thralls
Conferences
Violence and war can be incited, and so can peace. This volume shares select addresses and responses from Seton Hall University’s 2/7/23 conference “Inciting Peace From The Inside Out.” A multi-disciplinary range of scholars each addresses how reconciliation processes grow from spiritual dynamics. Multiple religious traditions teach contemplative praxes that prioritize and nurture personal reflection oriented toward peace. Social conflicts divide, so engaging them with a partisan orientation only serves to escalate harmful rifts. In contrast, bringing personal awareness and sensitivity, spiritual balance, and holistic integral perspective to conflict can transcend divisions and work toward unity. This volume is supported …
Charge The Cockpit Or Die: An Anatomy Of Fear-Driven Political Rhetoric In American Conservatism, Daniel Hostetter
Charge The Cockpit Or Die: An Anatomy Of Fear-Driven Political Rhetoric In American Conservatism, Daniel Hostetter
Senior Honors Theses
Subthreshold negative emotions have superseded conscious reason as the initial and strongest motivators of political behavior. Political neuroscience uses the concepts of negativity bias and terror management theory to explore why fear-driven rhetoric plays such an outsized role in determining human political actions. These mechanisms of human anthropology are explored by competing explanations from biblical and evolutionary scholars who attempt to understand their contribution to human vulnerabilities to fear. When these mechanisms are observed in fear-driven political rhetoric, three common characteristics emerge: exaggerated threat, tribal combat, and religious apocalypse, which provide a new framework for explaining how modern populist leaders …
Islamophobia In India And Its Impact On India’S Foreign Relations, Dylan Morgan
Islamophobia In India And Its Impact On India’S Foreign Relations, Dylan Morgan
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
India has a vast history of Islam throughout the subcontinent, beginning over a millennia ago. Throughout this time, developments such as Muslim rule over Hindus, British colonization, the partition to create Pakistan and eventually Bangladesh, as well as the rise of Hindu nationalism throughout India from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have created a dangerous status quo for Muslims in India. Communal, state-sanctioned, violence against Muslims, their businesses, symbols of the religion, and any sort of public display is increasingly common. The impact on India’s international standing, especially with predominantly Muslim countries such as Arabian Gulf countries, Iran, Malaysia, and …
The State Of The Unions 2023: A Profile Of Organized Labor In New York City, New York State, And The United States, Ruth Milkman, Joseph Van Der Naald
The State Of The Unions 2023: A Profile Of Organized Labor In New York City, New York State, And The United States, Ruth Milkman, Joseph Van Der Naald
Publications and Research
This report released by the CUNY School of Labor and Urban Studies, State of the Unions 2023: A Profile of Organized Labor in New York City, New York State, and the United States, is a part of an annual publication series, documents recent trends in unionization patterns. The overall level of unionization in both the City and State has been roughly double the national rate over the past two decades. But recently, union density has fallen more in New York City and New York State than in the United States as a whole. In the mid-2010s, both the City and …
“Jamás Os Conocí”: La Utilización Del Discurso Católico Para Justificar La Represión Ilegal Durante La Última Dictadura Militar De Argentina / “I Never Knew You”: The Utilization Of Catholic Discourse To Justify The Illegal Repression During The Final Military Dictatorship In Argentina, Molly Jirgal
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
En las décadas anteriores a la dictadura, el ala derecha de la política argentina trabajó para construir una identidad nacional inextricablemente entrelazada con el catolicismo. Esta identidad impregnó, y sigue impregnando, una plétora de aspectos de la sociedad argentina, incluido el ámbito político. Durante la dictadura militar de 1976-1983, la derecha utilizó esta identidad católica argentina construida para ordenar divinamente su represión brutalmente violenta de la izquierda. Este trabajo explora cómo la institución de la Iglesia católica contribuyó a una justifcación religiosa para acciones de otro modo injustificables según la doctrina católica. A través del análisis de cartas, comunicados de …
El Trabajo De Las Mujeres: Los Impactos Del Feminismo Socialista En La Organización Sindical De Buenos Aires Después De La Crisis Orgánica De 2001 / Women’S Work: The Impacts Of Socialist Feminism On Buenos Aires Union Organizing Following The 2001 Organic Crisis, Elise Williamson
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
En diciembre de 2001, en Argentina eclosionó una crisis orgánica en donde emergieron múltiples experiencias de participación social, política y cultural. En este período de dura inseguridad política y económica, se desarrolló una relación rejuvenecida entre la clase trabajadora de las fábricas que cerraban y despedían a sus empleados y los movimientos sociales (movimientos de trabajadores desocupados, asambleas de vecinos en los barrios de Buenos Aires y feminismo, entre otros). Poco tiempo después, con la recuperación económica, una nueva generación se incorporó a los nuevos empleos creados a la salida de la crisis. Esta generación, que había vivido las experiencias …
Vox And Spanish Nationalism: The Constitutional Processes For The Elimination Of Regional Autonomy, Noah Halterman-Mitchell
Vox And Spanish Nationalism: The Constitutional Processes For The Elimination Of Regional Autonomy, Noah Halterman-Mitchell
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
After the death of Francisco Franco and the creation of the modern Spanish State, hard-core right-wing Spanish nationalism disappeared from the political spectrum. Spain and Portugal avoided the lure of far right-wing political tendencies to which the rest of Europe fell victim. Until recently, VOX, a far right-wing party, gained seats in Parliaments at the Autonomous Community level and in the Spanish National Parliament.
VOX believes in a mono-national state, a Spanish State, rather than a state composed of different nationalities such as Basque, Catalan, or Galician. In order to achieve their desired vision of the Spanish State, VOX advocates …
Changes In Identity: How Mongolian Musicians And Performers Have Responded To Geopolitical Transition, Heather Cook
Changes In Identity: How Mongolian Musicians And Performers Have Responded To Geopolitical Transition, Heather Cook
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
During Mongolia’s socialist period, traditional forms of Mongolian music were deliberately altered as the government, heavily influenced by the Soviet Union, attempted to modernize Mongolian culture. Throughout this period, traditional instruments were modified, the types of music that could be performed were strictly censored, and the structure of performances was set to strictly mimic those of Western orchestras. After Mongolia’s Democratic Revolution of 1990, the artistic freedom of Mongolian musicians has greatly increased, but even now, socialist cultural policies are deeply intertwined with Mongolian musical culture. Why is this the case? What is the common perception among performers about the …
Born A Foreigner: Tibetan Statelessness In India, Sonam Rikha
Born A Foreigner: Tibetan Statelessness In India, Sonam Rikha
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
A majority of the Tibetans in India are stateless, meaning that they have citizenship to no internationally recognized country. India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and has no national refugee framework. Therefore, residents of India are either designated as foreigners or citizens. Tibetans—including those that were born in India—are labeled as “foreigners” in India. Stateless Tibetans in India have no permanent legal status, making them vulnerable to detention and deportation. Furthermore, stateless Tibetans can’t buy property, have limited educational and career opportunities, and constantly have to renew documentation in order to reside in India. While …
How Does Theater Critically Engage With Contemporary Socio-Political Tensions? A Case Study On Neil Coppen And Mpume Mthombeni’S Isidlamlilo, Kami Zimmer
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Historically, South African theater has utilized the stage as a platform to dismantle apartheid, pointing to its purposeful oppressive structure as the cause for much human suffering. In the 28 years since the dismantling of apartheid, contemporary South African theater has retained the same role, critically questioning the ways people are systematically disenfranchised. A need is surfacing, however, to address the causes for contemporary South African political disfunctions and societal inequities, other than apartheid. This study will focus on Isidlamlilo, a play written by Neil Coppen and Mpume Mthombeni in collaboration with their theater company Empatheatre, and will aim …
Ley N° 26.160: Su Implementación Y Efectos En La Lucha Por La Recuperación Territorial Mapuche En Las Provincias De Neuquén Y Río Negro (2006 - Presente), Noura Lamb
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
En 2006, la Ley de Emergencia Indígena, Ley N° 26.160, fue aprobado por el Congreso de la Nación de Argentina para detener los desalojos de las comunidades indígenas y crear relevamientos técnicos-jurídicos-catastrales a través del Instituto Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas (INAI). La implementación de esta ley ha variado entre provincias ya que depende del sistema gobierno provincial para su realización, y como resultado de la falta de finalización del relevamiento, se ha extendido 4 veces. Este proyecto utiliza un análisis de documentos públicos, informes, medios de comunicación y entrevistas personales para investigar cómo la implementación de la ley difiere entre …
Hacia Un Contra-Archivo Radical Y Queer: El Archivo De La Memoria Trans Y La [Re]Construcción De La Memoria Colectiva Sobre La Violencia Institucional En Argentina, Valeria Bula
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Esta investigación analizará algunos procesos vinculados a la producción de la memoria travesti y trans* en Argentina a partir de la experiencia del Archivo de la Memoria Trans (AMT). Reconociendo el espacio de la memoria en Argentina como un espacio de lucha política, compuesto por diferentes interpretaciones y narrativas, el relato ofrecido por el AMT se estudiará como la adición de una nueva dimensión de complejidad al campo de la memoria en torno al terrorismo de Estado, específicamente en relación con la identidad de las víctimas. En este trabajo, propongo un análisis de la manera en que el AMT se …
Retracing Revolutionary Footsteps: The Legacy Of The People’S War In The Maoist Heartlands, Katherine Coetzer
Retracing Revolutionary Footsteps: The Legacy Of The People’S War In The Maoist Heartlands, Katherine Coetzer
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
In 1996, Nepal was engulfed in a civil war when the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) – hereafter referred to a— launched a guerilla war against the state. In historical and political scholarship on the conflict, there has been a tendency to situate the conflict with a neat set of causes and consequences. In focusing on the macroscale changes, such narrations of “Big History” obscure the experiences of the Nepali people who were—and continue to be— impacted by war with the loss and violence endured clinically tallied in human right reports and social science studies. Within rigid analyses, the variegated …
Beacons Of Peace And Tolerance: The Politics Of Memory In Judeo-Moroccan Cultural And Historical Institutions, Audrey Ming An Hirsch
Beacons Of Peace And Tolerance: The Politics Of Memory In Judeo-Moroccan Cultural And Historical Institutions, Audrey Ming An Hirsch
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Bayt Dakira, a historical, religious, cultural, and academic institution located in the heart of Essaouira’s old medina, seeks to conserve Jewish-Moroccan memory and promote values of peace and tolerance as exemplified by the city’s history of Jewish-Muslim coexistence. As an institution dedicated to conserving the culture of a people that have all but virtually emigrated from Morocco, Bayt Dakira’s purpose is initially unclear. This study uncovers the ways in which Bayt Dakira is an example of a seemingly apolitical institution being wielded to advance national and international political agendas. As an officially apolitical place of cultural and academic exchange, Bayt …
Gen-Z, Gender, & Governmental Grievances: A Post-Transition Political Philosophy For The Newest Generation Of Women In A ‘Failed’ State., Olivia Harvey
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Over a decade since the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia, a new generation has come into adulthood, grappling with anxieties about their future in the midst of continuous national instability. This paper aims to bridge their sentiments of disillusionment and disengagement towards politics together with general conceptions of life by ‘Generation-Z’ women (between the ages of 18 and 30). The findings follow conceptions of history, freedoms, rights and personal life, particularly as they are affected by gender in Tunisian society. Specifically, this study is interested in how these aspects have changed from before to after the political changes of the past …
Investigating White Hegemonic Masculinity Among Sadf Veterans In Durban, James Marculitis
Investigating White Hegemonic Masculinity Among Sadf Veterans In Durban, James Marculitis
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
In order to enforce apartheid at every level of South African society, the national party government required their white male security forces to share a uniform identity and ideology. This ideology relied on a hegemonic masculinity that would be willing to aggressively protect racism, patriarchy, and cultural conservatism. A whole generation of white men are now reckoning with living in an entirely new country, one where their white masculine identities are not able to be practiced in the same way as they were under an oppressive racist regime. This study will build on existing literature of masculinity in South Africa …
From Green To Gold: Community Along Lines Of Trade Between Dolpo And Mustang, Jack Cantor
From Green To Gold: Community Along Lines Of Trade Between Dolpo And Mustang, Jack Cantor
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Mustang and Dolpo are at a tipping point of connectivity and community change as road development brings the districts closer to Nepal’s economic centers. In this independent study, I document contemporary trade relationships between Mustang’s Sangda and Dolpo’s Chharka, currently separated by three days of unmotorable trail. Through in person interview, archival research, and photography, I document methods of economy and community in three villages- Mustang’s Phelag and Sangda, and Dolpo’s Chharka. I focus upon future community prospects of Sangda and Chharka as road development between the two progresses.
As the two villages exchange goods, develop familiarity, and host traders …
Structural Violence & Small Victories: Political Epidemiology Of Hiv Among Msm In Nigeria, 2000-2010, Debbie A. Dada
Structural Violence & Small Victories: Political Epidemiology Of Hiv Among Msm In Nigeria, 2000-2010, Debbie A. Dada
Harvey M. Applebaum ’59 Award
No abstract provided.
The Memory Of A Nation: How Spanish Political Parties And Their Electoral Manifestos Address Historical Memory, Aidan G. Coohill
The Memory Of A Nation: How Spanish Political Parties And Their Electoral Manifestos Address Historical Memory, Aidan G. Coohill
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
After years of silence, the last two decades have seen Spain begin to seriously confront its own historical memory for the first time since its transition to democracy. This text aims to deconstruct the ways that Spanish political parties address historical memory and what memories they choose to address. This is accomplished by using data gathered from all major national parties’ political manifestos from 2000 to present. Manifestos, as demonstrations of political rhetoric and popular opinion, give us a valuable insight to the ways that parties and Spanish society as a whole approach historical memory. The data gathered shows foremost …
Landmine Removal In Post-Conflict Rwanda: The Connection Between Demining, Reconstruction, And Reconciliation, Riley Hinklin
Landmine Removal In Post-Conflict Rwanda: The Connection Between Demining, Reconstruction, And Reconciliation, Riley Hinklin
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Landmine contamination negatively impacts the health, safety, and economic potential of the affected community. As such, removal of landmines, or demining, is an essential part of post-conflict recovery. Tied to this idea, is the idea of mine action, which goes beyond just demining to include other measures such as education and assistance to help the communities impacted by mines. This study looks at the application of the principles of mine action in Rwanda, a country which saw landmines used during the civil war and 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi. From there, the study explores possible connections between mine action and …
A Hidden Emergency: Transgenerational Inheritance In The Next Generation Of Rwandans, Neila Gross
A Hidden Emergency: Transgenerational Inheritance In The Next Generation Of Rwandans, Neila Gross
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Cases of physiological and psychological health disorders in the generation succeeding generation of the 1994 genocide are rising at an alarming pace. The presented work herein details a qualitative and quantitative approach to understanding the transmission of trauma from the surviving population of the 1994 Genocide Against Tutsi in their offspring using the APA PTSD System Scale-Interview (PSS-I). Several variables including age, gender and background were employed in this study. The results indicate that offspring born of targeted survivors of the 1994 Genocide Against Tutsi show increased trends of experiencing PTSD symptoms with children born in 1994 exhibiting the greatest …
Purple Shadows In Catalonia: Josep Pla, Great Questions Of Literature, And The Bid For Catalan Independence, Caya Greenspan-Layman
Purple Shadows In Catalonia: Josep Pla, Great Questions Of Literature, And The Bid For Catalan Independence, Caya Greenspan-Layman
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
No abstract provided.
The Modern-Day Sand War: A New Dimension Of The Morocco-Algeria Conflict Explored Through Youth, Alec Stimac
The Modern-Day Sand War: A New Dimension Of The Morocco-Algeria Conflict Explored Through Youth, Alec Stimac
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Since the 1963 Sand War, there has been a constant progression of tension between the countries of Morocco and Algeria. From physical space–the Western Sahara and border denotation–to diplomatic relations, Morocco and Algeria may never be the same after their colonization in the early 19th century. Due to the rise in extremist rhetoric, political accusations, economic instability, and social violence, the Moroccan-Algerian relationship can only get worse from here. Do these signs point to a modern-day Sand War approaching? This paper seeks to examine the existence of a modern-day Sand War and its consequences, specifically through the lens of youth …
Indigenous Conceptions Of Community Organization And Autonomy In Oaxaca’S Sierra Norte: Answers And Resistance To State-Sponsored Practices Of Internal Colonialism, Carter Minnick
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Over the past century, the Mexican government has continued to reproduce dominant, colonial relationships with its indigenous populations. Within the last few decades, clashes between harmful neoliberal visions of national development and continued demands for indigenous autonomy have only intensified. In the context of such events, this present work seeks to explore a specific conception of community identity, coined as la comunalidad, in the Sierra Norte region of Oaxaca. After the breakdown of its most fundamental tenets, I will attempt to both underscore its position as a framework of resistance in combatting historical and ongoing state-organized aggressions against these communities, …
Bridging The Gap: Analyzing The History Of U.S.-Russian Relations Throughout History And The Actions That Would Improve Them, Coleman Anderson
Bridging The Gap: Analyzing The History Of U.S.-Russian Relations Throughout History And The Actions That Would Improve Them, Coleman Anderson
Senior Honors Theses
After the onset of communism in Russia, relations between the United States and Russia have been tense up to the modern day. Even the fall of the Soviet Union could not usher in a permanent peace between the two countries, with mistrust pouring over from both parties. Utilizing both primary sources and commentary from subject matter experts, this paper argues that in order to achieve a legitimate and sustainable policy of peace between the United States and Russia, policymakers need to first understand the history and culture of the people they are reaching out to. Using this knowledge, policymakers can …
Yes We Can Bookmark
Textual material from the Rodney Lawrence Hurst, Sr. Papers
Book mark with quote on back and Barak Obama image, signature and slogan for 2008 presidential campaign on the front.
Law School News: Remembering John Lewis 07-18-2020, Michael M. Bowden
Law School News: Remembering John Lewis 07-18-2020, Michael M. Bowden
Life of the Law School (1993- )
No abstract provided.
Colonized Loyalty: Asian American Anti-Blackness And Complicity, Reshmi Dutt-Ballerstadt
Colonized Loyalty: Asian American Anti-Blackness And Complicity, Reshmi Dutt-Ballerstadt
Faculty Publications
In this essay, Reshmi Dutt-Ballerstad argues that solidarity between and within communities of color remains our only chance to fight against the brutal and insidious forces of racism, white supremacy and racial capitalism.
The Public Secret And Private Pain Of Wartime Sexual Violence: Comparing The Heroinat Memorial And The 2020 Newborn Monument From The Perspective Of Ngos In Kosovo, Martha Beliveau
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
In a rare year where there are two monuments dedicated to survivors of wartime sexual violence in Kosovo, the permanent Heroinat Memorial and the year-long Newborn Monument have different approaches and effects in their processes of commemorating wartime sexual violence. This paper approaches a comparison of these two monuments through four interviews with representatives of women-centered civil society organizations in Pristina, Kosovo. This paper finds that the Heroinat Memorial and the 2020 theme of the Newborn Monument are sites of contested meanings, because of the different approaches of each respective monument, each of the monuments’ gendered implications, and the implications …
The Political Development Of Capital Punishment In The Modern Moroccan State, Mia Barr
The Political Development Of Capital Punishment In The Modern Moroccan State, Mia Barr
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
The modern Moroccan state seen today is very young. Having only been independent from France since 1956, the country has spent the last sixty-four years crafting its post-colonial statehood. What has emerged is a hybrid political system with powers split, however unequally, between the King and his inner circle, known as the makhzen, and the Parliament. Not only is the monarchy constitutional—meaning that its legitimacy is literally written into the primary governing document of Morocco, which had its last referendum in 2011—but it is also self-sustaining and self-legitimizing, for the monarchy uses its constitutional powers to grant itself further powers …