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Articles 1 - 7 of 7
Full-Text Articles in History
The Sharpeville Massacre, Violence, And The Struggles Of The African National Congress, 1960-1990, Reese W. Hollister
The Sharpeville Massacre, Violence, And The Struggles Of The African National Congress, 1960-1990, Reese W. Hollister
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
During the long process of decolonization in South Africa, the Sharpeville Massacre was a turning point for the African National Congress' decision to begin using violence for the internal resistance to apartheid. Nelson Mandela and the ANC reacted to the Sharpeville Massacre by shifting their methods to incorporate the practicality of anti-colonial violence. In his 1964 "I Am Prepared to Die" speech, Mandela acknowledged that peaceful resistance was met with brutal force, and this could not go on. The ANC continued its strong non-violent resistance while also developing a military wing and conducting sabotage. This essay brings into question the …
Problems Of Distance, Communications, And Authority: How Charles V And Philip Ii Ruled The Global Spanish Empire, Cody Bryan Mitchell
Problems Of Distance, Communications, And Authority: How Charles V And Philip Ii Ruled The Global Spanish Empire, Cody Bryan Mitchell
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This essay explains how the Spanish (or Castilian) crown during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries managed its worldwide empire. It emphasizes the contribution of, and the tension between, the crown’s two main strategies: political decentralization – or delegation – and imperial centralization. To begin, it contextualizes the issue by exploring the situation at the time and explains how the problems of distance and communication were closely linked. Secondly, drawing on the comments of both contemporary observers and modern historians, this paper examines the approaches used by the Spanish kings in ensuring the optimum reliability of their intelligence networks within Europe …
The Downfall Of A President: The Media Coverage Of Richard Nixon’S Resignation, Ning Xi
The Downfall Of A President: The Media Coverage Of Richard Nixon’S Resignation, Ning Xi
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
The Watergate Scandal stands out as being the first, and so-far only, event that was catastrophic and damming enough to force a sitting President of the United States to resign from office. The exceptional circumstances of Richard Nixon’s departure from presidency invites many questions regarding how Nixon deciding to resign was initially covered by the new media. An analysis of excerpts from newspaper editorials from a variety of places around the United States demonstrates that there was a strong consensus that resigning was the best and only thing Nixon could have done. Yet, wide support for Nixon’s resignation co-existed with …
Standing The Ground: The Crises Of The 1790s And The Philosophies Of The Federalist Papers, Maria Vostrizansky
Standing The Ground: The Crises Of The 1790s And The Philosophies Of The Federalist Papers, Maria Vostrizansky
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
The paper provides a unique outlook on the Federalist Papers, a series of eighty- five essays published in 1788, written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, as it examines the consistency of the philosophies and opinions presented in the Federalist Papers in light of the numerous crises the nation experienced in the 1790s. The paper compares the political belief presented in the Federalist Papers with the actions undertaken by authors during the Whiskey Tax’s enactment in 1791, the Genet Affair’s crisis of 1793, and the implementation of the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798. Looking at these testing …
Friends, Foes, Or Fellow-Travelers: Italian Fascism And The Catholic Church, Cale Gressman
Friends, Foes, Or Fellow-Travelers: Italian Fascism And The Catholic Church, Cale Gressman
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
What was the relationship between Italian Fascism and the Catholic Church? Drawing on both primary sources including speeches, encyclical letters, and newspaper articles and significant amounts of secondary sources, this paper argues that the relationship between the two factions was one of “cohabitation” with both sides cooperating in areas of mutual interest, such as solving the Roman Question, anti-Bolshevism, and the maintenance of traditional family and gender values. Overall, the Catholic Church can be described as “fellow-travelers” with Italian Fascism.
The Agrarian Road To Peace: Henry Morgenthau's Post-War Planning For Germany, Logan W. Ray
The Agrarian Road To Peace: Henry Morgenthau's Post-War Planning For Germany, Logan W. Ray
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
In September 1944, allied leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill met at Quebec to discuss the post-war planning of Germany. Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau accompanied Roosevelt to this conference and put forward his agrarian plan for Germany which would bear his name, the Morgenthau Plan. His plan called for the industrial reorganization of Germany and transition it to a farming community, thus making the country incapable of war. Though his plan was accepted at the Quebec Conference, its fierce opposition from the War Department and its leak to the press pressured Roosevelt to abandon the plan.
Divine Suppressors: Bigamy In The Eighteenth-Century Criminal Justice System, Luke Hs Horton
Divine Suppressors: Bigamy In The Eighteenth-Century Criminal Justice System, Luke Hs Horton
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
The criminal justice system in eighteenth-century England was an integral part of European society. The legal system had always been associated with several facets of everyday life and touched upon the lives of those in every class of European society. One of England’s oldest and most significant courthouses was the Old Bailey, which held thousands of trials and sessions over the two hundred and forty years it was active. Out of the wide variety of cases to choose from, ten sexual offences revolving around bigamy were selected to present how the criminal justice system leaked into different areas of life. …